Social Studies 2201 Unit 3 Past Paper PDF

‭ ocial‬‭Studies‬‭2201‬ S ‭Unit‬‭3‬‭Slide‬‭Show‬‭2‬‭Review‬ ‭Terms‬ ‭Pax‬‭Romana:‬‭The‬‭Pax‬‭Romana‬‭(Latin‬‭for‬‭'Roman‬‭peace')‬‭is‬‭a‬ r‭ oughly‬‭200-year-long‬‭period‬‭of‬‭Roman‬‭history‬‭which‬‭is‬‭identified‬‭as‬‭a‬ ‭golden‬‭age‬‭of‬‭increased‬‭and‬‭sustained‬‭Roman‬‭imperialism,‬‭relative‬...

‭ ocial‬‭Studies‬‭2201‬ S ‭Unit‬‭3‬‭Slide‬‭Show‬‭2‬‭Review‬ ‭Terms‬ ‭Pax‬‭Romana:‬‭The‬‭Pax‬‭Romana‬‭(Latin‬‭for‬‭'Roman‬‭peace')‬‭is‬‭a‬ r‭ oughly‬‭200-year-long‬‭period‬‭of‬‭Roman‬‭history‬‭which‬‭is‬‭identified‬‭as‬‭a‬ ‭golden‬‭age‬‭of‬‭increased‬‭and‬‭sustained‬‭Roman‬‭imperialism,‬‭relative‬ ‭peace‬‭and‬‭order,‬‭prosperous‬‭stability,‬‭hegemonic‬‭power,‬‭and‬‭regional‬ ‭expansion.‬ ‭ eudalism:‬‭was‬‭based‬‭on‬‭rights‬‭and‬‭responsibilities:‬ F ‭▫‬‭At‬‭the‬‭top:‬‭the‬‭monarch‬‭owned‬‭all‬‭land‬‭and‬‭had‬‭the‬‭greatest‬ ‭power.‬‭Monarchs‬‭made‬‭laws‬‭and‬‭policies‬‭affecting‬‭the‬‭kingdom‬ ‭and‬‭were‬‭responsible‬‭for‬‭providing‬‭justice.‬ ‭▫‬‭In‬‭the‬‭middle:‬‭nobles‬‭(aristocrats)‬‭held‬‭fiefs‬‭from‬‭the‬‭monarch,‬ ‭which‬‭gave‬‭them‬‭wealth,‬‭but‬‭they‬‭owed‬‭military‬‭and‬‭political‬ ‭service‬‭in‬‭return.‬‭They‬‭subdivided‬‭their‬‭fiefs‬‭to‬‭grant‬‭to‬ ‭others‬‭(mounted‬‭knights)‬‭to‬‭provide‬‭for‬‭their‬‭military‬‭obligations‬‭to‬ ‭the‬‭monarch.‬ ‭▫‬‭At‬‭the‬‭bottom:‬‭peasants‬‭worked‬‭the‬‭lord’s‬‭land‬‭and‬‭received‬ ‭protection‬‭in‬‭return.‬ ‭ ord:A‬‭lord‬‭(wealthy‬‭landowner),‬‭granted‬‭land‬‭(a‬‭fief)‬‭to‬‭someone‬ L ‭(a‬‭vassal),‬‭who‬‭would‬‭provide‬‭military‬‭service‬‭in‬‭exchange.‬ ‭ ief:‬‭was‬‭a‬‭source‬‭of‬‭income‬‭granted‬‭to‬‭a‬‭person.‬‭The‬‭fief‬‭usually‬ F ‭consisted‬‭of‬‭land‬‭and‬‭the‬‭labor‬‭of‬‭peasants‬‭who‬‭were‬‭bound‬‭to‬ ‭cultivate‬‭it.‬ ‭ assal:‬‭a‬‭holder‬‭of‬‭land‬‭by‬‭feudal‬‭tenure‬‭on‬‭conditions‬‭of‬‭homage‬ V ‭and‬‭allegiance‬‭.‬ ‭ ule‬‭by‬‭Divine‬‭Right:‬‭On‬‭the‬‭one‬‭hand,‬‭the‬‭source‬‭of‬‭a‬‭monarch’s‬ R ‭power‬‭came‬‭from‬‭their‬‭vassals,‬‭the‬‭size‬‭of‬‭their‬‭kingdom,‬‭and‬ ‭wealth‬‭created‬‭within‬‭it.