Amanda's AP World History Midterm Study Guide PDF

AP World History Midterm Study Guide INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Straw Link to all written notes: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kxDi5nLsZ2YP_tFjawrF9skHXunGiCcQddg-7Cb0UAQ/edit?tab=t.0 Link to Booklet: https://dashboard.blooket.com/set/657bb990a8cabe8eba73c475 The Black Death a bubonic plague pan...

AP World History Midterm Study Guide INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Straw Link to all written notes: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kxDi5nLsZ2YP_tFjawrF9skHXunGiCcQddg-7Cb0UAQ/edit?tab=t.0 Link to Booklet: https://dashboard.blooket.com/set/657bb990a8cabe8eba73c475 The Black Death a bubonic plague pandemic that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s The Black Death was one of the deadliest pandemics in history, killing an estimated 25–50 million people, or up to 50% of Europe's population in the 14th century. The population of Europe didn't return to pre-1347 levels until around 1550. Led to violent programs against Jewish communities Empires The Mughal Empire (religion) ○ Mughal means Mongol, but they aren’t the same ○ Founded by emperor Babur of Kabul (He led the Turkish - Mongol invasion of South Asia) - before this India was divided; he was the descendant of Ghengis Khan After he died, Akbar focused on architecture, painting, and handling religious differences problems; he was very tolerable (allowed people of all religions without forcing them to convert) - overall stabilized region; Hinduism becoming popular; consolidation of India’s first direct relations with Atlantic Europe Mughal emperors continued in Babur’s line in direct decent until middle of nineteenth century 1  Three Important rulers after Akbar Jahangir - valued the arts, cruel and alcoholic, but empire survived Shah Jahan - built Taj Mahal, troubles with taxes and overall economics Aurangzeb - narrow religiosity (low tolerance), absolute power, India not united in north and south ○ During his time, the Deccan (the ulcer which ruined the Mughal empire), helped lead to its collapse; primarily though, It was caused by its diversity and failure to find ways to tap indigenous popular loyalty Even though suffering politically, it was rich ○ First British East India Company founded on December 31, 1600 English don't prioritize trade w India though Akbar’s empire was very very powerful, ruled over beautiful civilization, while Queen Elizabeth had debt, and low population ○ Muslim Empire, but very diverse ruling class ○ Like Mongols, they didn’t force their culture open others once conquering them (they especially recruited Hindus, and even gave them nobility) ○ Technology - they produced and sold ships and weapons to Eruope and Africa ○ Economic Boom By 1700 AD, it had largest and most powerful economy in the world, which made Europe jealous Had around 25% of world’s GDP and industrial output Lots of agricultural exports - like cotton textiles ○ Worm Gear Cotton Gin - hand powered machine used to process cotton; gave India a competitive advantage over other countries like Britain Saltpeter was exported (used in gunpowder) Large road network with farm-to-market roads; first modern ones ○ Slavery - it existed, but was mainly servants 2  Most farmers and workers received wages; they were one of the 1st empires to actually pay the slaves because they didn’t want them to revolt ○ Finance - tribute system is replaced w monetary taxation AKA taxes were coins instead of agricultural products; this was more efficient Imported massive amounts of silver to mint coins - basically building out currency system ○ The Eventual Decline - a result of its own success Political turmoil in the empire lead to deindustrialization Certain nobles sought autonomy (basically since they had more money, they became too greedy) Citizens revolted with the Mathia Empire, short lived, powder Hindi federation takes control of much territory and ports Portuguese competition British invasion and colonization as it crumbles - they especially wanted cotton The Ottoman empire (military, slavery, the Millet System and minorities such as Armenians and Jews) ○ Aka Europe’s Muslim empire ○ It’s Start Seljuk Turks caught in between Mongols and Byzantines Byzantines are weakened by the Crusades Mongol Empire collapses and Turks begin building their own empire from the remnants of the Byzantine and Mongol empires ○ Diversity Official Religion - Sunni Islam Cultural Influence - Persian Many orthodox christians, jews, and catholics Large Arab, Armenian, and Kurdish populations ○ In the Ottoman Empire, both Armenians and Jews