World Cultures and History Midterm Study Guide PDF

‭World‬‭Cultures‬‭and‬‭History‬‭Midterm‬‭Study‬‭Guide‬ ‭These‬‭are‬‭the‬‭topics‬‭from‬‭each‬‭chapter‬‭that‬‭will‬‭be‬‭on‬‭the‬‭midterm.‬‭Use‬‭your‬ ‭notes,‬‭the‬‭book,‬‭and‬‭eventually‬‭my‬‭material…‬‭do‬‭not‬‭use‬‭Google.‬ ‭Chapter‬‭1:‬‭The‬‭Rise‬‭of‬‭Civilizations‬‭(Additional‬‭Study‬‭Aid:‬‭Jeo...

‭World‬‭Cultures‬‭and‬‭History‬‭Midterm‬‭Study‬‭Guide‬ ‭These‬‭are‬‭the‬‭topics‬‭from‬‭each‬‭chapter‬‭that‬‭will‬‭be‬‭on‬‭the‬‭midterm.‬‭Use‬‭your‬ ‭notes,‬‭the‬‭book,‬‭and‬‭eventually‬‭my‬‭material…‬‭do‬‭not‬‭use‬‭Google.‬ ‭Chapter‬‭1:‬‭The‬‭Rise‬‭of‬‭Civilizations‬‭(Additional‬‭Study‬‭Aid:‬‭Jeopardy)‬ ‭Prehistory/Early‬‭Development‬‭:‬‭Historians‬‭used‬‭written‬‭records‬‭and‬‭documents‬‭to‬‭depict‬ ‭the‬‭past.‬‭To‬‭determine‬‭the‬‭ages‬‭of‬‭artifacts‬‭and‬‭fossils,‬‭they‬‭used‬‭radiocarbon‬‭dating,‬ ‭thermoluminescence,‬‭microscopic,‬‭and‬‭biological‬‭analyses‬‭of‬‭the‬‭remains.‬‭Scientists‬ ‭that‬‭study‬‭prehistoric‬‭times‬‭must‬‭use‬‭evidence‬‭to‬‭learn‬‭about‬‭early‬‭humans.‬ ‭Archaeology‬‭:‬‭Study‬‭the‬‭early‬‭societies‬‭by‬‭analyzing‬‭artifacts‬‭that‬‭people‬‭left‬‭behind‬ ‭such‬‭as‬‭tools,‬‭weapons,‬‭and‬‭art.‬‭By‬‭looking‬‭at‬‭artifacts‬‭like‬‭pottery,‬‭tools,‬‭and‬‭weapons,‬ ‭scientists‬‭learn‬‭about‬‭the‬‭social‬‭and‬‭military‬‭structures‬‭of‬‭society.‬‭By‬‭looking‬‭at‬‭skin‬‭and‬ ‭bones,‬‭the‬‭diets‬‭and‬‭activities‬‭of‬‭early‬‭people‬‭can‬‭be‬‭discovered.‬ ‭Anthropology‬‭:‬‭Anthropologists‬‭study‬‭human‬‭life‬‭and‬‭cultures‬‭by‬‭using‬‭artifacts‬‭and‬ ‭fossils‬‭to‬‭create‬‭an‬‭image‬‭of‬‭what‬‭an‬‭average‬‭persons‬‭life‬‭is‬‭supposed‬‭to‬‭look‬‭like.‬ ‭(Archaelogy:‬‭Study‬‭of‬‭the‬‭past,‬‭Anthropology:‬‭Study‬‭of‬‭the‬‭present)‬ ‭Types‬‭of‬‭Hominids:‬ ‭Mary‬‭and‬‭Louis‬‭Leakey‬‭spent‬‭majority‬‭of‬‭their‬‭lives‬‭researching‬‭about‬‭hominids.‬‭One‬ ‭day,‬‭all‬‭their‬‭hardwork‬‭paid‬‭off‬‭when‬‭they‬‭discovered‬‭a‬‭hominid‬‭in‬‭East‬‭Africa.‬‭At‬‭that‬ ‭time,‬‭the‬‭hominid‬‭she‬‭had‬‭just‬‭discovered,‬‭was‬‭close‬‭to‬‭1.8‬‭million‬‭years‬‭old.