‬‭On‬‭the‬‭other,‬‭their‬‭power‬‭was‬‭granted‬‭to‬ ‭them‬‭by‬‭God‬ ‭ nglo‬‭Saxon:‬‭is‬‭a‬‭term‬‭that‬‭refers‬‭to‬‭inhabitants‬‭of‬‭England‬‭during‬ A ‭the‬‭early‬‭Middle‬‭Ages‬‭(c.‬‭6th‬‭–‬‭11th‬‭centuries‬‭CE)‬ ‭ itan:The‬‭Witenagemot,‬‭or‬‭Witan,‬‭dates‬‭back‬‭to‬‭the‬‭8th‬ W ‭century‬‭and‬‭advised‬‭the‬‭King‬‭on‬‭matters‬‭such‬‭as‬‭royal‬ ‭grants‬‭of‬‭land,‬‭taxation,‬‭defence‬‭and‬‭foreign‬‭policy.‬ ‭ oots:‬‭were‬‭local‬‭assemblies‬‭held‬‭in‬‭each‬‭county‬‭or‬ M ‭shire‬‭(district)‬‭to‬‭discuss‬‭local‬‭issues‬‭and‬‭hear‬‭legal‬ ‭cases.‬ ‭ uria‬‭Regis:‬‭William‬‭the‬‭Conqueror‬‭ruled‬‭England‬‭with‬‭the‬‭help‬‭of‬ C ‭a‬‭much‬‭smaller,‬‭but‬‭permanent‬‭group‬‭of‬‭advisers‬‭known‬‭as‬‭the‬ ‭Curia‬‭Regis‬‭(the‬‭King’s‬‭Council).‬ ‭ ommon‬‭Law:‬‭Consistent‬‭legal‬‭decisions‬‭all‬‭over‬‭England‬‭over‬ C ‭many‬‭years‬‭led‬‭to‬‭the‬‭establishment‬‭of‬‭a‬‭unified‬‭body‬‭of‬‭law‬ ‭called‬‭the‬‭Common‬‭Law.‬ ‭ agna‬‭Carta:‬‭King‬‭John,‬‭in‬‭such‬‭a‬‭week‬‭position‬‭politically‬‭and‬ M ‭militarily,‬‭was‬‭forced‬‭to‬‭approve‬‭the‬‭Magna‬‭Carta,‬‭which‬‭is‬ ‭ atin‬‭for‬‭“Great‬‭Charter”.‬‭the‬‭first‬‭document‬‭to‬‭put‬‭into‬‭writing‬‭the‬ L ‭principle‬‭that‬‭the‬‭king‬‭and‬‭his‬‭government‬‭was‬‭not‬‭above‬‭the‬‭law‬‭.‬ ‭ arliament:‬‭The‬‭Witan‬‭and‬‭Moots‬‭of‬‭Anglo-Saxon‬‭times‬‭evolved‬ P ‭into‬‭what‬‭we‬‭know‬‭as‬‭parliament‬‭–‬‭an‬‭assembly‬‭of‬‭officials‬‭that‬ ‭decide‬‭on‬‭affairs‬‭affecting‬‭the‬‭realm.‬ ‭ urgesses:‬‭The‬‭following‬‭year,‬‭Simon‬‭de‬‭Montfort‬‭attempted‬‭to‬ B ‭boost‬‭his‬‭support‬‭by‬‭summoning‬‭knights‬‭of‬‭the‬‭shires‬‭and‬ ‭burgesses‬‭(commoners)‬‭from‬‭cities‬‭and‬‭towns‬‭to‬‭attend‬‭his‬‭own‬ ‭parliament.‬ ‭ odel‬‭Parliament:‬‭Edward‬‭I‬‭summoned‬‭parliament‬‭on‬‭13‬ M ‭November‬‭1295.‬‭This‬‭meeting‬‭is‬‭today‬‭considered‬‭the‬‭model‬ ‭parliament.‬ ‭ etition‬‭of‬‭Right:‬‭In‬‭1628,‬‭Parliament‬‭refused‬‭to‬‭approve‬‭taxes‬‭for‬ P ‭Charles‬‭until‬‭he‬‭agreed‬‭to‬‭sign‬‭the‬‭Petition‬‭of‬‭Right,‬‭which‬‭he‬ ‭signed.