AP Modern World History Midterm Study Guide PDF

Black Death - bubonic plague in the mid-1300s that kills a lot of people, especially in Europe, which loses about ⅓ of its population Causes landowners to lose money Peasants gain social mobility because fewer people (can get rich) Jews blamed Empires Chinese Dynasties (in order)...

Black Death - bubonic plague in the mid-1300s that kills a lot of people, especially in Europe, which loses about ⅓ of its population Causes landowners to lose money Peasants gain social mobility because fewer people (can get rich) Jews blamed Empires Chinese Dynasties (in order) ○ Yuan - started by Kublai Khan (Mongols Tolerant towards religion ○ Ming - started when Han Chinese revolted against the Mongols Very stable and successful Eventually ended because: Manchu Chinese revolted Nobles hid in the Forbidden Palace A volcano erupted which put ash into the air, causing the climate to be cooler War with Japan Harsh toward Christians ○ Qing - started when the Manchu Chinese revolted against the Ming Manchu invite Han Chinese to run the government with them Mughal Empire - Mongolian India ○ Sells cotton, guns, and ships ○ Muslim but allows non-muslims to be in nobility (notably Hindus, which become the majority religion) Ottoman Empire ○ Turkey and pretty much the whole Mediterranean except for Italy, France, Spain ○ Persian culture ○ Large Arab, Armenian, and Kurdish populations ○ Muslim Does NOT allow other religions into nobility, but they don’t care that much because of the Millet System ○ Millet System - a system of legislature where different religious groups can govern themselves Includes groups like Jews (which the empire acted as a haven for because they were being expelled from Spain), Catholics, Orthodox Christians, Armenians ○ Military/Slavery Kul - Ottoman slaves that had social mobility (could get money/power) Allowed to serve in government (thought to improve loyalty) Janissaries recruited from them  Janissaries - elite Ottoman military who are castrated Christian slaves that are a very powerful class that eventually have to be disbanded for fear of taking over the government Russian Empire ○ Starts as a loose group of small Russian settlements that are conquered by the Golden Horde (Mongols) Moscow becomes a prominent trading hub under the rule ○ Ivan the Terrible - first leader of an independent Russia Removes Mongols from power Forces conversion to Orthodox Christian Uses oprichniki (secret police) to oppress and silence people Kills his only heir with a golden scepter ○ Peter the Great helps Russia get access to the Baltic Sea (warm water ports) ○ Catherine the Great Overthrows her husband (King Peter III) to become Queen Greatly expands Russia’s borders Helps usher in Russian enlightenment in which there’s more education Only allowed Jews to live in the “Pale Settlement” Orenburg Mufti - made Islam part of the government British Empire ○ Magna Carta (1215) - rejection of rule by force only (starting to end monarchy) ○ Hundred Years War - fight over who rules France and France wins but sustains heavy casualties ○ Elizabeth I - helps standardize the Anglican Church and build the British navy with her father, Henry VIII Zheng He (1371-1433) - Muslim, Chinese admiral ○ Sailed on massive expeditions throughout Asia and to East Africa Never invaded or colonized, though ○ His very detailed maps helped further efforts in the exploration European Colonization and Mercantilism ○ Colonies’ role - provide raw materials for the central territory of the Empire and buy raw goods from that territory ○ Mercantilism - idea that seeks to accumulate as much wealth as possible, especially through gold and silver Central territory imports raw goods and exports manufactured goods Leads to war and empire building as states seek wealth Origins of modern capitalism ○ Catholicism used as a way to colonize peacefully because sometimes brute force doesn’t work  ○ Manuel de Nobrega - Jesuit priest who set up first mission in Brazil (Pernambuco) Brings Catholicism to Brazil Doesn’t believe in slavery but cannot stop it Helps found big cities, colleges, and seminaries ○ Chichimeca War (1550-1590) - wfar between Spain and Chichimeca Confederation (Native Americans) Spain wants Chichimeca silver and to enslave them Spain’s longest and most expensive war against Natives Could not win by brute force so sent Jesuit priests Atlantic Slave Trade (about 1500-1800s) ○ Between 1500s and 1800s about 15-20 million Africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic, and sold as slaves to the Americas ○ First slaves were Natives, but most of them died to disease ○ Most worked on sugar plantations ○ Triangular Trade Ships carried European goods to Africa to get slaves Middle Passage - Africans brought to Americas in terrible conditions “Loose packing” - used at beginning