Psychology Chapter on Memory and Intelligence
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Questions and Answers

Which type of memory involves remembering specific events and experiences?

  • Semantic memory
  • Episodic memory (correct)
  • Working memory
  • Implicit memory

    • Chunking is a mnemonic device used to help encode information into long-term memory.

    True

    What is the primary function of working memory?

    To temporarily hold and manipulate information for cognitive tasks.

    The ________ effect explains why people remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle.

    <p>serial position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of amnesia with their definitions:

    <p>Retrograde amnesia = Loss of memory for events before a specific point in time Anterograde amnesia = Inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia Infantile amnesia = Inability to remember events from early childhood Alzheimer's disease = A progressive disease that affects memory and cognitive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory phenomenon describes the inability to recall information when it is on the tip of the tongue?

    <p>Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maintenance rehearsal is more effective for creating lasting memories than elaborative rehearsal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

    <p>Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve new problems and think logically, while crystallized intelligence involves knowledge gained from experience and education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a stimulant?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opioids are known for their ability to create a sense of relaxation and euphoria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections?

    <p>Plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is responsible for regulating sleep and wakefulness through its release of melatonin.

    <p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sleep disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Insomnia = Difficulty falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy = Sudden bouts of sleep Sleep Apnea = Breathing interruptions during sleep Somnambulism = Sleepwalking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'just-noticeable difference' refer to?

    <p>The minimum stimulus required to detect a change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frontal lobes are primarily responsible for visual processing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Broca's area?

    <p>Speech production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychoactive drugs affect communication in the brain by influencing ______.

    <p>neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains why we dream in order to consolidate memories?

    <p>Consolidation theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of learning involves learning through observing others?

    <p>Social learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to overemphasize situational factors when evaluating others' behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law in relation to motivation?

    <p>It describes the relationship between arousal and performance, stating that optimal performance occurs at moderate levels of arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ motivates individuals through the desire for rewards or recognition from external sources.

    <p>Extrinsic motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Cognitive dissonance = The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs Self-fulfilling prophecy = A belief that leads to its own fulfillment In-group bias = Preference for members of one's own group over others Altruism = Selfless concern for the well-being of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of the social-cognitive view of personality?

    <p>Self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The halo effect describes a cognitive bias where a positive impression in one area influences opinions in other areas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the concept of 'drive-reduction theory.'

    <p>It proposes that motivation arises from the desire to reduce internal tensions caused by unmet biological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ refers to the state where individuals feel they do not have enough resources compared to others.

    <p>Relative deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the Elaboration Likelihood Model?

    <p>It suggests two routes to persuasion: central and peripheral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is primarily involved in recalling facts and general knowledge?

    <p>Semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of working memory compared to short-term memory?

    <p>It involves processing and manipulating information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique enhances memory retention by distributing practice over time?

    <p>Spacing effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon describes the improved recall of information when the context during retrieval matches the context during encoding?

    <p>Context-dependent memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes proactive interference?

    <p>Old memories interfere with the acquisition of new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a memory that is enhanced by emotional arousal?

    <p>Flashbulb memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory storage type has the shortest duration?

    <p>Sensory memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following methods is effective for improving recall through visualization?

    <p>Method of Loci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of stimulants on the central nervous system?

    <p>They temporarily enhance alertness and energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'plasticity' refer to in neuroscience?

    <p>The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of the thalamus?

    <p>Processing sensory information before it reaches the cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome associated with the chronic use of opioids?

    <p>Development of tolerance and dependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of heuristics in decision-making?

    <p>They simplify problem-solving by using mental shortcuts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are withdrawal symptoms?

    <p>Physical and psychological effects that occur after stopping drug use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive bias involves the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal characteristics in interpreting others' behavior?

    <p>Fundamental attribution error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is REM rebound?

    <p>A period of increased REM sleep following sleep deprivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sensory adaptation?

    <p>The decreased sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does vicarious conditioning involve?

    <p>Acquiring a response by observing someone else's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fundamental attribution error?

    <p>Overvaluing personality traits in explaining someone's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biases occurs when individuals attribute their successes to internal factors and failures to external factors?

    <p>Self-serving bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive dissonance refer to?

    <p>The emotional discomfort experienced when holding contradictory beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Yerkes-Dodson Law, optimal arousal for performance is described as being dependent on:

    <p>The difficulty of the task at hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mere exposure effect suggest about attitudes?

    <p>Familiarity increases positive feelings towards an object or person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that motivation is driven by the desire to maintain biological equilibrium?

    <p>Drive-reduction theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of health psychology?

    <p>Analyzing the impact of stress on physiological health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of social influence theory?

    <p>Both types of influence operate independently of context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning is shaped by consequences and the environment, rather than by direct experience?