‬‭This‬‭agreement‬‭stated‬‭that‬‭Charles‬‭would‬‭not...‬ ‭▫‬‭imprison‬‭subjects‬‭without‬‭due‬‭cause.‬ ‭▫‬‭levy‬‭taxes‬‭without‬‭Parliament’s‬‭consent.‬ ‭▫‬‭house‬‭soldiers‬‭in‬‭private‬‭homes.‬ ‭▫‬‭impose‬‭martial‬‭law‬‭in‬‭peacetime‬‭(military‬‭force‬‭used‬‭to‬‭reject‬ ‭ordinary‬ ‭law.‬ ‭ abeas‬‭Corpus‬‭Act:‬‭The‬‭most‬‭notable‬‭political‬‭development‬ H ‭under‬‭Charles‬‭II‬‭was‬‭the‬‭passing‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Habeas‬‭Corpus‬‭Act:‬  ‭ ‬‭Latin‬‭for‬‭“to‬‭have‬‭the‬‭body”‬ ‭ ‬‭Meant‬‭that‬‭every‬‭prisoner‬‭had‬‭the‬‭right‬‭to‬‭be‬‭brought‬‭before‬‭a‬ ‭judge‬‭to‬‭specify‬‭the‬‭charges‬‭against‬‭him/her.‬ ‭ ‬‭The‬‭judge‬‭would‬‭decide‬‭whether‬‭the‬‭prisoner‬‭should‬‭be‬‭tried‬‭or‬ ‭set‬‭free.‬ ‭Because‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Habeas‬‭Corpus‬‭Act,‬‭a‬‭monarch‬‭could‬‭not‬‭put‬ ‭someone‬‭in‬‭jail‬‭simply‬‭for‬‭opposing‬‭the‬‭ruler.‬‭Also,‬‭prisoners‬ ‭could‬‭not‬‭be‬‭held‬‭indefinitely‬‭without‬‭trials.‬ ‭ lorious‬‭Revolution:‬‭the‬‭series‬‭of‬‭events‬‭in‬‭1688‐89‬‭which‬ G ‭culminated‬‭in‬‭the‬‭exile‬‭of‬‭King‬‭James‬‭II‬‭and‬‭the‬‭accession‬‭to‬‭the‬ ‭throne‬‭of‬‭William‬‭and‬‭Mary‬ ‭ ill‬‭of‬‭Rights‬‭(English):‬‭To‬‭ensure‬‭this‬‭arrangement‬‭was‬‭clear,‬ B ‭Parliament‬‭introduced‬‭the‬‭Bill‬‭of‬‭Rights‬‭in‬‭1689.‬‭This‬‭law‬‭greatly‬ ‭restricted‬‭the‬‭monarch’s‬‭power:‬ ‭▫‬‭no‬‭suspending‬‭of‬‭Parliament’s‬‭laws‬ ‭▫‬‭no‬‭levying‬‭of‬‭taxes‬‭without‬‭a‬‭specific‬‭grant‬‭from‬‭Parliament‬ ‭▫‬‭no‬‭interfering‬‭with‬‭freedom‬‭of‬‭speech‬‭in‬‭Parliament‬ ‭▫‬‭no‬‭penalty‬‭for‬‭a‬‭citizen‬‭who‬‭petitions‬‭the‬‭king‬‭about‬‭grievances‬ ‭ onstitution:‬‭England‬‭became‬‭a‬‭constitutional‬‭monarchy:‬ C ‭▫‬‭A‬‭government‬‭ruled‬‭by‬‭a‬‭king‬‭or‬‭queen‬‭that‬‭is‬‭limited‬‭by‬‭a‬ ‭constitution‬‭-‬‭a‬‭collection‬‭of‬‭fundamental‬‭principles‬‭that‬‭dictate‬ ‭how‬‭a‬‭state‬‭is‬‭governed.