Copy of Copy of Copy of CED 2024 Compare Changes in Content PDF

Anything highlighted = Content in the CED that I did not previously teach Anything in the right column = Content that I typically teach that is not listed in the CED Unit 0: Research Methods and Designs (primarily skill 2 and 3) Content in the CED Experimental vs. non-experimental Independent v...

Anything highlighted = Content in the CED that I did not previously teach Anything in the right column = Content that I typically teach that is not listed in the CED Unit 0: Research Methods and Designs (primarily skill 2 and 3) Content in the CED Experimental vs. non-experimental Independent variable (IV) Dependent variable (DV) Confounding variables Random assignment Population Sample Random sampling Representative samples Convenience samples Sampling bias Generalizability Experimental group Control group Placebo group Placebo effect Single-blind procedure Double-blind procedure Experimenter bias Case study Correlation (does not equal causation) Positive correlation Negative correlation Directionality problem Third-variable problem Scatterplots Correlation coefficient Quantitative measures (e.g. Likert scales) Qualitative measures (e.g. structured interviews) Surveys Framing Social desirability bias Self-report bias Meta-analysis Naturalistic observation Hypothesis Falsifiability Operational definitions Replication and Peer review Ethical guidelines Institutional review board (for human and non-human research) Informed consent Informed assent Protection from harm Confidentiality of participants Minimal deception Confederates Debriefing Central tendency (mean, median, mode) Measures of variation (range and interpret standard deviation) Normal curve (percentages and percentiles) Positive and negative skews Bimodal distributions Regression toward the mean Statistical significance Effect sizes Cognitive biases (confirmation bias, hindsight bias, overconfidence) 1.1 Interaction of Heredity and Environment Content in the CED Nature and nurture Genetic predisposition Evolutionary perspective Eugenics Twin studies 1.2 Overview of the Nervous System Content in the CED Central nervous system (brain and spine) Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system 1.3 The Neuron and Neural Firing Content in the CED Glial cell Neurons Reflex arc Sensory neurons Motor neurons Interneurons Neural transmission All-or-nothing principle Action potential Depolarization Refractory period Resting potential Reuptake Firing threshold Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia gravis Neurotransmitters: excitatory or inhibitory Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Glutamate GABA Endorphins Substance P Acetylcholine Hormones Adrenaline Leptin Ghrelin Melatonin Oxytocin Agonist vs. antagonist Reuptake inhibitors Psychoactive drugs Stimulants (caffeine, cocaine) Depressants (alcohol) Hallucinogens (marijuana) Opioids (heroin) Tolerance Addiction/dependence Withdrawal symptoms 1.4 The Brain Content in the CED Brainstem Medulla Reticular activating system Reward center Cerebellum Cerebral cortex Hemispheres Limbic system Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Amygdala Hippocampus Corpus callosum Lobes of the cortex Occipital lobes Frontal lobes (prefrontal cortex, motor cortex) Temporal lobes Parietal lobes (somatosensory cortex, association areas) Split brain research Specialization of right/left hemispheres Broca’s area Wernicke's area Aphasia Test with split brain patients Contralateral organization Plasticity EEG fMRI Case studies Lesioning procedure 1.5 Sleep Content in the CED Varying levels of consciousness (sleep/wakefulness) Circadian Rhythm Stages of sleep EEG patterns for each stage NREM 1, 2, 3 Hypnogogic sensations REM (paradoxical sleep) Dreaming and REM REM increases throughout the night REM rebound Activation-synthesis theory (dreams) Consolidation theory (dreams) Why we sleep: memory consolidation and restoration Sleep disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy REM sleep behavior disorder Sleep apnea Somnambulism 1.6 Sensation Content in the CED Defining sensation Transduction Absolute threshold Just-noticeable difference Weber’s Law Sensory adaptation Sensory interaction Synesthesia Retina Blind spot Closure as it relates to the blindspot Lens Accommodation Nearsightedness and farsightedness Rods Cones Blue - short wavelengths of light Green - medium wavelengths of light Red - long wavelengths of light Trichromatic theory Opponent-process theory Fovea Afterimages (red/green, blue/yellow, black/white) Ganglion cells *Color vision deficiencies Dichromatism Monochromatism Occipital lobes (for visual processing) Prosopagnosia (face blindness) Blindsight Wavelength of sound = pitch Amplitude of wave = loudness Place theory Frequency theory (with