World History Midterm Study Guide 2024-25 PDF

NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ World History Midterm Study Guide! REMINDERS: ​ Use review materials created for tests, as well as your home...

NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ World History Midterm Study Guide! REMINDERS: ​ Use review materials created for tests, as well as your homeworks, notes, etc. ​ There will be a daily quiz on selected units that will be both to motivate you and help you to prepare in your overall studying. ​ Your teachers are available to help you with any unknown terms or concepts! Just ask us for help! EXAM SCHEDULE: 8:00 - 10:00 10:30 - 12:30 Thursday, January 23 Period 1: ________________ Period 2: ________________ Friday, January 24 Period 3: ________________ Period 4: ________________ Monday, January 27 Period 5: ________________ Period 6: ________________ Tuesday, January 28 Period 7: ________________ Period 8: _______________ What do you need to bring with you to the exam? ​ TWO #2 PENCILS ○​ Make sure you have an eraser with you ​ Pen(s) are optional for identifications and short answers ​ You should be IN YOUR SEAT at starting time - any missed time is lost time. How does the exam count towards your grade? Types of Questions ​ Matching ​ Multiple Choice ​ Map labeling (label the geographic location using the description of an event) ​ Identifications (write a paragraph explaining a key term) ​ Short answers (similar to previous tests and quizzes) *Different classes may have learned this material in different order.* 1 NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ Unit 1: Global Encounters Exploration & Colonization Mercantilism: Zero sum game, More exports, Less imports Bartolome de las Casas: Historian and writer that was a social reformer Moctezuma & Aztecs: Monctezuma was the ruler of the Aztecs Atahualpa & Incas: Atahualpa was the ruler of the Incas Francisco Pizarro: Spanish explorer, Goal: Explore South america, Achievement: Captured Incan empire, Impact: Increased Spain hold in South America Hernan Cortez: Spanish explorer, Goal: Go to Ucatan and conquered, Achievement: Conquered Aztecs, Impact”Colonized Aztecs “Guns, Germs, Steel” thesis: Main reasons why the Native Americans lost the fights Triangular Trade: The trade between the colonies, the mother country and Africa Middle Passage: Leg of trade that slaves were transported to North American colonies Christopher Columbus: Spanish explorer, Goal: Find new route to india through the west, Achievement: Found New world, Impact: Europeans started moving to America started groundwork to Spanish colonial empire Line of Demarcation: One specific line drawn along a meridian in the Atlantic Ocean as part of the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 to divide new lands claimed by Portugal from those of Spain. Ferdinand Magellan: Spanish explorer, Goal: Find western route to West indies, Achievement: Circumnavigated world, Impact: Gave Europeans more knowledge about world/Finds out you can go to Atlantic ocean to Pacific Circumnavigation: the action or process of sailing or otherwise traveling all the way around something, especially the world. Caravel: a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th–17th centuries. Astrolabe: Object that helped to tell longitude Vasco da Gama: Portuguese explorer, Goal: To find ocean route to india, Achievement: Discovered ocean trade route to india, Impact: Established long lasting colonial empire in Asia and Africa Zheng He: Chinese admiral, explorer, diplomat, and bureaucrat during the early Ming dynasty. Columbian Exchange: The Columbian Exchange is described as the exchange of things between the Europeans and the Natives. Good things were exchanged like plants, animals, ideas, and religious practices but disease was also exchanged. Conquistadors: a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century. Encomiendas: a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered 2 NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ non-Christian peoples. Peninsulares: those of pure blood and white Spanish descent who lived in the colonies but had been born in Spain, on the Iberian Peninsula Creoles: A person of mixed European descent, especially in the Caribbean. Mestizos: a man of mixed race, especially one of Spanish and indigenous descent. *Why were Europeans able to start exploration by sea? Why did they want to? They wanted to find new trade routes to different parts of the world *How did societies resist Portuguese Colonizers? Armed resistance and the diplomatic procedures *Why were the Spanish able to conquer North America? Disease that they brought often killed most of the indigenous people. They also had superior technology like guns and steel. *Why did African slavery develop in North America? They needed people to mine the raw materials in their colonies *What were the causes and effects of the African slave trade on Africa, Europe, & the Americas? It caused Africa to lose most of their able bodied population and it caused economies to collapse which created war for many years. The mother countries got many raw materials which turned into expensive finished products, Colonies were stripped of their products *What were the interactions and relationships between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americans prior to 1500 and post 1500? 