were considered non-Muslim minorities, living under the "millet" system which allowed them to maintain their own religious laws and administration within their 3  communities, but still faced limitations as second-class citizens compared to Muslims, including higher taxes and restrictions on certain professions; however, unlike many other empires at the time, the Ottomans generally allowed for a degree of religious tolerance, with Jews even finding refuge in the empire after their expulsion from Spain ○ Notable Ruler - Suleman the Magnificent (1494 - 1566) Conquered the Balkans (southeastern europe) and the rest of middle east, and algeria Helped centralize the state In reaction to anti - semitism in the west, he declared himself the protector of Spanish and other Jews His person doctor/dentist, Moses Hamon, advised him on Jewish and religious affairs ○ Government - Complex but Centralized Sultan at the head Nobility and Administrative titles received through birth and social mobility Massive Judiciary and civil servant system The Ottoman Millet System - Based on religion Each religious group was allowed to govern itself Largest millets were Muslim, Christian, and Jewish Tax collection, legal, education, and religion affairs were conducted by each group Non-muslims were banned from the nobility, yet many other groups prospered socially and economically One Important Millet - Armenians - an ethnic group ○ Trade networks centered in Istanbul ○ Manufacturing and textiles - they kinda began industrialization in the empire ○ Building capital(ism) Banking ○ Slavery - Not an economic system 4  Slaves were used to create the Kul, former christians would become government officials and soldiers (they were forced to convert to islam) Janissaries - the elite military unit loyal to the sultan ○ Part of the Kul ○ Celibate ○ Received wages and provision - however, since they didn’t have anything to spend it on, this allowed them to eventually become a powerful social class This led to rebellions, so they were abolished in 1826 Had social mobility, while the government hoped would make them loyal to the Sultan Caused conflict with British, Dutch, and Russians ○ Economy Rayas - 90% of the population; aka peasant farmers who pay taxes Similar to Russian system Small farms growing hemps (to make rope for ships), wool, and fruit “Land rich, capital poor”; land was very dry Silk Road Free Trade - like a walmart Powerful merchant class based in Armenian and Jewish millets Example - Thessaloniki, Greece Ancient greek city that became a modern trade center by 1500 Large Greek orthodox and muslim population Thousands of Spanish and Jews settle Russian (Ivan the Terrible, Catherine the Great) ○ Taiga - sort of like Alaska ○ Steppe - plains grassland Early “Run” or Russia - began as a series of Christian Slavic city states and a separate muslim “bulgar state” Kyiv founded in late 9th century; the “kevin run” adopted Christianity in 988 CE 5  Kingdom of Volga Bulgaria in Central Russia as separate state that converts to Islam by 922 CE Moscow is a small princedom along with dozens of other slavic settlements Viking and Turkish Settlements (important in early Russia since first Russian leader was a viking); get to Canada Moguls then invade everything that is Russia today from 1237 - 1240 CE ○ Mongol Rule 200 years of domination of Eastern Slavs by the “Golden Horde”, which eventually split into several different Khanates Mongols in the Horde/Khanate adopt Islam from Volga Bulgars everyday affairs, economics, and keep orthodox christianity ○ Kazan Khanate (means kingdom) (1438 - 1552) Last remnant of the Mongol Empire in central and western Russia/Ukraine ○ Moscow’s Expansion (1300 - 1560) Becomes an important trade post between the Mongol kingdoms and Europe Does very well financially, acts as sort of an IRS for the Khans Moscow princes are loyal to Khanate and crush rivals, building an empire within the empire Golden Horde and Moscow crush Tver ○ The Reign of Ivan the Terrible (1547 - 1584) Has to figure out how to build a state and begin imperial expansion; How he created a modern expansionist state/empire: Controlled the nobles (boyars) Secret Police (oprichniki) ○ Personal, monk - like, police force ○ Terrorized rebellious villagers and nobles ○ Torture Created a standing army Russia’s first printing press 6  Takes over the old Mongol bureaucracy (borrowing front he Golden Horde like the Ming Dynasty) and then tries to centralize the state He begins the Russian empire, but he was not a nice guy In 1552 he sacks Kazan, totally destroying the Khanate (mongol rule) Massacred over 10,000 people Destroyed mosques