‬ ‭-‬‭Early‬‭Hominids‬‭:‬‭Human-like‬‭creatures‬‭that‬‭walked‬‭upright.‬‭The‬‭earliest‬‭hominids‬‭were‬ ‭dated‬‭back‬‭to‬‭live‬‭around‬‭4‬‭million‬‭years‬‭ago.‬ ‭-Homo‬‭Habilis:‬‭A‬‭more‬‭advanced‬‭hominid‬‭with‬‭a‬‭larger‬‭brain‬‭than‬‭its‬‭ancestors.‬‭Homo‬ ‭habilis‬‭means‬‭“handy‬‭human”‬‭and‬‭it‬‭is‬‭said‬‭that‬‭they‬‭mightve‬‭used‬‭stone‬‭tools.‬‭Another‬ ‭hominid,‬‭Homo‬‭erectus‬‭was‬‭said‬‭to‬‭have‬‭emerged‬‭1.5‬‭million‬‭years‬‭ago.‬‭These‬ ‭hominids‬‭walked‬‭upright‬‭on‬‭2‬‭legs‬‭and‬‭had‬‭both‬‭arms‬‭and‬‭legs‬‭most‬‭identical‬‭to‬‭the‬ ‭proportion‬‭and‬‭build‬‭of‬‭a‬‭modern‬‭human.‬‭Homo‬‭erectus’‬‭are‬‭probably‬‭the‬‭first‬‭hominids‬ ‭to‬‭ever‬‭step‬‭out‬‭of‬‭Africa.‬ ‭-‬‭Homo‬‭sapiens‬‭:‬‭Came‬‭to‬‭exist‬‭about‬‭250,000‬‭years‬‭ago‬‭and‬‭successfully‬‭achieved‬‭fire‬ ‭also‬‭having‬‭the‬‭advantage‬‭of‬‭brain‬‭growth.‬‭Were‬‭called‬‭“wise‬‭human”‬ ‭-‬‭Homo‬‭sapiens‬‭sapiens‬‭:‬‭Meaning‬‭“wise‬‭wise‬‭human”.‬‭Came‬‭to‬‭exist‬‭200,000‬‭years‬‭ago‬ ‭and‬‭spread‬‭across‬‭the‬‭world‬‭replacing‬‭Neanderthals.‬‭The‬‭spread‬‭all‬‭across‬‭and‬‭out‬‭of‬ ‭Africa,‬‭increasing‬‭its‬‭population‬‭in‬‭Asia‬‭and‬‭Europe.‬‭They‬‭eventually‬‭came‬‭across‬‭the‬ ‭Neanderthals,‬‭eventually‬‭replacing‬‭them‬‭and‬‭also‬‭having‬‭the‬‭neanderthals‬‭to‬‭die‬‭out.‬ ‭Homo‬‭sapiens‬‭traveled‬‭practically‬‭all‬‭of‬‭the‬‭world‬‭in‬‭search‬‭of‬‭food‬‭and‬‭hunting‬ ‭grounds.‬‭In‬‭a‬‭whole‬‭generation,‬‭they‬‭only‬‭traveled‬‭about‬‭2-3‬‭miles.‬ ‭Importance‬‭of‬‭Stone‬‭tools‬‭:‬‭Stone‬‭tools‬‭made‬‭early‬‭humans‬‭sustain‬‭themselves.‬‭To‬ ‭make‬‭these‬‭stone‬‭tools,‬‭early‬‭people‬‭usually‬‭used‬‭flint.‬‭Over‬‭time,‬‭the‬‭Paleolithic‬‭people‬ ‭advanced‬‭to‬‭better‬‭tools‬‭and‬‭weapons.‬‭The‬‭invention‬‭of‬‭the‬‭bow‬‭and‬‭arrow‬‭increased‬ ‭the‬‭accuracy‬‭of‬‭hunting‬ ‭Importance‬‭of‬‭Fire‬‭:‬‭Fire‬‭was‬‭a‬‭major‬‭discovery‬‭that‬‭provided‬‭warmth,‬‭protection,‬‭and‬ ‭also‬‭gave‬‭them‬‭the‬‭ability‬‭to‬‭cook‬‭and‬‭roast‬‭their‬‭food.‬‭Evidence‬‭of‬‭ashes‬‭in‬‭caves‬ ‭proved‬‭that‬‭they‬‭used‬‭fire‬‭back‬‭then‬‭500,000‬‭years‬‭ago.