‬ ‭ ocial‬‭Contract:‬‭Thomas‬‭Hobbes’s‬‭view‬‭was‬‭that‬‭people‬‭had‬‭to‬ S ‭hand‬‭over‬‭power‬‭to‬‭a‬‭strong‬‭ruler‬‭and‬‭that‬‭in‬‭return‬‭there‬‭would‬ ‭be‬‭order.‬‭He‬‭called‬‭this‬‭the‬‭social‬‭contract.‬ ‭ atural‬‭Rights:‬‭John‬‭Locke’s‬‭view‬‭was‬‭that‬‭all‬‭people‬‭were‬‭born‬ N ‭free‬‭and‬‭equal‬‭with‬‭three‬‭natural‬‭rights:‬ ‭ ‬‭Life‬ ‭ ‬‭Liberty‬ ‭ ‬‭and‬‭Property‬ ‭ hilosophe:‬ ‭The‬‭French‬‭word‬‭for‬‭philosopher‬‭or‬‭philosophe‬ P ‭became‬‭the‬‭name‬‭given‬‭to‬‭these‬‭social‬‭critics.The‬‭philosophes‬ ‭believed‬‭that‬‭people‬‭could‬‭apply‬‭reason‬‭to‬‭all‬‭aspects‬‭of‬‭life.‬ ‭ egislative‬‭Power:‬‭The‬‭Legislative‬‭power‬‭that‬‭make‬‭the‬‭laws.‬ L ‭Executive‬‭Power:‬‭The‬‭Executive‬‭power‬‭that‬‭implement‬‭the‬‭laws.‬ ‭Judicial‬‭Power:‬‭The‬‭Judicial‬‭power‬‭to‬‭make‬‭sure‬‭the‬‭laws‬‭are‬ ‭interpreted‬‭fairly.‬ ‭(Ends‬‭at‬‭slide‬‭29)‬ ‭a‬ ‭Written‬‭Response‬ ‭1.‬‭Why‬‭did‬‭the‬‭western‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Roman‬‭Empire‬‭fall?‬ ‭(Explain‬‭a‬‭minimum‬‭of‬‭3‬‭reasons)‬ ‭▫‬‭Two‬‭consuls‬‭controlled‬‭the‬‭armies‬‭of‬‭Rome,‬‭but‬‭their‬‭power‬ ‭was‬‭limited:‬ ‭A‬‭consul’s‬‭term‬‭was‬‭1‬‭year,‬‭after‬‭which‬‭they‬‭could‬‭not‬‭be‬ ‭elected‬‭to‬‭the‬‭position‬‭for‬‭another‬‭10‬ ‭years.‬ ‭One‬‭consul‬‭could‬‭always‬‭veto‬‭or‬‭overrule‬‭the‬‭other’s‬ ‭decisions.‬ ‭▫‬‭The‬‭senate‬‭was‬‭a‬‭group‬‭of‬‭300‬‭patricians‬‭who‬‭had‬‭powers‬ ‭to‬‭create‬‭laws‬‭and‬‭oversee‬‭public‬‭affairs.‬ ‭Later‬‭plebeians‬‭could‬‭serve‬‭as‬‭senators.‬ ‭▫‬‭Plebeian‬‭assemblies‬‭elected‬‭tribunes‬‭and‬‭made‬‭laws‬‭for‬ ‭lower‬‭classes‬‭and‬‭later‬‭the‬‭whole‬‭republic.‬ ‭▫‬‭In‬‭emergency‬‭situations,‬‭a‬‭dictator‬‭with‬‭absolute‬‭power‬ ‭could‬‭be‬‭appointed‬‭to‬‭address‬‭issues.‬ ‭2.‬‭Who‬‭was‬‭Charlemagne?‬‭What‬‭was‬‭the‬‭Carolingian‬ ‭Renaissance?‬ ‭The‬‭most‬‭notable‬‭of‬‭these‬‭was‬‭Charlemagne‬‭(“Charles‬‭the‬ ‭Great”),‬‭who‬‭ruled‬‭Frankia‬‭(what‬‭is‬‭now‬‭France‬‭and‬‭parts‬‭of‬ ‭Germany‬‭and‬‭Italy).