Forced conversions to Orthodox Christianity His Legacy: Begins Russian Empire Built orthodoxy in Kazan and Moscow Believed in creating the “torments of hell” on earth War with Ottomans and Crimea He leaves no heir because he murdered his son with a golden scepter ○ The Romanov Dynasty (1613 - 1917) During the timer period with no leader, there were Polish - lithuanian and Swedish invasion, along with (crimean) Tatar Raids from former mongols 1612 - a Rus Prince and merchant beat the Polish army Elected by a council of nobles to end chaos Michael Romanoy 1613 = stability and expansion Large Problem - Lots of land, but no warm water ports; this leads to expansion in areas with these ports ○ Paradoxes of Peter the Great (1682 - 1725) Warrior: Fighting Ottomans/Crimean Tatars and Persians for control of Caspian, Azov, and black seas Builds Russian navy European modernize - struggle to redefine Russia and Russians Dress Code Enforcement: 1698 Anti - Beard Law Peter thought beards looked too old and backwards Infraction - had his own police force that had the power to stop you and shave your beard 7  ○ However, you could pay a beard tex to keep it Leads the great Northern War (1700-1721) to gain access to the Baltic Takes a swamp on the Neva River (on the Baltic Sea), and builds a new capital, aka St. Petersburg ○ Catherine the Great (1762 - 1796) People Connections: Married to Peter 3 - he was Prussian and only lasted for 6 months as the ruler before Catherine though, and then he was ousted in a coup and mysteriously dies (conspiracy that Catherine did it), and then she takes over; he had hope for economic reforms Aleksandr Suvorov - a key general and advisor of Catherine Prince Grigory Poemkin - Catherin’es lover and military leader ○ Key to colonial expansion and administration ○ “Defeated” Ukraine cossacks Prussian, but she mastered Russian Ruled with a network of powerful military leaders and administrators “Enlightened Despotism” - she was pretty progressive on certain issues Led the Ursso Turkish War (1768 - 1774) Takes advantage of 7 years war and ottoman revolts Annexed Crimea in 1783 1796 Novorossiysk Governorate Partitioning Poland with Frederick the Great and Joseph 2 of Austria 3 partitions - 1772, 1793, 1795 British Empire (Elizabeth I) ○ With the help of Henry VIII, she helped standardize the Anglican Church ○ Built the British navy ○ Drafted attempts on her life and several Catholic rebellions Chinese trade (Zheng He) ○ Chinese Treasure expeditions ○ From a muslim family, captured and castrated at 10 ○ Noble, fleet admiral, and diplomat 8  ○ Sailed on massive expeditions throughout asia and to India and East Africa to find gold ○ Some of his expeditions had around 300 ships and 28,000 men ○ Made incredibly detailed maps and charts - later used by Europeans ○ Navy became so huge that the elites thought it would take over the nation so they took it apart - yet another victim of its own success European Colonization and Mercantilism ○ Colonialism The colony is controlled by a central power/imperial center Goal of states is to extract resources and accumulate wealth European colonization focused on colonizing the Americas, Asia, and Africa The colonies were meant to provide raw materials from the “metropol” and buy finished goods from the metropol ○ Mercantilism Seeks to maximize exports from the empire and minimize imports to the empire Depended on the accumulation of gold and silver Led empires to fight each other for land and resources Origins of modern capitalism Manuel da Nobrega ○ Portuguese jesuit priest who spread his beliefs in brazil (specifically pernambuco) First mission in brazil ○ Helps find Recife, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo ○ Bring Jesuit colleges and seminaries to brazil ○ Colonial leaders tried to enslave natives, but Nobrega protested ○ He distrusted adults so he focused on converting children; unsuccessful on preventing slavery Chichimeca War ○ Military conflict between Spain and Chichimeca confederation of natives in Mexico ○ Chichimeca victories over the spanish for several decades 9  Pernambuco (Brazil) ○ Where Manuel da Nobrega took his missionary work; first mission in Brazil The Atlantic Slave Trade ○ The slave trade began because there was a shortage of labor in the Americas European planters needed people to work on their sugar and tobacco plantations At first, European’s used Native Americans, but most of them died due to the European diseases Then in the 1600s they used indentured servants, but it was expensive to support them ○ Millions of Africans slaves were forcibly taken to the Americas, most from the coast of West Africa