‬‭Sites‬‭in‬‭northern‬‭China‬‭were‬ ‭found‬‭to‬‭have‬‭hearths,‬‭ashes,‬‭charcoal,‬‭and‬‭charred‬‭bones.‬‭Cooking‬‭their‬‭food‬‭really‬ ‭seemed‬‭to‬‭improve‬‭the‬‭nutrition.‬ ‭Systematic‬‭Agriculture‬‭:‬‭Farming‬‭and‬‭growing‬‭crops‬‭were‬‭introduced‬‭in‬‭replacement‬‭of‬ ‭moving‬‭place‬‭to‬‭place‬‭to‬‭gather‬‭and‬‭hunt‬‭down‬‭foods.‬‭Around‬‭8000-5000‬‭B.C.,‬ ‭agriculture‬‭spreaded‬‭and‬‭developed‬‭in‬‭multiple‬‭parts‬‭of‬‭the‬‭world,‬‭originating‬‭in‬ ‭Southwest‬‭Asia.‬‭Neolithic‬‭farming‬‭villages‬‭like‬‭Jericho‬‭and‬‭Catalhuyak‬‭grew‬‭rapidly‬ ‭during‬‭this‬‭time‬‭of‬‭systematic‬‭agriculture.‬ ‭Neolithic‬‭Revolution:‬‭The‬‭period‬‭when‬‭agriculture‬‭was‬‭beginning‬‭to‬‭be‬‭introduced;‬ ‭people‬‭began‬‭to‬‭stop‬‭hunting‬‭and‬‭gathering‬‭but‬‭instead‬‭farm‬‭and‬‭settle‬‭in‬‭one‬‭place.‬ ‭Labor:‬‭Because‬‭of‬‭agriculture,‬‭many‬‭people‬‭had‬‭become‬‭farmers,‬‭making‬‭people‬ ‭available‬‭to‬‭work‬‭other‬‭roles‬‭like‬‭artisans‬‭who‬‭made‬‭other‬‭goods‬‭and‬‭traded‬‭them.‬ ‭Use‬‭of‬‭metal:‬‭Metals‬‭made‬‭their‬‭tools‬‭and‬‭weapons‬‭stronger‬‭and‬‭also‬‭gave‬‭the‬‭people‬‭a‬ ‭different‬‭level‬‭of‬‭control‬‭over‬‭the‬‭environment.‬ ‭6‬‭characteristics‬‭of‬‭a‬‭civilization:‬ ‭-‬‭Cities‬‭:‬‭Their‬‭huge‬‭and‬‭continuous‬‭food‬‭supply‬‭supported‬‭and‬‭provided‬‭for‬‭the‬‭city‬‭as‬ ‭the‬‭population‬‭and‬‭the‬‭city‬‭grew.‬ ‭-‬‭Government‬‭:‬‭The‬‭government‬‭maintained‬‭and‬‭controlled‬‭the‬‭food‬‭supply‬‭and‬‭the‬‭need‬ ‭for‬‭defenses.‬‭The‬‭first‬‭civilizations‬‭were‬‭usually‬‭led‬‭by‬‭a‬‭monarch.‬ ‭-‬‭Social‬‭structure‬‭:‬‭Their‬‭social‬‭structure‬‭was‬‭based‬‭on‬‭economic‬‭power‬‭which‬‭included‬ ‭both‬‭upper‬‭class‬‭people‬‭and‬‭the‬‭slave‬‭class.‬ ‭-‬‭Religion:‬‭People‬‭soon‬‭came‬‭up‬‭with‬‭religions‬‭to‬‭give‬‭them‬‭purposes‬‭on‬‭their‬‭role‬‭on‬ ‭earth‬‭and‬‭explain‬‭the‬‭forces‬‭of‬‭nature.‬‭They‬‭also‬‭came‬‭up‬‭with‬‭rituals‬‭that‬‭believed‬ ‭would‬‭please‬‭their‬‭gods‬‭in‬‭return‬‭of‬‭good‬‭fortune‬‭and‬‭high‬‭amounts‬‭of‬‭food.‬ ‭-‬‭Writing‬‭:‬‭Rulers,‬‭priests,‬‭merchants,‬‭and‬‭artisansall‬‭used‬‭writing‬‭for‬‭record‬‭keeping.