of slave trade; fewer slaves with more room in hope to reduce sickness and death “Tight packing” - carry as many slaves as possible with the belief that many would die anyway (more $$$ overall but more deaths) American products (such as sugar and tobacco) carried to Europe ○ Decimated African population because they would fight each other to get prisoners to sell as slaves so they would not be enslaved themselves ○ Built economies of many American colonies and helped enrich rice agriculture in southern English colonies ○ Olaudah Equiano - describes middle passage on way to Barbados Really bad conditions (awful smells, sickness, and starvation) Too young to be below deck, but wanted to be below (very strangely calling them “more happy”) Slaves around him try to jump overboard to kill themselves sometimes Pirates Pirates ○ Individual profitx ○ No larger strategic goals ○ Unlawful Privateers ○ Imperial commissions (government employs them to do stuff) ○ Engaged in military campaigns  Ching Shih ○ Poor Chinese prostitute ○ Takes control of her husband’s fleet ○ Controlled Red Flag Fleet (largest pirate fleet ever) in South China Sea during early 1800s ○ Had pirate code ○ Reversed norms of social mobility for women ○ Negotiated with Chinese government to end pirating if they didn’t arrest her and take her stuff ○ Retired and opened casino and brothel Blackbeard ○ Aka Edward Teach ○ British privateer who fought in Queen Anne’s War ○ Turned to piracy in 1713 and patrolled the Caribbean with his ship, “Queen Anne’s Revenge” ○ Blockaded Charleston with his fleet for a week ○ Killed by gunshot Black Caesar ○ Western African chief who is captured by slave traders ○ Escapes slave ship when storm destroys it ○ Raids along Florida Keys for a while ○ Joins Blackbeard ○ Eventually captured and hung Religion Jewish History ○ Jews blamed a lot during Black Death ○ Jews kicked out of Spain in 1492 and seek refuge in places like Ottoman Empire and Eastern Europe ○ Forced to live in “Pale Settlement” under Catherine the Great of Russia Shia Islam ○ Sect of Islam that believes that only descendents of Muhammad should rule ○ Do not recognize the authority of the Sunnah ○ Primarily in Iran Great Schism of 1054 ○ Orthodox Christians broke off from Catholics because: Did not want to use Latin for Mass Did not believe in the authority of Rome/Pope Thought priests did not have to be celibate (the abstinence from baby-making time/marriage) Leavened (Orthodox) vs unleavened (Catholic) bread  ○ Orthodox doesn’t believe in Purgatory Protestant Reformation ○ Causes: Commercialization of indulgences (pay money to go to Heaven) Where does Church rule end and civil law begin? Effect of good works on salvation ○ Martin Luther - German priest, monk, professor Does not start off trying to make new branch of Christianity Believes in Jesus, not good deeds and sacraments, are key to salvation Believes in lack of free will 95 Theses (1517) Disputes indulgences Helped to spread with new printing press tech Condemns German Peasant War of 1525 even though his writings inspired them ○ John Calvin - radical, French, humanist lawyer Calvinism - predestination and absolute sovereignty of God Creates new liturgy Creates violent political/religious movement Counter Reformation ○ Ignatius of Loyola - Spanish priest who founded society of Jesuits to further the educational and spiritual mission of the Church ○ Council of Trent - Catholic condemnation of Protestant heresies Standardizes Catholic liturgy ○ St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - Catholics killing about 10,000 wealthy French protestants (called Huguenots) at a wedding in Paris King Henry VIII - king of England from 1491-1547 ○ Created the Church of England so he could divorce his wife ○ Had 6 wives - divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived ○ Helped build up England’s navy Industrialization, Capitalism, and Marx Industrialization Benefits and Negatives ○ Benefits - more education, healthcare, recreation ○ Negatives - bad wages, pollution, drunkenness, deforestation Adam Smith ○ Wrote The Wealth of Nations Argued that “rational self-interest” (people trying to make as much money as possible) and competition will create prosperity in a capitalist economy “The Invisible Hand” - self-regulation of capitalist economies “Laissez-Faire” - hands off (not much government intervention)  Supply and Demand ○ when supply increases and demand doesn't, prices go down ○ when supply remains unchanged while demand increases, prices rise Competition ○ When multiple people make the same or a similar product, they are incentivized to make a better or cheaper product so that consumers will buy their product more This competition benefits the consumer by making the producers lower prices or make a better product This also benefits the economy as a whole