Some exchanged for firearms, goods Others kidnapped on raid by traders ○ The captured Africans became a part of the network called the triangular trade: 1st leg - ships carried European goods to Africa to be exchanged for slaves ships left Europe loaded with goods such as guns, tolls, tectiles, ad rum The crews with guns would go ashore to capture the slaves - they were obtained by kidnapping or as gifts from the chiefs (typically people who were in debt, criminals, or war prisoners) While waiting to be put on slave ships, the slaves were held as prisoners along the coast; those that were considered not fit for the ship would be left on shore to die 2nd leg - middle passage; Africans were brought to the Americas to be sold Sailed across the Atlantic ocean for 8-10 weeks Some Africans tried to jump ship, refused to eat, and rebelled The loss of a slave’s life was a loss of money for the sailors When packing the slaves, there were two options captains could pick: 10  ○ Loose packing - allowed for more room in hopes of reducing sickness ○ Tight packing - fit in as many slaves as possible; this became the more favorable option as in the long run, it allowed for higher profitability 3rd leg - American products were carried to Europe The ships’ captain would then use the money from the sales of his slaves to buy cargo of raw materials to then go back to Europe with ○ Once the Africans got to the Americas… They would be sold at auctions in the Americas Slave traders would put tar on them to hide any sores and cuts ○ Slaves with more visible scars on them were considered rebellious, so they would be cheaper Slaves would be inspected Candle would measure time, and the highest bidder would win ○ American born slaves with skills were most expensive ○ African slaves were cheaper since they had to be “broken in” Slaves would be branded and separated from families Slaves would be given European names Spanish slave traders would bring Africans to Caribbean sugar plantations Portuguese slave traders would bring Afirans to Brazil English slave traders would bring slaves to West Indies but also North American colonies Enfgland dominated slave trade by end of 1600s Jobs: Most slaves worked on plantations (especially sugar) Other worked in mines, towns, and in countryside Some were skilled craft workers, and would become carpenters, metal workers, or coopers WOmen would be given domestic duties 11  Living Conditions: Slaves had to meet their own basic needs Physical, degrading punishment inflicted for offenses Lots of rebellions Slave stick - “a forked branch with opens exactly to the size of the neck so the head can’t pass through it” Slaves would be considered to be property; they had no own rights, and the slave holders controlled their conditions Slaves resisted by… Keeping cultural traditions alive Religion Slowing work, destroying equipment, revolting Fleeing and establishing runaway communities ○ Overall Effects Lasted for 400 years Devastated West African societies, as their youngest men (the future leaders of society) would be captured; many African chiefs also waged war on others because they needed people to give up as slaves 15 to 20 million Africans shipped to the Americas Many of which ided in transit Africans’ knowledge of agriculture helped grow rice industry in Southern English colonies ○ Help grow economics of American colonies Equiano ○ was a prominent abolitionist who used his personal experience as a formerly enslaved African to speak out against the slave trade ○ He actively campaigned against slavery, speaking out publicly and presenting petitions to the British Parliament ○ He was one of the leading members of the Sons of Africa, a small abolitionist group composed of free Africans in London. They were closely allied with the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. 12  ○ Equiano described how slaves were tortured if they tried to starve themselves. He also described how slaves were force fed using a speculum orum, a device that held their mouths open. ○ Although the captain wanted to keep as many slaves alive as possible, mortality rates were high. It's estimated that 10–20% of those transported died during the Middle Passage. ○ We had a reading about him - in his writing, he wrote about how slaves jumped off the ship while on the slave route Pirates Pirates vs privateers ○ Pirates would be individuals/crew profit (aka a private enterprise), with the only strategic goal being to get money; often, they were wanted by several governments ○ Privateers would be imperial commissions (government sent), and engaged in military campaigns; it was sanctioned as long as they would attack only who they were supposed to Ching Shih ○ From Guangdong province, born in 1775 ○ Had humble beginning - her original job was as a prostitute ○ Inherited Reg Flag Fleet from her husband (when she married Zheng Yi, she got 50% of his earning and fleet); she commanded about 1800 ships and 80000 men Largest pirate fleet ever Grew her fleet 9 fold ○ Reformed her pirate group to demand loyalty - girl power She would execute anyone who refused to follow orders, rapers, marital infidelity,a nd extra-marital sex ○ Defeated Qing Navy ○ Established a gambling house and brothel at the end of her life (still run by descendants?)