‬ ‭Writing‬‭was‬‭also‬‭sometimes‬‭was‬‭used‬‭in‬‭creative‬‭expressions.‬ ‭-‬‭Art:‬‭Architects,‬‭painters,‬‭and‬‭sculptors‬‭expressed‬‭themselves‬‭through‬‭art.‬ ‭The‬‭Fertile‬‭Crescent‬‭:‬‭It‬‭was‬‭the‬‭first‬‭creation‬‭of‬‭1st‬‭mesopotamian‬‭civilizations.‬ ‭Mesopotamia‬‭was‬‭between‬‭the‬‭Tigris‬‭and‬‭Euphrates‬‭river.‬‭The‬‭fertile‬‭crescent‬‭had‬ ‭annual‬‭flooding,‬‭fertile‬‭soil,‬‭and‬‭abundant‬‭crops.‬ ‭-Ancient‬‭Mesopotamia‬‭and‬‭Sumerians:‬‭Society‬‭had‬‭polytheistic‬‭beliefs,‬‭a‬‭theocratic‬ ‭government,‬‭and‬‭also‬‭took‬‭part‬‭heavily‬‭on‬‭farming,‬‭trading,‬‭and‬‭industry.‬ ‭Chapter‬‭2:‬‭The‬‭Spread‬‭of‬‭Civilizations‬‭(Additional‬‭Study‬‭Aid:‬‭Jeopardy)‬ ‭Ancient‬‭Egypt:‬‭Geography‬ ‭Nile‬‭River‬‭:‬‭Gave‬‭a‬‭natural‬‭route‬‭for‬‭transportation‬‭and‬‭communication.‬‭Farmers‬‭needed‬ ‭the‬‭flooding‬‭from‬‭the‬‭Nile‬‭to‬‭water‬‭the‬‭soil‬‭that‬‭grew‬‭their‬‭crops.‬‭The‬‭Nile‬‭also‬‭protected‬ ‭them‬‭from‬‭invasions‬‭because‬‭they‬‭were‬‭seen‬‭and‬‭gave‬‭them‬‭natural‬‭barriers.‬ ‭Religion‬‭:‬‭Polythestic,‬‭Religous‬‭ideas‬‭were‬‭known‬‭to‬‭be‬‭a‬‭very‬‭major‬‭part‬‭in‬‭world‬‭order.‬ ‭Accomplishments‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Ancient‬‭Egyptians‬‭:‬‭Architecture‬‭and‬‭sculptures‬‭like‬‭pyramids,‬ ‭temples,‬‭and‬‭formulatic‬‭sculptures.‬‭Mathematics,‬‭geometry,‬‭and‬‭the‬‭365‬‭day‬‭calender.‬ ‭Hieroglyphics‬‭and‬‭hieratic‬‭writing‬‭forms‬‭:‬‭Hieropglyphics‬‭were‬‭made‬‭up‬‭of‬‭pictures‬‭and‬ ‭graphic‬‭forms‬‭that‬‭were‬‭written‬‭on‬‭temples‬‭and‬‭tombs.‬‭Hieratic‬‭scripts‬‭were‬‭written‬ ‭mostly‬‭on‬‭papyrus‬‭and‬‭was‬‭used‬‭for‬‭business‬‭and‬‭general‬‭needs.‬ ‭Phoenicians‬‭Alphabet‬‭:‬‭They‬‭simplifided‬‭their‬‭alphabet‬‭to‬‭22‬‭signs‬‭used‬‭to‬‭represent‬ ‭their‬‭sound‬‭of‬‭speech.‬‭Later‬‭on,‬‭the‬‭Greeks‬‭were‬‭inspired‬‭by‬‭them‬‭to‬‭also‬‭make‬‭another‬ ‭set‬‭of‬‭alphabets‬‭made‬‭out‬‭of‬‭signs.‬‭Today‬‭we‬‭use‬‭the‬‭alphabet‬‭made‬‭by‬‭the‬‭Romans.‬ ‭The‬‭Israelites,‬‭Judaism‬ ‭Religion‬‭and‬‭its‬‭difference‬‭from‬‭previous‬‭ones‬‭:‬‭Judasim‬‭was‬‭the‬‭first‬‭religion‬‭that‬‭only‬ ‭worshipped‬‭one‬‭god‬‭and‬‭not‬‭multiple.