‬‭This‬‭contributed‬‭to‬‭political‬‭and‬‭social‬ ‭order‬‭being‬‭restored‬‭somewhat‬‭in‬‭Western‬‭Europe.‬ ‭He‬‭lead‬‭a‬‭cultural‬‭and‬‭educational‬‭revival‬‭–‬‭The‬‭Carolingian‬ ‭Renaissance:‬ ‭ ‬‭He‬‭surrounded‬‭himself‬‭with‬‭scholars‬‭from‬‭England,‬ ‭Germany,‬‭Italy,‬‭and‬‭Spain‬ ‭ ‬‭Opened‬‭palace‬‭schools‬‭to‬‭educate‬‭noble‬‭families‬  ‭ ‬‭Ordered‬‭monasteries‬‭to‬‭open‬‭schools‬‭to‬‭educate‬‭future‬ ‭priests‬‭and‬‭monks‬ ‭ ‬‭Tried‬‭to‬‭preserve‬‭Roman‬‭learning‬‭through‬‭copying‬‭of‬ ‭manuscripts‬ ‭3.‬‭Explain‬‭the‬‭structure‬‭of‬‭feudalism.‬‭What‬‭groups‬‭were‬ ‭involved‬‭and‬‭what‬‭were‬‭the‬‭responsibilities‬‭of‬‭each?‬ ‭ eudalism‬‭was‬‭based‬‭on‬‭rights‬‭and‬‭responsibilities:‬ F ‭ ‬‭A‬‭lord‬‭(wealthy‬‭landowner),‬‭granted‬‭land‬‭(a‬‭fief)‬‭to‬ ‭someone‬‭(a‬‭vassal),‬‭who‬‭would‬‭provide‬ ‭military‬‭service‬‭in‬‭exchange.‬ ‭ ‬‭This‬‭two-sided‬‭system‬‭depended‬‭on‬‭the‬‭control‬‭of‬‭land‬‭and‬ ‭the‬‭obligations‬‭one‬‭side‬‭had‬‭to‬‭the‬ ‭other.‬ ‭▫‬‭At‬‭the‬‭top:‬‭the‬‭monarch‬‭owned‬‭all‬‭land‬‭and‬‭had‬‭the‬ ‭greatest‬‭power.‬‭Monarchs‬‭made‬‭laws‬‭and‬ ‭policies‬‭affecting‬‭the‬‭kingdom‬‭and‬‭was‬‭responsible‬‭for‬ ‭providing‬‭justice.‬ ‭▫‬‭In‬‭the‬‭middle:‬‭nobles‬‭(aristocrats)‬‭held‬‭fiefs‬‭from‬‭the‬ ‭monarch,‬‭which‬‭gave‬‭them‬‭wealth,‬ ‭but‬‭they‬‭owed‬‭military‬‭and‬‭political‬‭service‬‭in‬‭return.‬‭They‬ ‭subdivided‬‭their‬‭fiefs‬‭to‬‭grant‬‭to‬ ‭others‬‭(mounted‬‭knights)‬‭to‬‭provide‬‭for‬‭their‬‭military‬ ‭obligations‬‭to‬‭the‬‭monarch.‬ ‭▫‬‭At‬‭the‬‭bottom:‬‭peasants‬‭worked‬‭the‬‭lord’s‬‭land‬‭and‬ ‭received‬‭protection‬‭in‬‭return.‬ ‭4.‬‭What‬‭were‬‭the‬‭three‬‭broad‬‭classifications‬‭of‬‭people‬‭in‬‭feudal‬ ‭Europe?‬‭Who‬‭was‬‭part‬‭of‬‭each‬‭group?‬ ‭There‬‭were‬‭three‬‭broad‬‭classifications‬‭within‬‭society:‬ ‭▫‬‭Those‬‭who‬‭fought‬‭–‬‭nobles,‬‭knights,‬‭and‬‭soldiers‬ ‭▫‬‭Those‬‭who‬‭prayed‬‭–‬‭bishops,‬‭priests,‬‭monks,‬‭nuns‬ ‭▫‬‭Those‬‭who‬‭worked‬‭–‬‭peasants‬ ‭5.‬‭What‬‭were‬‭the‬‭contributions‬‭of‬‭William‬‭the‬‭Conqueror,‬‭and‬ ‭Henry‬‭ll?