(was a front for a smuggling racket for salt) ○ Peaceful death 13  Blackbeard ○ Born in Bristol, England ○ Possibly a sailor on privateers ships during the Queen Anne’s war ○ He was placed in command of a sloop and started career or piracy with Captain Benjamin Hornigold He then captured a French slave ship called the La Concorde, and renamed it the Queen Anne’s revenge ○ Worked around the west india and the east coast of the North American colonies Only an active pirate for 2 years ○ Famous for his buried treasure and big black beard (he would put slow burning fuses under his hat and in his beard to scare enemies) ○ Died in battle in 1718, as he was attacked by Maynard as he was docked; his head was taken as a trophy and placed on a pole to serve as a warning for pirates Black Caesar ○ Born in West Africa in mid 1670s Born to Haitian slaves owned by a wealthy French planter named Arnaut ○ He was captured on a slave ship but managed to escape; he then took over that ship with a foreign sailor ○ Eventually joined Blackbeard’s crew, called the Queen Anne’s Revenge During the Golden Age of Piracy Near the Florida Keys nad Great Floria Reef Easy to hide in ○ It is believed that he evaded being captured by many different slave traders, but he was eventually captured by Virginia colonial authorities in 1718 He was tried to privacy in Virginia and was hung with 17 other men Religion Jewish history in Western and Eastern Europe 14  ○ Formed by late 6th century BCE ○ Monotheistic religion ○ Key Belief - God reveals his law and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai ○ Types - Orthodox, Conservative, Reform ○ 1492 - Jews kicked out of Spain; most Jewish population went to Eastern Europe from the west ○ Bukharan Jews Found in present day Uzbekistan Jews traveled to Central Asia as traders as far back as King Davif in 1000 BCE Large population until 1980s Shia Islam ○ Est. 610 CE ○ Monotheistic - God is Allah ○ Believe that Muhummad is the messenger and prophet of God Communicates with Archange; Gabriel ○ Yearly Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca (trade, travel, culture) ○ Quran is the holy book ○ Split in 2 Sunni - believe that first 4 caliphs were rightly guided and that Muslim rules should follow Sunnah Shi’a - believe that Ali should have succeeded Muhammad, and that all Muslim rulers should be descended from Muhammad Orthodox Christianity ○ the Great Schism of 1054 separated Orthodox Christianity from Roman Catholicism Great Schism of 1054 ○ Break between Church in Rome and Patriarch of Constantinople ○ Causes/Effects 15  Many greek churches did not want to use Latin Leavened vs unleavened Bread Authority of Rome Celibacy of priest Aka orthodox priests can have children East vs West East is Orthodox, west is Roman Catholics Purgatory Orthodox don’t believe in it The Protestant Reformation (Luther, Calvin) ○ The Reformation Causes Humanism and questioning of religious dogma Commercialization of indulgences Dispute over who controlled purgatory Arugment about laws and scripture: Where does church rule and cicvil law begin? Role of good works in slavation Role of saints questioned ○ Martin Luther Encouraged Reformation Priest, monk, professor from germany Condemned the German peasants whom he unintentionally inspired to revolt in 1525 in a book titled Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants Criticized commercialized indulgences because he believed that tying money to salvation was wrong Published the 95 Theses in 1517 Believe that we don’t have free will ○ John Calvin The French humanist lawyer who was the first to create a new (Protestant) church during the Reformation by writing a new liturgy. Second most important figure in formation Creates new liturgy 16  Believes in predestination and absolute sovereignty of God Violence in france towards reforms The Counter Reformation (Loyola, Council of Trent, St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre) ○ The period of Catholic resurgence in response to the Protestant