‬‭The‬‭jews‬‭believed‬‭that‬‭everyone‬‭else‬‭who‬‭was‬ ‭not‬‭god‬‭were‬‭his‬‭servents‬‭and‬‭they‬‭also‬‭thought‬‭that‬‭god‬‭punishes‬‭those‬‭who‬‭are‬‭not‬ ‭good.‬‭Because‬‭they‬‭believed‬‭in‬‭one‬‭god,‬‭it‬‭seperated‬‭them‬‭from‬‭the‬‭people‬‭that‬ ‭believed‬‭in‬‭multiple.‬ ‭Influence‬‭:‬‭Judaism‬‭later‬‭influenced‬‭Christianity‬‭and‬‭Islam.‬ ‭Indus‬‭Valley‬‭Civilization:‬‭Had‬‭hundreds‬‭of‬‭settlements,‬‭urban‬‭planning,‬‭water,‬‭and‬ ‭sanitation‬‭(bathrooms/drainage‬‭systems/chutes).‬‭Rulers‬‭combined/connected‬‭religion‬ ‭and‬‭royalty‬‭together‬‭making‬‭political‬‭power‬‭and‬‭religion‬‭very‬‭alike.‬‭The‬‭economy‬ ‭depended‬‭on‬‭farming,‬‭trading,and‬‭textiles.‬ ‭India’s‬‭Climate‬‭and‬‭geography:‬‭The‬‭Himalayan‬‭Mountains,‬‭Ganges‬‭and‬‭Indus‬‭river‬ ‭valley,‬‭Deccan‬‭Plateau,‬‭Coastal‬‭plains,‬‭and‬‭Monsoons.‬‭Monsoons‬‭were‬‭extremely‬ ‭important‬‭to‬‭the‬‭India‬‭because‬‭if‬‭the‬‭monsoon‬‭did‬‭not‬‭come,‬‭then‬‭the‬‭crops‬‭would‬‭not‬ ‭grow‬‭and‬‭die,‬‭causing‬‭its‬‭people‬‭to‬‭starve.‬‭The‬‭West‬‭coast‬‭of‬‭India‬‭depend‬‭on‬‭the‬ ‭monsoons‬‭the‬‭most.‬ ‭Rise‬‭of‬‭Ancient‬‭China:‬ ‭Geography‬‭and‬‭Climate‬‭impact:‬‭Valleys‬‭along‬‭the‬‭Huang‬‭He‬‭and‬‭Chang‬‭Jiang‬‭were‬‭the‬ ‭most‬‭biggest‬‭and‬‭popular‬‭food-producing‬‭area‬‭of‬‭the‬‭world.‬‭Mountains‬‭and‬‭deserts‬ ‭isolated‬‭the‬‭chinese‬‭from‬‭peoplein‬‭other‬‭parts‬‭of‬‭Asia.‬‭The‬‭climate‬‭in‬‭China‬‭depended‬ ‭on‬‭elevations‬‭and‬‭monsoons.‬‭Dry‬‭or‬‭wet‬‭seasons‬‭made‬‭the‬‭temperature‬‭different‬‭for‬ ‭winters‬‭and‬‭summers.‬ ‭Chapter‬‭3:‬‭Ancient‬‭Greece‬ ‭Geography‬‭and‬‭Climate‬‭of‬‭Greece:‬‭Greece‬‭consisted‬‭of‬‭many‬‭mountains,‬‭seas,‬‭and‬ ‭islands.‬‭This‬‭naturally‬‭brought‬‭them‬‭isolation‬‭from‬‭other‬‭communities.‬‭Greece‬‭was‬ ‭smaller‬‭compared‬‭to‬‭Mesopotamia‬‭and‬‭Egypt‬‭had‬‭a‬‭coastline‬‭that‬‭stretched‬‭out‬‭from‬ ‭about‬‭8,500‬‭miles.‬ ‭Characteristics‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Dark‬‭Ages‬‭in‬‭Ancient‬‭Greece:‬‭When‬‭the‬‭Mycenaeans‬‭collapsed,‬ ‭population‬‭and‬‭food‬‭production‬‭began‬‭to‬‭fail.