because producers want to innovate and expand ○ With no competition, a company can have a monopoly which means they can charge whatever price they want and make crappy products Negative side of industrial capitalism ○ Monopolies (as stated above) ○ Poor working conditions ○ Wage stagnation - when wages do not increase with inflation Inflation - money is worth less because more has been made If money is worth less and wages stay the same, then the actual amount of value from wages goes down (workers are paid less) ○ Political corruption ○ Crime ○ Substance abuse ○ Pollution Marx and Engels (and reasons for Marxist revolution) ○ Argue that industry should be embraced, but capitalism is not forever ○ Das Kapital - argues that economics can be studied as a science ○ Capitalism will collapse and lead to communism ○ Communism revolution will take place in industrialized capitalist countries In reality, they take place in peasant societies like China and Russia Bourgeoisie and Working Class ○ Bourgeoisie - white-collar workers; non-dirty job (banker, entrepreneur) class ○ Working class - blue-collar workers; dirty job (farmers, miners) class Agrarian Socialism Rejection of industrialization ○ Instead, use ancient ideas about agrarian socialism (communes) Charles Fourier - French politician who had a disdain of poverty and elites; loved anarchic communism La Reunion - agrarian socialist commune founded by Victor Prosper Considerant in Dallas that quickly falls apart Political Change and Revolution  Republic - government where leaders are elected Democracy - system where citizens have the power to control the state through elections Autocracy - system where citizens have little to no power over the state; instead the leader has absolute power The French Revolution ○ Causes: Nobility and clergy paid no taxes Growing poverty and debt Struggle against monarchy Commoners dislike Catholic Church The vote of the Third Estate (commoners) is overruled by the other 2 westates ○ Tennis Court Oath (1789) - Third Estate breaks off and takes oath on tennis court to create a new constitution ○ Bastille Fortress is stormed on July 14, 1879 ○ Reign of Terror led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety (executioners) that kill people against the revolution ○ Outcomes: Monarchy undermined “Declaration of the Rights of Man” - instills belief in equality, rights of citizens, property rights, and the separation of Church and state Bloody violence and paranoia Napoleon takes control Napoleon Bonaparte ○ Italian noble who becomes French general that conquers Italy and fights Egypt ○ Uses an election to crown himself emperor of France ○ Obsessed with Roman Empire (wants to imitate and surpass it with France) ○ Takes control of many European countries ○ Brilliant general Deceives opponents Battle of Austerlitz Napoleon’s greatest victory Napoleon faced a larger army of combined Russian and Austrian forces but wins by setting a trap Battle of Trafalgar Battle between French and British navy Britain wins by using an unconventional attack (ramming ships) Napoleon’s first big defeat Napoleon cannot conquer Britain ○ His downfall:  Invades Russia but it gets too cold so he has to retreat Loses 380,000 out of 450,000 men Coalition of forces opposes and defeats him, banishing him to an island called Elba He escapes Elba and overthrows the monarchy again but is quickly defeated and exiled to an island that is further away ○ Congress of Vienna 1815 - end of Napoleon and France’s reign European ministers gather and take away France’s territorial gains Establish European borders, which helps keep peace in Europe for several decades Germany becomes more powerful than France, especially once Bismark comes to power Simon Bolivar - controversial Venezuelan revolutionary and military leader ○ Very well educated with revolutionary ideals ○ Believed in the liberty and equality of America ○ Killed Spaniards unless they were 100% on his side ○ Abolitionist (did not like slavery) but controversially only promised slaves freedom if they fought in his army ○ Freed 6 countries from Spanish rule ○ Became dictator of Columbia despite his belief in liberty Revolutions of 1848 - mass protests across Europe ○ Republican revolts against European monarchs in France, Italy, Germany, Ireland, and Ottomans ○ Spontaneous and little coordination ○ Causes: People want to replace monarchies with democratic republics Working class demands better quality of life Nationalism inspired people to demand independence from large empires (Ireland, Romania) Potato famine causes food shortages ○ Results: Monarchs crush revolts Little gains in political change except for Italy, which gets a new constitution and starts to form a new state Inspires later political reform, the labor movement Inspires Marx Inspires revolts in Mexico, Brazil, Chile