‬ ‭William‬‭the‬‭Conqueror:‬‭October‬‭14,‬‭1066‬‭he‬‭invaded‬ ‭England‬‭and‬‭narrowly‬‭won‬‭the‬‭decisive‬‭Battle‬‭of‬‭Hastings.‬ ‭This‬‭is‬‭the‬‭last‬‭time‬‭England‬‭was‬‭successfully‬‭invaded.‬ ‭ enry‬‭ll:(1133-1189)‬‭ruled‬‭over‬‭England‬‭during‬‭the‬‭height‬‭of‬ H ‭its‬‭powers▫‬‭He‬‭controlled‬‭England,‬‭Ireland,‬‭and‬‭a‬‭large‬ ‭portion‬‭of‬‭France.‬‭Since‬‭a‬‭crucial‬‭responsibility‬‭of‬‭the‬‭king‬ ‭was‬‭to‬‭provide‬‭justice‬‭to‬‭his‬‭subjects,‬‭he‬‭created‬‭itinerant‬ ‭justices‬‭–‬‭judges‬‭who‬‭would‬‭travel‬‭to‬‭every‬‭part‬‭of‬ ‭England‬‭at‬‭least‬‭annually.‬‭They‬‭settled‬‭legal‬‭disputes,‬‭while‬ ‭conducting‬‭the‬‭king’s‬‭business‬‭(e.g.,‬‭tax‬‭collection).‬ ‭6.‬‭What‬‭were‬‭the‬‭circumstances‬‭surrounding‬‭the‬‭signing‬‭of‬‭the‬ ‭Magna‬‭Carta?‬‭List‬‭five‬‭items‬‭that‬‭are‬‭contained‬‭within‬‭it.‬ ‭ agna‬‭Carta‬‭was‬‭an‬‭attempt‬‭by‬‭the‬‭barons‬‭to‬ M ‭stop‬‭a‬‭king‬‭-‬‭in‬‭this‬‭case‬‭John‬‭-‬‭from‬‭abusing‬ ‭his‬‭power.‬ I‭,‬‭King‬‭John‬‭have‬‭to‬‭rule‬‭according‬‭to‬‭the‬‭law.‬‭I‬ ‭agree...‬  ‭.‬‭Not‬‭to‬‭imprison‬‭barons‬‭without‬‭a‬‭trial‬ 1 ‭2.‬‭To‬‭hold‬‭trials‬‭in‬‭court,‬‭not‬‭in‬‭secret.‬ ‭3.‬‭To‬‭have‬‭fair‬‭taxes‬‭for‬‭the‬‭barons.‬ ‭4.‬‭To‬‭let‬‭freemen‬‭travel‬‭where‬‭they‬‭like.‬ ‭5.‬‭Not‬‭to‬‭interfere‬‭with‬‭the‬‭Church‬ ‭6.‬‭Not‬‭to‬‭seize‬‭crops‬‭without‬‭paying.‬ ‭7.‬‭Explain‬‭what‬‭happened‬‭during‬‭the‬‭English‬‭Civil‬‭War?‬ ‭The‬‭reason‬‭for‬‭this‬‭was‬‭arguments‬‭over‬‭money,‬‭taxes,‬ ‭and‬‭power‬‭between‬‭Parliament‬‭and‬‭the‬‭King.‬ ‭ ‬‭These‬‭problems‬‭began‬‭in‬‭1215‬‭when‬‭King‬‭John‬‭signed‬ ‭Magna‬‭Carta‬‭which‬‭limited‬‭his‬‭power‬‭as‬‭king.‬ ‭ ‬‭400‬‭years‬‭after‬‭Magna‬‭Carta‬‭was‬‭signed,‬‭King‬‭James‬‭I‬ ‭was‬ ‭ruling‬‭England‬‭with‬‭absolute‬‭authority‬‭and‬‭ignored‬ ‭Parliament’s‬‭requests‬‭for‬‭power.‬ ‭▫‬‭imprison‬‭subjects‬‭without‬‭due‬‭cause.‬ ‭▫‬‭levy‬‭taxes‬‭without‬‭Parliament’s‬‭consent.‬ ‭▫‬‭house‬‭soldiers‬‭in‬‭private‬‭homes.‬ ‭18-20‬ ‭8.