‬‭During‬‭this‬‭time,‬‭some‬‭greeks‬‭sent‬‭groups‬ ‭out‬‭to‬‭Aegean‬‭and‬‭Ionia.‬‭Iron‬‭tools‬‭were‬‭a‬‭big‬‭help‬‭in‬‭helping‬‭repair‬‭the‬‭food‬‭shortage.‬ ‭Greeks‬‭then‬‭adopted‬‭the‬‭Phoenician‬‭alphabet.‬ ‭Characteristics‬‭of‬‭Sparta:‬‭The‬‭spartans‬‭established‬‭a‬‭military‬‭state‬‭to‬‭lock‬‭in‬‭the‬‭control‬ ‭over‬‭the‬‭conquered‬‭people.‬‭Spartans‬‭were‬‭strictly‬‭controlled.‬‭Spartans‬‭government‬‭was‬ ‭an‬‭oligarchy‬‭ruled‬‭by‬‭2‬‭kings.‬‭Ephors‬‭assisted‬‭with‬‭and‬‭handled‬‭education‬‭for‬‭the‬‭young‬ ‭citizens.‬‭Spartans‬‭purposely‬‭separated‬‭themselves‬‭from‬‭anyone‬‭and‬‭everyone‬‭that‬ ‭were‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭outside‬‭world.‬‭They‬‭also‬‭did‬‭not‬‭allow‬‭anyone‬‭to‬‭step‬‭of‬‭Sparta‬‭and‬ ‭citizens‬‭were‬‭taught‬‭to‬‭only‬‭study‬‭the‬‭art‬‭of‬‭war.‬ ‭Characteristics‬‭of‬‭Athens:‬ ‭Most‬‭popular‬‭city‬‭state‬‭and‬‭had‬‭a‬‭humongous‬‭large‬‭amount‬ ‭of‬‭slaves.‬‭Athens‬‭were‬‭ruled‬‭by‬‭kings‬‭for‬‭a‬‭bit‬‭but‬‭by‬‭the‬‭7th‬‭century,‬‭they‬‭had‬‭switched‬ ‭to‬‭being‬‭controlled‬‭by‬‭aristocrats.‬‭Athens‬‭also‬‭had‬‭a‬‭navy,‬‭not‬‭a‬‭military.‬‭Draco‬‭began‬‭to‬ ‭establish‬‭harsh‬‭penalties,‬‭also‬‭including‬‭slavery‬‭to‬‭whomever‬‭was‬‭in‬‭debt.‬‭An‬‭aristrocrat‬ ‭named‬‭Solon‬‭eventually‬‭ended‬‭land‬‭debt‬‭and‬‭freed‬‭the‬‭people‬‭that‬‭were‬‭slaved.‬‭When‬ ‭a‬‭reformer‬‭named‬‭Cleisthenes‬‭took‬‭power‬‭in‬‭508‬‭B.C.,‬‭The‬‭assembly‬‭was‬‭then‬‭granted‬ ‭access‬‭to‬‭establish‬‭new‬‭laws‬‭after‬‭open‬‭debate.‬ ‭Persian‬‭War:‬‭Number‬‭of‬‭troops‬‭for‬‭Persia‬‭and‬‭Greece:‬ ‭-Persia:‬‭180,000‬ ‭-Greeks:‬‭7,000+300‬‭Spartans‬ ‭How‬‭was‬‭Greece‬‭able‬‭to‬‭defeat‬‭Persia?‬‭They‬‭joined‬‭their‬‭army‬‭with‬‭the‬‭Spartans,‬ ‭putting‬‭their‬‭differences‬‭aside‬‭in‬‭order‬‭to‬‭obtain‬‭their‬‭goal‬‭of‬‭fighting‬‭and‬‭winning‬‭a‬ ‭victory‬‭against‬‭the‬‭Persians.‬ ‭Alexander‬‭the‬‭Great‬‭and‬‭the‬‭Hellenistic‬‭Era:‬‭Attacked‬‭the‬‭Perisan‬‭empire,‬‭obtaining‬ ‭Asia‬‭Minor,‬‭Syria,‬‭Palestine,‬‭and‬‭Egypt.