Reformation ○ Council of Trent Catholic condemnation of the Protestant heresies Condemned Luther and the Reformation Standardized Catholic liturgy ○ Ignatius of Loyola Spanish Priest who founded the society of jesuits Founded the Pontifical Gregorian University A Belief in a new educational and spiritual mission of the church ○ St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of 1572 Wealthy French protestants had gathered for a wedding in Paris Kills about 10,000 Huguenots and ends the spread of Protestantism in northern France Jesuits ○ A Catholic religious group that believes in defending and spreading Catholicism through education and missionary work Industrialization, Capitalism and Marx Industrialization of your town and the benefits and negatives ○ Benefits Significant economic growth Increased availability of goods More job availability ○ Negatives Poor working conditions Environmental pollution Adam Smith ○ economist and philosopher 17  ○ First one to describe capitalism (said it was built around supply and demand, along with competition) ○ Didn’t want govt to control the economy supply and demand, competition, and other main factors ○ Capitalism - an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit Built on supply and demand - determines price and production levels Competition - multiple businesses compete to sell their products, forcing them to improve quality, lower prices, and innovate Private property ownership - individuals have the right to own land, factores, capital, etc. Free market system - allows market forces to naturally regulate prices and production the negative side of industrial capitalism ○ Monopolies ○ Poor working conditions ○ Wage stagnation/inflation ○ Political corruption, crime, substance abuse, pollution Marx and Engels ○ Embraced industry but rejected capitalism ○ Disliked commodity fetish, and that means of production would be in conflict with workers, recessions/depression ○ Overall believed that capitalism would collapse in revolution Reasons for Marxist revolution ○ Marx believed that Revolution was both fundamentally essential and inevitable to the progress of human society. He anticipated that eventually the workers of the world would realise they 'have nothing to lose but their chains' and revolt against the industrialists and capitalists who covertly controlled their lives. Bourgeoisie and working class ○ Bourgeoisie - the new middle class which expanded rapidly under capitalism (white collar) ○ Proletariat - the working class (blue collar) 18 Agrarian Socialism La Reunion ○ used as a way to reject industrialization with a socialist utopian in dallas ○ Had communes, but quickly fell apart Charles Fourier ○ he envisioned a utopian society based on small, cooperative agricultural communities called "phalanges" where work would be shared, rotated among members, and focused on harmonizing individual passions with the needs of the community, creating a system that prioritized pleasure and social equality within an agrarian setting ○ Advocated for gender equality Political Change and Revolution Republics ○ a form of government where the people elect representatives to rule on their behalf, and where the head of state is not a monarch ○ A "republic" is a form of government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, while a "democracy" is a system where the power lies with the people, often meaning decisions are made directly by the majority vote ○ a specific type of democracy that emphasizes representative government and constitutional safeguards against tyranny of the majority Democracies ○ a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state Autocracies ○ system of government in which absolute power is held by the head of state, known as an autocrat. It includes some forms of monarchy and all forms of dictatorship, while it is contrasted with democracy and feudalism. The French Revolution 19  ○ Was a complete overthrow of the french monarchy and imperial leadership (difference from the american revolution because that was only an overthrow of some territory) ○ Causes Economic - poor tax collection, debt, growing poverty Political - struggle between Louis XVI and parliament (Estates General) over controlling finances The commoners disliked the power the catholic church and the nobles had Marie antoniette, the last queen, was disliked because people thought she was out of touch with the lower class People saw english and american revolts as inspiration Overall, the estates general was unfair because the upper 2 estates (the clergy and the nobility) could cancel out the vote of the lowest estate In summary, anger at the nobility