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Questions and Answers
Which philosopher is known for the theory of natural rights including life, liberty, and property?
Which philosopher is known for the theory of natural rights including life, liberty, and property?
What concept did Jean-Jacques Rousseau promote in his writings?
What concept did Jean-Jacques Rousseau promote in his writings?
Which Enlightenment thinker is credited with advocating for the separation of powers in government?
Which Enlightenment thinker is credited with advocating for the separation of powers in government?
Which key idea of the Philosophes challenges the medieval belief in finding joy in the afterlife?
Which key idea of the Philosophes challenges the medieval belief in finding joy in the afterlife?
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What did Voltaire advocate for in his works?
What did Voltaire advocate for in his works?
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Which philosopher is known for reforming criminal justice and advocating for rational punishment?
Which philosopher is known for reforming criminal justice and advocating for rational punishment?
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What is the concept of 'general will' associated with?
What is the concept of 'general will' associated with?
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Which of the following was NOT one of the key ideas of the Philosophes?
Which of the following was NOT one of the key ideas of the Philosophes?
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Who was Charlemagne?
Who was Charlemagne?
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What was the main focus of the Carolingian Renaissance?
What was the main focus of the Carolingian Renaissance?
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Which of the following groups was at the top of the feudal system?
Which of the following groups was at the top of the feudal system?
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What was the role of vassals in the feudal system?
What was the role of vassals in the feudal system?
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What responsibilities did nobles have in the feudal system?
What responsibilities did nobles have in the feudal system?
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Which classification included bishops and priests in feudal society?
Which classification included bishops and priests in feudal society?
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What was a fief in the context of feudalism?
What was a fief in the context of feudalism?
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What was one of Charlemagne's contributions to education?
What was one of Charlemagne's contributions to education?
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What did peasants provide in the feudal system?
What did peasants provide in the feudal system?
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What was one of the aims of the Carolingian Renaissance?
What was one of the aims of the Carolingian Renaissance?
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What did the law limit regarding the monarch's powers?
What did the law limit regarding the monarch's powers?
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What defines a constitutional monarchy?
What defines a constitutional monarchy?
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According to John Locke, what are the three natural rights of people?
According to John Locke, what are the three natural rights of people?
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What was Thomas Hobbes’s perspective on the social contract?
What was Thomas Hobbes’s perspective on the social contract?
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Who were the philosophes and what did they advocate?
Who were the philosophes and what did they advocate?
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Which power is responsible for making laws?
Which power is responsible for making laws?
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In times of emergency, which role could be appointed in Rome?
In times of emergency, which role could be appointed in Rome?
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What was the composition of the Roman Senate?
What was the composition of the Roman Senate?
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What was the duration of a consul's term in ancient Rome?
What was the duration of a consul's term in ancient Rome?
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Which group was initially excluded from serving in the Roman Senate?
Which group was initially excluded from serving in the Roman Senate?
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What does 'Pax Romana' refer to?
What does 'Pax Romana' refer to?
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What is the primary responsibility of a monarch in feudalism?
What is the primary responsibility of a monarch in feudalism?
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Who were the nobles in the feudal system responsible to?
Who were the nobles in the feudal system responsible to?
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What role did the peasants play in the feudal system?
What role did the peasants play in the feudal system?
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What significant battle did William the Conqueror win in 1066?
What significant battle did William the Conqueror win in 1066?
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What characterized the relationship between a lord and a vassal?
What characterized the relationship between a lord and a vassal?
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Which king ruled over England, Ireland, and parts of France during the peak of England's power?
Which king ruled over England, Ireland, and parts of France during the peak of England's power?
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What does 'Divine Right' imply in the context of monarchy?
What does 'Divine Right' imply in the context of monarchy?
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What was one responsibility of the itinerant justices created by Henry II?
What was one responsibility of the itinerant justices created by Henry II?
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Who were the Anglo-Saxons?
Who were the Anglo-Saxons?
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What was the purpose of the Witenagemot?
What was the purpose of the Witenagemot?
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What was the primary purpose of the Magna Carta?
What was the primary purpose of the Magna Carta?
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Which of the following was NOT included in the provisions of the Magna Carta?
Which of the following was NOT included in the provisions of the Magna Carta?
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Which function did local assemblies, known as 'Moots', serve?
Which function did local assemblies, known as 'Moots', serve?
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What was a major cause of the English Civil War?
What was a major cause of the English Civil War?
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What group of advisers did William the Conqueror rely on?
What group of advisers did William the Conqueror rely on?
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What did King John agree to in the Magna Carta regarding barons?
What did King John agree to in the Magna Carta regarding barons?
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What was a result of King James I's reign over England?
What was a result of King James I's reign over England?
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What was contained within the Petition of Right?
What was contained within the Petition of Right?
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What is a consequence of King John signing the Magna Carta?
What is a consequence of King John signing the Magna Carta?
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What did the Petition of Right specifically prohibit Charles from doing?
What did the Petition of Right specifically prohibit Charles from doing?
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What is the primary purpose of the Habeas Corpus Act?
What is the primary purpose of the Habeas Corpus Act?
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What was one effect of the Bill of Rights introduced in 1689?
What was one effect of the Bill of Rights introduced in 1689?
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What was England's political structure after the Glorious Revolution?
What was England's political structure after the Glorious Revolution?
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Which principle is exemplified in the concept of a constitutional monarchy?