‬‭In‬‭331‬‭B.C.,‬‭Alexander‬‭won‬‭a‬‭battle‬‭near‬ ‭Babylon‬‭and‬‭pretty‬‭much‬‭soon‬‭controlled‬‭almost‬‭all‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Persian‬‭empire.‬‭Alexander‬ ‭eventually‬‭led‬‭his‬‭army‬‭to‬‭India‬‭but‬‭his‬‭soilders‬‭had‬‭no‬‭longer‬‭wanted‬‭to‬‭go‬‭any‬‭further,‬ ‭and‬‭so‬‭he‬‭agreed‬‭to‬‭turn‬‭back‬‭home.‬‭Greek‬‭language,‬‭architecture,‬‭literature,‬‭art,‬‭and‬ ‭religious‬‭reached‬‭to‬‭Asia‬‭and‬‭North‬‭Africa.‬‭The‬‭Hellenistic‬‭culture‬‭was‬‭a‬‭combination‬‭of‬ ‭Greek‬‭culture‬‭and‬‭Eastern‬‭cultures.‬‭Alexander‬‭died‬‭in‬‭323‬‭B.C.‬‭at‬‭the‬‭age‬‭of‬‭32.‬ ‭What‬‭physical‬‭barrier‬‭restricted‬‭his‬‭empire?:‬‭Alexander's‬‭death‬ ‭Hellenistic‬‭Empire‬‭struggles‬‭after‬‭the‬‭death‬‭of‬‭Alexander:‬‭Macedonian‬‭generals‬ ‭struggled‬‭for‬‭control‬‭of‬‭the‬‭empire.‬‭Because‬‭of‬‭this,‬‭working‬‭together‬‭or‬‭coming‬‭together‬ ‭was‬‭not‬‭possible.‬‭4‬‭Hellenistic‬‭kingdoms‬‭were‬‭then‬‭established:‬‭Egypt,‬‭Syria,‬ ‭Pergamum,‬‭and‬‭Macedonia.‬‭Although‬‭Alexander‬‭wished‬‭for‬‭his‬‭empire‬‭to‬‭be‬‭governed‬ ‭by‬‭Persians,‬‭Greeks,‬‭and‬‭Macedonians,‬‭the‬‭monarchs‬‭only‬‭relied‬‭on‬‭the‬‭Greeks‬‭and‬ ‭Macedonians‬‭to‬‭form‬‭the‬‭ruling‬‭class.‬ ‭Chapter‬‭4:‬‭Ancient‬‭Rome‬‭(Ancient‬‭Rome‬‭Study‬‭Guide)(Cheatsheet)‬ ‭Geography‬‭and‬‭climate‬‭of‬‭Ancient‬‭Rome‬‭:‬‭Rome‬‭had‬‭Italy,‬‭which‬‭was‬‭a‬‭peninsula‬ ‭divided‬‭by‬‭the‬‭Appenine‬‭Mountains.‬‭Rome‬‭was‬‭located‬‭on‬‭the‬‭Tiber‬‭River,‬‭had‬‭access‬ ‭to‬‭the‬‭sea,‬‭and‬‭still‬‭far‬‭out‬‭of‬‭reach‬‭from‬‭pirates.‬‭The‬‭Latins‬‭were‬‭Indo-European‬‭people‬ ‭who‬‭moved‬‭into‬‭Italy‬‭between‬‭1500-1000‬‭B.C.‬‭Farmers‬‭and‬‭herders‬‭lived‬‭in‬‭settlements‬ ‭on‬‭Romes‬‭hills.‬ ‭Augustus,‬‭imperator:‬‭Also‬‭known‬‭as‬‭Caesar,‬‭he‬‭was‬‭appointed‬‭as‬‭dictator‬‭and‬‭declined‬ ‭the‬‭request‬‭to‬‭step‬‭down.‬ ‭He‬‭started‬‭a‬‭civil‬‭war‬‭and‬‭after‬‭defeating‬‭Pompey,‬‭he‬‭was‬ ‭announced‬‭dictator‬‭for‬‭life.‬‭Because‬‭of‬‭his‬‭growing‬‭power‬‭and‬‭accomplishments,‬‭a‬ ‭group‬‭of‬‭senators‬‭murdered‬‭him.