for not paying taxes, hatred of the monarchy, and anger at the catholic church all led people to revolt ○ Important Events The third estate broke off from the estates general and created a rival assembly IN june of 1789, they took a Tennis COurt Oath, promising to create a new constitution ON July 14, 1789, revolutionaries stormed the Bastille fortress (feared that Louis XVI had decided to shut down the assembly) (official end of old regime and beginning of revolution) Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public safety executed Louis XVI, but then the people turned on Robespierre and killed him These inventions and violence led to the directory government until napoleon came along ○ Outcomes Napoleans come to power and ends the chaos Terror and violence worries other monarchs The french write the declaration of the rights of man - this is similar to the english constitution and bill of rights Wasn’t fully enforced through Monarchy is undermined Simon Bolivar (from reading assignment on course page) ○ A revolutionary who had a life-long devotion to reason, freedom, adn progress ○ His basic aim was liberty, which he described as “the only object worth the sacrifice of a man’s life” 20  Wanted freedom from colonial power, to be followed by true independence under a liberal constitution ○ He led efforts against Spanish rule, liberating Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia ○ He faced political instability, regional division, and opposition to his vision of a united South America ○ Known as “El Libertador” = symbol of independence and unity in Latin America Napoleon ○ He wanted to be like the Roman Empire and control all of Europe ○ He was Italian, an artillery officer during the french revolution (used it as career building) ○ He conquered Italy and Egypt to make him popular ○ Had an election to crown himself as emperor This went against many of the ideas of the revolution, since he was an emperor ○ Took control of Prussia, Spain, belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, and Poland ○ Wanted to undermine British empire by blocking then from trading ○ Created the Napoleonic code - the first standardized legal system in europe that influence legal systems around the world, and defines citizenship Replaced feudal customs and a civil law system Defined the legal rights of people and property (worked well in industrialized world) Still in use today ○ The Battle of Austerlitz - Napoleon’s greatest victory Fight against russia and austrian forces; he tricked them by pretending to retreat Tried to defeat British Navy in battle of trafalgar, but he lost to Lord Nelson, who rammed his ships into Napolean’s(big because this meant he could never conquer britain) ○ In order to completely rule Europe, Napoleon only needed to conquer Britain and Russia ○ Master of propaganda ○ Napoleon tried to invade Russia but he failed because he hadn’t prepared for the insanely cold winter Lost 380,000 out of his 450,000 meni ○ Sent to exile in an island, escaped, lost at battle of waterloo, and sent to another island Revolutions of 1848 21  ○ Caused by Nationalism Socialism, The economic crisis of 1845-48, Hardships for the lower classes, Advances in print technology, Disgust with conservative domestic policies, Desire for more freedoms, Social problems caused by the Industrial Revolution, and hunger caused by harvest failures in the mid-1840s ○ Only Italy succeeded - The revolutions ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals. However, they set the foundation for the birth of many modern states. Blooket The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between which two countries to divide up the world’s oceans? ○ Spain and Portugal Dimitri Mendeleev moved from Russia to what country to complete the periodic table and teach chemistry? ○ Germany Martin Luther published the 95 Thesis in which year? ○ 1517 The ___________ were elite slave soldiers in the Ottoman Empire who were captured from Christian families and castrated, but eventually became a power class in the Ottoman system despite slave status. ○ Janissaries What did Martin Luther believe about free will? ○ We don’t have free will Zheng He was a Chinese naval captain and diplomat who ○ Commanded large and powerful fleet that sailed all the way to Africa ○ Carried massive amounts of gold an silver back to China ○ The chinese captured as a kid and castrated Manuel da Nobrega was a member of the __________. ○ Jesuits Women who worked during the Industrial Revolution… ○ Lived at homes where they were responsible for childcare and household chores, despite having jobs 22  ____________________ overthrew