‬‭What‬‭was‬‭contained‬‭within‬‭the‬‭Petition‬‭of‬‭Right‬‭and‬‭the‬ ‭Habeas‬‭Corpus‬‭Act.‬ ‭ etition‬‭of‬‭Right:‬ P ‭In‬‭1628,‬‭Parliament‬‭refused‬‭to‬‭approve‬‭taxes‬‭for‬‭Charles‬ ‭until‬‭he‬‭agreed‬ ‭to‬‭sign‬‭the‬‭Petition‬‭of‬‭Right,‬‭which‬‭he‬‭signed.‬‭This‬ ‭agreement‬‭stated‬  t‭hat‬‭Charles‬‭would‬‭not...‬ ‭▫‬‭imprison‬‭subjects‬‭without‬‭due‬‭cause.‬ ‭▫‬‭levy‬‭taxes‬‭without‬‭Parliament’s‬‭consent.‬ ‭▫‬‭house‬‭soldiers‬‭in‬‭private‬‭homes.‬ ‭▫‬‭impose‬‭martial‬‭law‬‭in‬‭peacetime‬‭(military‬‭force‬‭used‬‭to‬ ‭reject‬‭ordinary‬‭law.‬ ‭ abeas‬‭Corpus‬‭Act:‬ H ‭ ‬‭Latin‬‭for‬‭“to‬‭have‬‭the‬‭body”‬ ‭ ‬‭Meant‬‭that‬‭every‬‭prisoner‬‭had‬‭the‬‭right‬‭be‬‭brought‬‭before‬‭a‬ ‭judge‬‭to‬ ‭specify‬‭the‬‭charges‬‭against‬‭him/her.‬ ‭ ‬‭The‬‭judge‬‭would‬‭decide‬‭whether‬‭the‬‭prisoner‬‭should‬‭be‬ ‭tried‬‭or‬‭set‬‭free.‬ ‭Because‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Habeas‬‭Corpus‬‭Act,‬‭a‬‭monarch‬‭could‬‭not‬‭put‬ ‭someone‬‭in‬ ‭jail‬‭simply‬‭for‬‭opposing‬‭the‬‭ruler.‬‭Also,‬‭prisoners‬‭could‬‭not‬‭be‬ ‭held‬ ‭indefinitely‬‭without‬‭trials.‬ ‭9.‬‭What‬‭was‬‭the‬‭end‬‭result‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Glorious‬‭Revolution?‬ ‭ ‬‭William‬‭and‬‭Mary‬‭became‬‭king‬‭and‬‭queen,‬‭but‬‭had‬‭little‬ ‭power.‬ ‭ ‬‭They‬‭had‬‭agreed,‬‭upon‬‭coronation,‬‭that‬‭they‬‭would‬‭rule‬ ‭with‬‭Parliament‬‭as‬ ‭their‬‭partner.‬‭Most‬‭of‬‭the‬‭power‬‭was‬‭in‬‭the‬‭hands‬‭of‬‭the‬ ‭English‬ ‭Parliament.‬  ‭ ‬‭To‬‭ensure‬‭this‬‭arrangement‬‭was‬‭clear,‬‭Parliament‬ ‭introduced‬‭the‬‭Bill‬‭of‬ ‭Rights‬‭in‬‭1689.‬‭This‬‭law‬‭greatly‬‭restricted‬‭the‬‭monarch’s‬ ‭power:‬ ‭▫‬‭no‬‭suspending‬‭of‬‭Parliament’s‬‭laws‬ ‭▫‬‭no‬‭levying‬‭of‬‭taxes‬‭without‬‭a‬‭specific‬‭grant‬‭from‬‭Parliament‬ ‭▫‬‭no‬‭interfering‬‭with‬‭freedom‬‭of‬‭speech‬‭in‬‭Parliament‬ ‭▫‬‭no‬‭penalty‬‭for‬‭a‬‭citizen‬‭who‬‭petitions‬‭the‬‭king‬‭about‬ ‭grievances‬ ‭ ‬‭England‬‭became‬‭a‬‭constitutional‬‭monarchy:‬ ‭▫‬‭A‬‭government‬‭ruled‬‭by‬‭a‬‭king‬‭or‬‭queen‬‭that‬‭is‬‭limited‬‭by‬‭a‬ ‭constitution‬‭-‬‭a‬ ‭collection‬‭of‬‭fundamental‬‭principles‬‭that‬‭dictate‬‭how‬‭a‬‭state‬ ‭is‬‭governed.