the volley principle) Sound localization Conduction deafness Sensorineural deafness Chemical senses (olfaction + gustation) Thalamus - smell is not processed here Pheromones Gustatory cells (sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami, oleogustus) Taste receptors (linked to sensitivity of taste) Supertasters, nontasters, medium tasters Touch Hot = warm and cold receptor activation Pain (gate control theory) Phantom limb syndrome Gustation/olfaction = strong sensory interaction Vestibular sense (note: semicircular canals) Kinesthesis 2.1 Perception Content in the CED Bottom-up and Top down processing Schemas Perceptual set Context Gestalt Principles (closure, figure-ground, proximity, similarity) Attention Selective attention Cocktail party effect Change blindness Inattentional blindness Habituation (Learning unit) Sensory adaptation Visual cliff (Development unit) Binocular depth cues: Retinal disparity, convergence Monocular cues: relative clarity, relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective, interposition Perceptual constancy (size, color, shape, lightness) Apparent motion: Stroboscopic motion, phi phenomenon, autokinetic effect 2.2 Thinking, Problem-solving, Judgment and Decision Making Content in the CED Concepts Prototypes Metacognition (Memory unit?) Schemas (assimilation and accommodation) Algorithms Heuristics Representativeness heuristic Availability heuristic Mental set Functional fixedness Priming Framing Gambler’s fallacy Sunk-cost fallacy Executive functions Creativity Convergent and divergent thinking 2.3 Introduction to Memory Content in the CED Information processing model Encoding, storage, retrieval Automatic vs. effortful processing Explicit memory vs. implicit memory Episodic memory Semantic memory Levels of processing (shallow, intermediate, deep) *Structural encoding *Phonemic encoding *Semantic encoding Multi-store model Sensory memory (iconic and echoic) Short term memory (STM) Long term memory (LTM) Working memory (central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer)  Prospective memory Topic 2.4 Encoding Memories Content in the CED Mnemonic devices Method of Loci Chunking Spacing effect (distributed practice vs. massed practice) Serial position effect (primacy effect and recency effect) 2.5 Storing Memories Content in the CED 4 types of storage (Sensory, STM, Working, LTM) Maintenance rehearsal vs. elaborative rehearsal Autobiographical memory (also highly superior autobiographical memory) Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Alzheimer’s disease Infantile amnesia 2.6 Retrieving Memories Content in the CED Retrieval cues Context-dependent memory State-dependent memory Mood-congruent memory Retrieval practice Testing effect Metacognition Recall and recognition 2.7 Forgetting and Other Memory Challenges Content in the CED Forgetting curve (Ebbinghaus) Encoding failure Proactive interference Retroactive interference Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Repression Misinformation effect (tie to framing) Source amnesia Constructive memory (via memory consolidation or imagination inflation) 2.8 Intelligence and Achievement Content in the CED g theory or multiple abilities Fluid and crystallized intelligence (Unit 3) IQ as mental age/chronological age Modern uses of IQ tests for identifying students in need of educational services Standardization Norming Percentile rank Reliability and validity Construct validity Predictive validity Test-retest reliability Split -half reliability Factor analysis (Unit 4) Stereotype threat Stereotype lift Flynn effect Within group vs between group variation of IQ scores Discriminatory uses of intelligence testing Achievement tests vs. aptitude tests Growth vs. fixed mindset Topic 3.1 Themes and Methods in Developmental Psychology Content in the CED Content not listed in CED Stability and change across lifespan Cohort effects (in cross-sectional research) Nature and nurture Moral development (Kohlberg’s theory and Continuous and discontinuous Gilligan’s viewpoint) Longitudinal studies Cross-sectional studies Topic 3.2 Physical Development Across the Lifespan Content in the CED Teratogens influence on physical/psychological prenatal development Fine and gross motor coordination Physical development and maturation Infant reflexes: Rooting Visual cliff for depth perception Critical and sensitive periods (specifically language) Imprinting Adolescent physical development Puberty- primary and secondary sex characteristics Menarche Spermarche Menopause Overall physical decline later in life (mobility, flexibility, reaction time, visual/auditory acuity) Topic 3.3 Gender and Sexual Orientation Content in the CED Content not listed in CED ? ? Topic 3.4 Cognitive Development Across the Lifespan Content in the CED Piaget’s theory Schema (assimilation and accommodation) Sensorimotor stage Object permanence Preoperational stage Mental symbols Pretend play Conservation (lack of) Reversibility (inability at this stage) Topic 3.5 Communication and Language Content in the CED Phonemes Morphemes Semantics Grammar Syntax Universal language stages Cooing Babbling One-word speech Telegraphic speech Overgeneralization of language rules Topic 3.6 Social-Emotional Development Across the Lifespan Content in the CED Ecological systems theory Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem Parenting styles Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Attachment styles Secure Insecure ○ Avoidant ○ Anxious ○ Disorganized Temperament Separation anxiety Attachment- contact comfort vs. food (Harlow’s study) Parallel and pretend play with peers Adolescent thinking Adolescent egocentrism Imaginary audience Personal fable Social clock Emerging adulthood Psychosocial stages (Erikson) Trust and mistrust Autonomy and shame and doubt Initiative and guilt Industry and inferiority Identity and role confusion Intimacy and isolation Generativity and stagnation Integrity and despair Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) Identity Statuses (James Marcia) Achievement Diffusion Foreclosure Moratorium Racial/ethnic identity Sexual orientation Religious identity Occupational identity Familial identity Possible selves Topic 3.7 Classical Conditioning Content in the CED Behavioral perspective Classical conditioning Acquisition UCS, UCR, CS, CR Extinction  Spontaneous recovery Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination Higher order conditioning Classical conditioning of emotions Classical conditioning in therapy (e.g., counterconditioning) Taste aversions One trial conditioning Biological preparedness Habituation Topic 3.8 Operant Conditioning Content in the CED Operant conditioning The Law of Effect Reinforcement vs. Punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers Reinforcement discrimination Reinforcement generalization Shaping Instinctive drift Superstitious behaviors Learned helplessness Schedules of reinforcement Continuous vs. partial Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable interval Graph pattern of responses (e.g. FI produces a scalloped graph) Topic 3.9 Social, Cognitive, and Neurological Factors in Learning Content in the CED Social learning theory Observational learning Vicarious conditioning Modeling Insight learning Latent learning Cognitive maps Topic 4.1 Attribution Theory and Person Perception Content in the CED Attributions Dispositional (internal qualities) Situational (external circumstances) Explanatory styles Optimistic Pessimistic Actor/observer bias Fundamental attribution error Self-serving bias Internal locus of control External locus of control Person perception Mere exposure effect Self-fulfilling prophecy Social comparison (upward or downward) Relative deprivation Topic 4.2 Attitude Formation and Attitude Change Content in the CED Stereotype Prejudice Discrimination Implicit attitudes Just-world-phenomenon Out-group homogeneity bias In-group bias Ethnocentrism Belief perseverance Confirmation bias Cognitive dissonance Topic 4.3 Psychology of Social Situations Content in the CED Social norms Social influence theory Normative Informational Persuasion Elaboration likelihood model Central route to persuasion Peripheral route to persuasion Halo effect Foot-in-the-door technique Door-in-the-face technique Conformity Obedience Individualism Collectivism Multiculturalism Group polarization Groupthink Diffusion of responsibility Social loafing Deindividuation Social facilitation False consensus effect Superordinate goals Social traps I/O Psychologists Altruism Social reciprocity norm Social responsibility norm Bystander effect Topic 4.4 Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theories of Personality Content in the CED Psychodynamic view of personality Role of the unconscious (Note: id and superego aren’t listed specifically, but it seems you would still need to teach them to intro defense mechanisms) Ego defense mechanisms Denial Displacement Projection Rationalization Reaction formation Regression Repression Sublimation Projective tests to assess personality (Note: no projective tests are specifically named) Humanistic psychology Unconditional (positive) regard (UPR) Self-actualizing tendency Topic 4.5 Social-Cognitive and Trait Theories of Personality Content in the CED Social-Cognitive view of personality Reciprocal determinism Self-efficacy Self-concept Self-esteem Trait view on personality Big Five Theory Openneness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Emotional stability (neuroticism) Personality inventories (none specifically listed) Factor analysis Topic 4.6 Motivation Content in the