‬‭They‬‭thought‬‭that‬‭this‬‭would‬‭restore‬‭the‬‭Republic‬‭but‬ ‭instead‬‭brought‬‭another‬‭civil‬‭war‬‭to‬‭arise.‬ ‭First‬‭Triumvirate:‬‭Consisted‬‭of‬‭3‬‭men,‬‭Crarssus,‬‭Pompey,‬‭and‬‭Caesar.‬‭They‬‭all‬‭agreed‬ ‭to‬‭combine‬‭their‬‭controls,‬‭forming‬‭the‬‭First‬‭Triumvirate.‬‭However,‬‭when‬‭Crassus‬‭was‬ ‭killed‬‭in‬‭battle,‬‭agruing‬‭and‬‭fighting‬‭came‬‭across‬‭Pompey‬‭and‬‭Caesar,‬‭causing‬‭the‬ ‭Senate‬‭to‬‭come‬‭in‬‭conclusion‬‭that‬‭only‬‭Pompey‬‭should‬‭rule‬‭by‬‭himself.‬ ‭From‬‭Republic‬‭to‬‭Empire‬‭(Chronological‬‭events)‬ ‭-‬‭First‬‭Punic‬‭War‬‭:‬‭In‬‭264‬‭B.C.,‬‭Rome‬‭and‬‭Carthage‬‭struggled‬‭for‬‭control‬‭of‬‭the‬‭western‬ ‭Mediteranean.‬‭In‬‭241‬ ‭B.C.,‬‭they‬‭eventually‬‭gave‬‭up‬‭rights‬‭to‬‭Sicily‬‭but‬‭vowed‬‭that‬‭they‬ ‭would‬‭take‬‭revenge.‬‭Rome‬‭grew‬‭because‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Greeks‬‭and‬‭Estrucans,‬‭their‬‭good‬ ‭leadership,‬‭their‬‭pratical‬‭laws/physics,‬‭and‬‭geography.‬ ‭-‬‭The‬‭First‬‭Triumvirate:‬‭Crassus,‬‭Pompey,‬‭and‬‭Caesar‬‭agree‬‭to‬‭the‬‭very‬‭first‬‭triumvirate‬ ‭but‬‭after‬‭Crassus‬‭passes‬‭away,‬‭it‬‭goes‬‭downhill‬‭and‬‭they‬‭begin‬‭to‬‭fight.‬‭Caesar‬‭won‬‭the‬ ‭fight‬‭and‬‭was‬‭name‬‭dictator‬‭of‬‭life.‬‭He‬‭then‬‭gets‬‭assassinated‬‭which‬‭makes‬‭the‬‭senate‬ ‭think‬‭that‬‭it‬‭will‬‭cause‬‭peace‬‭but‬‭it‬‭then‬‭unleashes‬‭a‬‭brand‬‭new‬‭civil‬‭war.‬ ‭-‬‭The‬‭Second‬‭Triumvirate‬‭:‬‭Made‬‭by‬‭Caesars‬‭heir,‬‭Octavian‬‭and‬‭Caesars‬‭ally,‬‭which‬‭was‬ ‭Antony,‬‭and‬‭Lepidus‬‭but‬‭Octavian‬‭and‬‭Antony‬‭soon‬‭agreed‬‭to‬‭split‬‭the‬‭Roman‬‭world‬ ‭between‬‭the‬‭both‬‭of‬‭them.‬‭Octavian‬‭in‬‭the‬‭end‬‭received‬‭supreme‬‭power‬‭because‬‭of‬‭his‬ ‭victory‬‭against‬‭Antony.‬ ‭-‬‭Octavian‬‭becoming‬‭emperor‬‭:‬‭this‬‭was‬‭a‬‭mark‬‭for‬‭the‬‭new‬‭Roman‬‭Empire.‬‭Octavian‬ ‭became‬‭the‬‭first‬‭Roman‬‭emperor‬‭and‬‭with‬‭the‬‭wars‬‭over,‬‭He‬‭took‬‭control‬‭of‬‭a‬‭very‬‭big‬ ‭army.‬‭He‬‭took‬‭the‬‭name‬‭Augustus‬‭and‬‭even‬‭though‬‭he‬‭claimed‬‭to‬‭have‬‭restored‬‭the‬ ‭republic,‬‭he‬‭took‬‭multiple‬‭former‬‭prerogatives‬‭for‬‭himself.‬