‬ ‭10.‬ ‭What‬‭were‬‭the‬‭contributions‬‭of‬‭the‬‭following:‬‭Thomas‬ ‭Hobbes,‬‭John‬‭Locke,‬‭Voltaire,‬‭Rousseau,‬‭Montesquieu,‬ ‭Beccaria,‬‭Wollstonecraft?‬ ‭ homas‬‭Hobbes‬‭:‬‭Advocate‬‭for‬‭absolute‬‭monarchy‬‭and‬‭a‬ T ‭pessimistic‬‭view‬‭of‬‭human‬‭nature;‬‭developed‬‭the‬‭theory‬‭of‬‭the‬ ‭social‬‭contract.‬ ‭John‬‭Locke‬‭:‬‭Theorized‬‭natural‬‭rights‬‭(life,‬‭liberty,‬‭property)‬‭and‬ ‭limited‬‭government;‬‭supported‬‭religious‬‭tolerance‬‭and‬‭the‬‭right‬‭of‬ ‭revolution.‬ ‭Voltaire‬‭:‬‭Champion‬‭of‬‭freedom‬‭of‬‭speech,‬‭religious‬‭tolerance,‬ ‭and‬‭criticism‬‭of‬‭religious‬‭and‬‭political‬‭authority.‬ ‭Jean-Jacques‬‭Rousseau‬‭:‬‭Promoted‬‭the‬‭concept‬‭of‬‭the‬‭general‬ ‭will‬‭and‬‭the‬‭social‬‭contract;‬‭criticized‬‭social‬‭inequality‬‭and‬‭the‬ ‭corrupting‬‭influence‬‭of‬‭civilization.‬ ‭ ontesquieu‬‭:‬‭Developed‬‭the‬‭theory‬‭of‬‭the‬‭separation‬‭of‬‭powers‬ M ‭and‬‭the‬‭system‬‭of‬‭checks‬‭and‬‭balances.‬ ‭Cesare‬‭Beccaria‬‭:‬‭Reformed‬‭criminal‬‭justice,‬‭advocating‬‭for‬ ‭humane‬‭treatment‬‭and‬‭rational‬‭punishment.‬ ‭Mary‬‭Wollstonecraft‬‭:‬‭Pioneered‬‭ideas‬‭of‬‭women’s‬‭rights,‬ ‭education‬‭for‬‭women,‬‭and‬‭gender‬‭equality.‬ ‭Slides‬‭23-28‬ ‭11.‬ ‭List‬‭and‬‭explain‬‭the‬‭5‬‭key‬‭ideas‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Philosophes.‬ ‭1.‬‭Reason‬‭-‬‭truth‬‭could‬‭be‬‭discovered‬‭through‬‭reason‬‭or‬ ‭logical‬‭thinking.‬ ‭2.‬‭Nature‬‭-‬‭what‬‭was‬‭natural‬‭was‬‭also‬‭good‬‭and‬‭reasonable.‬ ‭3.‬‭Happiness‬‭-‬‭rejected‬‭the‬‭medieval‬‭notion‬‭that‬‭people‬ ‭should‬‭find‬‭joy‬‭in‬‭the‬‭hereafter‬ ‭and‬‭urged‬‭people‬‭to‬‭seek‬‭well-being‬‭on‬‭earth.‬ ‭4.‬‭Progress‬‭-‬‭society‬‭and‬‭humankind‬‭could‬‭improve.‬ ‭5.‬‭Liberty‬‭-‬‭called‬‭for‬‭the‬‭liberties‬‭(freedoms)‬‭that‬‭the‬‭English‬ ‭people‬‭had‬‭won‬‭in‬‭their‬ ‭Glorious‬‭Revolution‬‭and‬‭Bill‬‭of‬‭Rights.‬