3 NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ Absolute Monarchs Absolutism– a form of government where power is concentrated in the hands of a single ruler PRIME– People, Religion, Informaton, Military, Economy Philip II of Spain–- He had many victories, He prioritized religious unity, Creation of the Spanish Armada and one of the largest militaries in Europe. Peter the Great of Russia– He wanted to westernize Russia, He created the table of ranks, Replaced household tax with an individual tax making the collection of taxes easier,Implement a new Western government system of collages/ministries, Made an ecclesiastical college to govern the church to take power away from the patriarch of the church, Put a tax on not attending church enough. Also utilized the military tactic: scorched Earth St. Petersburg– City founded by Peter the Great. Westernization– a process whereby societies come under or adopt what is considered to be Western culture Divine Right– For Kings are not only GOD'S Lieutenants on earth, and sit upon GOD'S throne, but even by GOD himself they are called GODS. Louis XIV of France– He believed that he was chosen by god, He had no one else ruling with him His was influenced by his tutor. He created many debts and when he died left his empire in financial ruin, He waged war on many different countries, He made the city of Versia a beautiful place that showed off his wealth Estates General– This assembly was composed of three estates – the clergy, nobility and commoners Palace of Versailles– A Beautiful palace made to show off France's wealth and power.. “Sun King”-- Louis XIV chose the sun as his personal emblem. Edict of Nantes –document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots Suleiman the Magnificent of Ottoman Empire– He started as a governor, He created the Kanun which was a list of laws, He started as a governor, He created the Kanun which was a list of laws Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire– A network of correspondents made to have more information, His system of administration, Is a basis of administration today, He was a military innovator, reorganizing the army, building new types of fortifications, using matchlock rifles that had an improved lock mechanism, procuring better cannons, and developing new elephant tactics, The 10 Richest People of All Time,” Akbar ranks No. 4, controlling a quarter of the world’s economic output at that time. Kangxi of the Ming Dynasty– He ruled by himself with little to no help, Read all reports and details of his empires, Recruit scholar elites to transform his gov to be more effective, He had a Merit-based system, Kangxi gave official permission to Jesuit missionaries to spread Roman Catholicism in China. He also 4 NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ brought in mathematicians and cartographers from France and Italy. He showed a strong military presence when he first became leader, Built a strong navy, and didn't raise taxes even during wartime. Catherine the Great of Russian— most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power after overthrowing her husband, Peter III. Frederick the Great of Prussia– vastly expanded territories and impressive military strength Joseph II of Austria– abolishing serfdom, ending press censorship and limiting the power of the Catholic Church *How do absolute monarchs maintain power? By Isolating themselves at the top and not having anyone close in rank to them. Thinking Differently: Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Rev., Enlightenment Renaissance Revival or renewal of a culture Desiderius Erasmus revived the medieval Patron is a wealthy group that gives money to artists. Printing press Device made to print by Johann Gutenberg Johann Gutenberg Made printing press to get news out Vernacular everyday language of spanish Martin Luther German philosopher, made 95 theses 95 Theses Booklet made by Martin Luther. Reasons why the church was corrupt, written in language only priests could read Diet of Worms an imperial assembly held in the city of Worms, Germany in 1521, where Martin Luther was summoned to defend his religious teachings Johann Tetzel setup a stand selling indulgences which outraged luther Indulgences Price to pay to erase sins Council of Trent meeting of church officials to determine aspects of the catholic faith Index a list of books that were banned by the Catholic Church Inquisition - powerful office set up within the Catholic Church to root out and punish heresy throughout Europe and the Americas. Jesuits catholic religious order; Founder: Ignatius Loyola Predestination Soul path was predetermined Calvinism Religion made by John Calvin Henry VIII (8) of England Heliocentric Theory Sun is center of universe Geocentric Theory Earth is center of universe Isaac Newton Considered father of modern physics Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentric theory Galileo Galilei Made powerful telescope, trial symbolized tension between religion and science Francis Bacon - A explored who increase French hold is South America Philosophes enlightenment thinkers of the age of French terms Salon Place where people of higher education/power shared ideas Thomas Hobbes - believed that humans are inherently evil and the government's job is to protect man from destroying oneself 5 NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ Baron de Montesquieu - proposed