the Mongols in Russia and began the Russian Empire, but later beat his son to death with a golden scepter so he had no heir. ○ Ivan the Terrible To which colony did Manuel da Nobrega take his missionary work? ○ Brazil (pernembuco) __________ are a Catholic religious group that believes in defending and spreading Catholicism through education and missionary work. ○ The Jesuits How did the first Mughal Emperor, Barbur, treat Hindus and other non-Muslim elites in South Asia (India, Pakistan)? ○ He invited them to join the Mughal imperial nobility During the colonization of Brazil, what approximate percentage of the indigenous population perished from disease and war? ○ 90% Mercantilism was an economic system that ○ Depended on the accumulation of gold and silver ○ Seeks to maximize exports from the empire and minimize imports to the empire ○ Led empires to fight each other for land and resources Martin Luther and some other Catholics at the time criticized commercialized indulgences because… ○ They believed that tying money to salvation was wrong Who was the African leader whose empire controlled so much gold that he caused economic turmoil when he went on the Hajj? ○ Mansa Musa In the year ________ there was a permanent split in the Christian faith between Rome and Constantinople, leading to separate Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches. ○ 1054 Which Chinese dynasty was founded by the Mongols and Genghis Khan’s grandson? ○ The Yuan By 1700, India was the world’s most powerful economy. What industry produced most of this wealth? ○ Cotton 23  Christopher Columbus… ○ Began enslaving native peoples What was the Ottoman “Millet System?” ○ The administration of different religious groups ___________ was the French humanist lawyer who was the first to create a new (Protestant) church during the Reformation by writing a new liturgy. ○ John Calvin Isabella I of Spain is significant because… ○ She was against slavery ○ She and king ferdinand II hired christopher columbus to sail to india ○ She and King ferdinand II’s marriage created the first united Spain How did Catherine the Great treat Jews in the Russian Empire? ○ She restricted them to living in the Pale of Settlement The Council of Trent… ○ Condemned Luther and the Reformation Who was the German leader that created Germany and industrialized the new state? ○ Otto von Bismark Which forms of transportation drove the early Industrial Revolution (and were part of the drawing activity)? ○ Canals and trains How did the first Mughal Emperor, Barbur, treat Hindus and other non-Muslim elites in South Asia (India, Pakistan)? ○ He invited them to join the Mughal empire nobility Under Mongol rule Russia, the city of ______________ became powerful by collecting taxes and tribute for the Golden Horde (Mongols) ○ Moscow The _______ were elite slave soldiers in the Ottoman Empire who were captured from Christian families and castrated, but eventually became a power class in the Ottoman system despite slave status. ○ The Janissaries How did Catherine the Great treat Islam in the Russian Empire? ○ She created a special government agency to govern Islams 24  Which of the following are a legacy or legacies of Mongol rule? ○ Mass death and destruction ○ A large bureaucracy that collected tribute ○ Allowing conquered peoples to maintain religious and cultural traditions This indigenous confederation in present-day Mexico repeatedly defeated the Spanish Empire after the Spanish had conquered the Aztecs. ○ The Chichimeca Confederation Urbanization is ○ When workers and families create dense industrialized cities In colonialism, a colony… ○ Is controlled by a central power/imperial center Mercantilism was an economic system that ○ Led empires to fight each other for land and resources ○ Depended on the accumulation of gold and silver ○ Seeks to maximize exports from the empire and minimize imports to the empire What two major world religions originated in present-day India? ○ Hinduism and Buddhism They faced violence and repression in Western Europe ○ They faced violence and repression in Western Europe The Spanish Inquisition… ○ Targeted protestants ○ Was a well organized police and court system ○ Aso ended up targeting some non-protestants (like witches) What was life like for urban children from working class or peasant backgrounds during the Industrial Revolution? ○ Children often worked in mines and factories, or as chimney sweeps How did Martin Luther feel about the German peasants whom he unintentionally inspired to revolt in 1525? ○ He condemned them in a book titled Against thethe Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants 25