Which principle is exemplified in the concept of a constitutional monarchy?
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What was one of the primary contributions of Thomas Hobbes?
What was one of the primary contributions of Thomas Hobbes?
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Which of the following is NOT a right ensured by the Bill of Rights?
Which of the following is NOT a right ensured by the Bill of Rights?
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What was the main reason William and Mary had little power after the Glorious Revolution?
What was the main reason William and Mary had little power after the Glorious Revolution?
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How did the concept of martial law during peacetime generally affect civil liberties?
How did the concept of martial law during peacetime generally affect civil liberties?
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What right is protected by the Bill of Rights regarding citizen petitions?
What right is protected by the Bill of Rights regarding citizen petitions?
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Study Notes
Pax Romana
- Pax Romana (Latin for 'Roman peace') was a roughly 200-year period in Roman history.
- It was a golden age of Roman imperialism.
- It was a time of relative peace and order, prosperity, stability, and regional expansion.
Feudalism
- Top: The monarch owned all land and held the greatest power. They made laws and policies for the kingdom, and ensured justice.
- Middle: Nobles (aristocrats) held fiefs granted by the monarch. They gained wealth but owed military and political service in return. They further divided fiefs to others (knights) for military obligations.
- Bottom: Peasants worked the lord's land and received protection in return.
- Lord: A wealthy landowner who granted land (fief) to a vassal.
- Fief: A source of income—land and the labor of bound peasants who cultivated it.
Vassal
- Landholder under feudal tenure; loyal to their superior.
- They owed homage and allegiance.
- Their power came from their vassals, the size of the kingdom they controlled, and wealth.
- Alternatively, their power was granted by God.
Anglo-Saxon
- Term for inhabitants of England during the early Middle Ages.
- This was roughly from the 6th-11th centuries.
Witan
- Early English council advising the king.
- Involved in royal grants, taxation, defense & foreign policy.
- Dated to the 8th century
Moots
- Local assemblies in counties or shires.
- Used for discussing local issues and hearing legal cases.
Curia Regis
- A small, permanent group of advisors (King's Council) that helped the Norman conqueror, William the Conqueror, rule England.
Common Law
- Unified body of law in England formed through consistent legal decisions over time.
Magna Carta
- "Great Charter", the first document to specify that the king and government were not above the law.
Parliament
- Evolved from the earlier Witan and Moots.
- Was an assembly of officials that decided on affairs affecting the realm.
Burgesses
- Commoners, from cities and towns, summoned to attend parliament to boost support for Simon de Montfort.
Model Parliament
- A meeting in 1295, considered a model, summoned by Edward I.
Petition of Right
- Signed by Charles I in 1628. This agreement meant he would not imprison subjects without cause, levy taxes without Parliament's consent, house soldiers in private homes, or impose martial law (military rule) during peacetime without cause.
Habeas Corpus Act
- Key political development under Charles II.
- Ensured that prisoners had the right to appear before a judge to be told the charges against them and to be tried or released.
- Prevented monarchs from holding people in jail indefinitely for opposing them.
Latin for ‘Great Charter’
- The first document that limited the power of the king.
Natural Rights
- John Locke's view: people are born free and equal, with natural rights of life, liberty, and property.
Philosophes
- French word for philosopher, used for social critics in the 18th century.
- Believed people could use reason to understand all life aspects.
Legislative Power
- The power to make laws.
Executive Power
- The power to carry out or enforce laws.
Judicial Power
- The power to interpret laws.
Roman Empire fall
- Two consuls controlled the army, but their power was limited.
- One consul could veto or overturn another's decisions.
- The senate, made up of patricians, oversaw public affairs and created laws.
- Plebeians could serve as senators and made laws affecting the lower classes (assemblies elected tribunes).
- Dictators could be appointed in emergencies.
Charlemagne
- His rule (Frankia) restored some order in Western Europe.
- The Carolingian Renaissance, a cultural and educational revival, was launched by Charlemagne.
Carolingian Renaissance
- Cultural and educational revival under Charlemagne.
- Scholars from England, Germany, Italy, and Spain were gathered.
- Palace schools were opened for educating noble families.
Feudalism structure
- Feudalism was based on rights and responsibilities.
- Lords (landowners) granted land (fiefs) to vassals in exchange for military service.
- This created a system where land control and obligations were central.
Three Broad Classifications in Feudal Europe
- Those who fought (nobles, knights, soldiers)
- Those who prayed (bishops, priests, monks, nuns)
- Those who worked (peasants)
William the Conqueror
- Successfully invaded England in 1066.
- The battle of Hastings was decisive.
Henry II
- Ruled over England, Ireland, and parts of France.
- Created traveling judges (itinerant justices) that resolved legal disputes and disputes in every part of England.
Magna Carta
- An attempt by English barons to limit King John's power and abuse of authority.
- This document is about the law and how a king should rule (agreement with King John).
English Civil War
- Conflicts over money, taxes, and power between Parliament and the king.
- Began in 1215 with King John's signing of Magna Carta, which limited his power.
- King James I later ignored Parliament's requests and claimed absolute authority.
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Description
Explore two significant historical periods: the Pax Romana, marked by peace and prosperity in Roman history, and feudalism, characterized by a hierarchical structure of land ownership and obligations. This quiz will test your understanding of the roles of monarchs, nobles, vassals, and peasants in these systems.