the three branches of government Mary Wollstonecraft Separation of powers Different branches of government Voltaire Challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and organized religion Promoted religious toleration In his book, Treatise of Toleration Promoted freedom of thought and praised limited government that the British had compared to the French John Locke believed that all humans deserve natural rights , life liberty and property John Locke Came up with Natural ideas Natural rights Life, Liberty and Property Social contract surrendering freedom to the ruler in exchange for law and order. Habeas corpus Adam Smith Famous scottish economist Laissez-faire hands off approach to government Capitalism state act as a policeman for the economy only intervening when neccersary *Why did the Renaissance start in Italy? Geographic locations from trades *What are the characteristics of Renaissance art? Humanism, realism, oil painting *What are the key causes of the Protestant Reformation? Catholic church *What are beliefs shared by Protestant groups (Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans)? God is ruler *How did the way Europeans viewed the world change during these time periods? First from religion, then reverting to view the world by natural and science instead of religion. Unit 2: Revolutions Political Revolutions Magna Carta- gives a right from trial by jury and no taxation without representation Stuart kings (Charles I, Charles II, James II) wants money to fight spain and france Petition of Right king could levy taxes without parliament consent Cavaliers the people who support the king Roundheads people who support parliament Oliver Cromwell offices are promoted through merit Restoration establishment of monarchy under Charles II William and Mary ruled jointly off glorious revolution Glorious Revolution events led to exile of King James English Bill of Rights a doc that linked power of monarch Parliament a legislative body of Government Constitutionalism political philosophy that gov power were limited First Estate- Clergy Second Estate- Nobility Third Estate- Comoners Bourgeois the working class/poor class Committee of Public Safety- Led by Maximilien Robespierre , Goal: protect france from anti-revolutionaries, killed anyone who did not support the republic Moderate phase of French Revolution 6 NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ Tennis Court Oath -The meeting of the national assembly-June 1789, Made an oath that they would not disband until a new constitution was created for France Storming of the Bastille- 800+ partisans attacked the bastille to gather weapons. After finding none, they destroyed the prison and sparked revolts throughout the country. Partisans felt the prison represented their oppression March on Versailles- A lot of women led the charge on the king and queen because they had many hard jobs men did not like being maids Sans-culottes- Working class men Reign of Terror- When Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins took control of France and ruled with an iron fist. Anyone against his ideas would be sentenced to death. Guillotine- A big wooden contraption with a blade inside used for decapitations. Maximilien Robespierre- The leader of the Jacobins and the dictator who ruled over France during the reign of terror before his capture and execution. Thermidorian Reaction- Marked the end of the terror. Time before the directory took over France. A time when the government was less radical to a more conservative direction. Restored freedom of religion and free market Directory- Government after Robespierre execution. Created by the third constitution-1789. Dominated by the bourgeoisie. It was an Oligarchy. Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleonic Code- replaces parties of the Roman government Guerilla warfare- A war tactic that utilizes knowledge of terrain and hit and run tactics to wear down opponents. Scorched earth- A war tactic where you would destroy anything near the opponent that could give them resources(ie; farms, crops, villages) even if they are your own so that you may outlast the opponent. Used by Russia in a war with Napoleon Battle of Waterloo- Napoleon's final defeat Toussaint L’Ouverture - Leader during the Haitian revolution, made a new constitution for Haiti Simon Bolivar Father Hidalgo Tupac Amaru *Why was there conflict between the (English) Stuart Kings and Parliament? Charles refused to give parliament real power in the state church *What were the causes of the French Revolution (before 1789)? Economic inequality absolute ruling of Louis XVI *What events led to Napoleon’s downfall? The spanish rebelling and Russian war and the battle of waterloo *Why was the Haitian Revolution important? It gave France more control and it became the first country to abolish slavery. *Was Napoleon Bonaparte an enlightened ruler? No Map Section Routes of explorers: Columbus, DaGama, Magellan, Zheng He 7 NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ Empires: Incan, Ming, Mughal, Ottoman Colonies: British, Spanish, Portuguese Revolutions: American, French, Haitian 8 NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ 9 NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ 10 NAME: ______________________________________ EXAM DATE: __________________ World History Exam Study Guide​ ​ ​ EXAM TIME: __________________ 11