CED Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Arousal theory Optimal arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law Self-determination theory Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation Incentive Theory Instincts Lewin’s motivational conflicts Approach-approach Approach-avoidance Avoidance-avoidance Sensation-seeking theory Experience seeking Thrill or adventure Disinhibition Boredom susceptibility Eating motivation Ghrelin Leptin Hypothalamus and pituitary gland Hunger and satiety External factors (cues) Topic 4.7 Emotion Content in the CED Emotion/affect Broad historical views of how an emotion unfolds (not by name) Facial-feedback hypothesis Broaden-and-build theory Universality of emotional expression (anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, fear) Display rules Topic 5.1 Introduction to Health Psychology Content in the CED Health psychology Stress and immune suppression, hypertension, headaches Stressors (eustress vs. distress) Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) General adaptation syndrome (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) Fight-flight-or-freeze response Tend and befriend theory Problem-focused coping Emotion-focused coping (deep breathing, meditation, medication) Topic 5.2 Positive Psychology Content in the CED Positive Psychology (focus on well-being, resilience, positive emotions, psychological health) Gratitude increases subjective well being Signature strengths Wisdom Courage Humanity Justice Temperance Transcendence Posttraumatic growth Topic 5.3 Explaining and Classifying Psychological Disorders Content in the CED Characteristics of disorder Dysfunction Distress Deviation from social norms Positive/negative effects of diagnosing (stigma, racism, sexism, ageism, discrimination) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD) Eclectic approach to diagnosis treatment Perspectives on etiology (causes) of disorder Behavioral Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Evolutionary Sociocultural Biological Biopsychosocial model Diathesis-stress model Topic 5.4 Selection of Categories of Psychological Disorders Content in the CED Neurodevelopmental disorders ADHD Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Schizophrenic spectrum disorders Positive symptoms Delusions (paranoid and grandiose) Hallucinations Disorganized thinking or speech (word salad) Catatonic excitement Negative symptoms Catatonic stupor Flat affect Possible causes genetic/biological links (prenatal virus, dopamine hypothesis) Depressive disorders (primary symptoms) Major depressive disorder Persistent depressive disorder Bipolar I Bipolar II Manic episodes and hypomanic episodes Anxiety disorders Specific phobia (e.g., acrophobia and arachnophobia) Agoraphobia Panic disorder  ○ Ataque de nervios Social anxiety disorder ○ Taijin kyofusho Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) OCD and related disorders OCD Obsession vs. compulsion Hoarding disorder Dissociative disorders Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative amnesia (with and without fugue) Trauma and stressor-related disorders Posttraumatic stress disorder Feeding and eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Personality disorders Cluster A: Odd or eccentric Paranoid PD Schizoid PD Schizotypal PD Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic Antisocial PD Histrionic PD Narcissistic PD Borderline PD Cluster C: Anxious or fearful Avoidant PD Dependent PD Obsessive-compulsive PD Topic 5.5 Treatment of Psychological Disorders Content in the CED Meta-analytic studies of treatment (indicate therapies are generally effective) Therapeutic alliance and cultural humility Deinstitutionalization Decentralized treatment (community psychology) APA ethical principles for therapists Nonmaleficence Fidelity Integrity Respect for people's rights and dignity Psychodynamic therapies (uncovering the unconscious mind) Free association  Dream interpretation Cognitive therapies Cognitive restructuring Fear hierarchies Focus on the cognitive triad (negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future Applied behavior analysis Exposure therapies (systematic desensitization) Aversion therapies Token economies Biofeedback Cognitive-behavioral therapies Dialectical behavior therapy Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) Humanistic therapies Person-centered therapy ○ Active listening ○ Unconditional positive regard Group therapy vs. individual therapy Hypnosis in therapy Pain and anxiety reduction Does not recover repressed memories or allow for regression in age Biological therapies (interventions) Antidepressants Antianxiety Lithium Antipsychotics Side effects (including tardive dyskinesia) Psychosurgeries (lesioning, lobotomy) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)