    <p>Observational learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methods and Designs

    • Experimental vs. non-experimental: Distinctions between research approaches.
    • Independent variable (IV) & Dependent variable (DV): Variables in an experiment; IV is manipulated, DV is measured.
    • Confounding variables: Variables that could influence the results besides the IV.
    • Random assignment: Assigning participants to groups randomly to equalize groups.
    • Population: Entire group being studied.
    • Sample: Subset of the population.
    • Random sampling: Selecting a sample from the population randomly.
    • Representative samples: Samples accurately reflecting the characteristics of the population.
    • Convenience samples: Samples chosen based on convenience.
    • Sampling bias: Sample doesn't accurately reflect the population.
    • Generalizability: Applicability of the findings to the broader population.
    • Experimental group: Group receiving the treatment.
    • Control group: Group not receiving the treatment.
    • Placebo group: Group receiving a simulated treatment.
    • Placebo effect: Response to a simulated treatment.
    • Single-blind procedure: Participants don't know which group they are in.
    • Double-blind procedure: Neither participants nor researchers know which group the participants are in.
    • Experimenter bias: Bias of the researchers, influencing interpretations.
    • Case study: In-depth study of a single individual or group.
    • Correlation: Relationship between two variables.
    • Positive/negative correlation: Direction of the relationship between two variables.
    • Directionality problem: Unable to determine the cause and effect from a correlation.
    • Third-variable problem: Unidentified third variable causing a correlation.
    • Scatterplots: Graph showing relationship between two variables.
    • Correlation coefficient: Numerical representation of correlation strength.
    • Quantitative measures: Numerical data like Likert scales.
    • Qualitative measures: Non-numerical data like structured interviews.
    • Surveys: Questionnaires.
    • Framing: How questions or information are presented.
    • Social desirability bias: Participants respond in a socially desirable way.
    • Self-report bias: Bias in self-reported information.
    • Meta-analysis: Combining data from several studies.
    • Naturalistic observation: Observing behavior in natural settings.
    • Hypothesis: Testable prediction.
    • Falsifiability: Ability of a hypothesis to be proven false.
    • Operational definitions: Precise, measurable definitions of variables.
    • Replication & Peer review: Methods for verifying research results.
    • Ethical guidelines: Standards for ethical research practices.
    • Institutional review board (IRB): Review board ensuring ethical research.

    Heredity and Environment Interactions

    • Nature vs. nurture: Debate on influence of genetics and environment.
    • Genetic predisposition: Inherited tendency towards certain traits.
    • Evolutionary perspective: Understanding behavior through evolutionary lens.
    • Eugenics: Controversial philosophy about improving hereditary traits.
    • Twin studies: Research comparing traits in identical and fraternal twins.

    Nervous System Overview

    • Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
    • Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Nerves outside CNS.
    • Somatic nervous system: Controls voluntary movement.
    • Autonomic nervous system: Controls involuntary functions.
    • Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nervous system: Subdivisions of the autonomic system.

    The Neuron and Neural Firing

    • Glial cells: Support cells in the nervous system.
    • Neurons: Nerve cells.
    • Reflex arc: Simple, automatic response.
    • Sensory neurons: Transmit information to the brain.
    • Motor neurons: Transmit commands from the brain.
    • Interneurons: Connect neurons within the central nervous system.
    • Neural transmission: Flow of information between neurons.
    • All-or-nothing principle: Neuron fires completely or not at all.
    • Action potential: Electrical signal that travels down the neuron.
    • Depolarization: Increase in neuron's electrical charge.
    • Refractory period: Period where neuron can't fire immediately after firing.
    • Reuptake: Reabsorption of neurotransmitters.
    • Neurotransmitters: Chemicals transmitting signals.
    • Hormones: Chemical messengers.
    • Psychoactive drugs: Substances influencing brain chemistry.

    Other Topics

    • Information available on pages, 1-6 and 8: Includes sleep, sensation(vision/hearing), perception (processing/interpretation), thinking/problem solving/decision-making, memory, and intelligence.
    • Introduction to memory: Encoding, storage, retrieval, episodic memory, semantic memory, levels of processing
    • Memory encoding: Mnemonics, chunking, spacing effect, serial position effect.
    • Memory storage: Sensory, short-term, working, long-term memory
    • Memory retrieval: Context dependent, state-dependent, mood congruent memory
    • Memory issues: Forgetting (curve, failure), interference (proactive, retroactive), misinformation effect, source amnesia
    • Intelligence and achievement: g theory, multiple abilities, IQ, standardization, reliability, validity, stereotype threat, stereotype lift, flynn effect.
    • Developmental psychology themes and methods: Stability and change across lifespan, nature and nurture, cohort effects.
    • Physical development across lifespan: Teratogens, fine/gross motor, visual cliff, puberty, menopause, critical/sensitive periods, infant reflexes, etc.
    • Cognitive development across lifespan: Piaget's theory, schema, assimilation, accommodation, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, conservation, reversibility, egocentrism, etc.
    • Social-emotional development across lifespan: Erikson stages, attachment (styles), identity, parental styles, social clock, etc.
    • Communication and language development: Phonemes, morphemes, universal language stages, grammar, syntax, cooing, babbling, one-word speech, telegraphic speech, overgeneralization.
    • Health Psychology: Stress, immune system, adaptation, coping, stressor types, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and other strategies.
    • Positive psychology: Well-being, resilience, positive emotions, signature strengths, resilience, and positive psychological functioning.
    • Psychological disorders: Characteristics, categories (Neurodevelopmental, anxiety, mood, personality, dissociative, trauma/stress, feeding/eating), diagnosis (DSM, ICD), different perspectives on etiology, and treatment approaches.
    • Treatment: Meta-analytic studies, therapies (including but not limited to cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic, biological), ethical principles, decentralized treatment, and cultural humility.
    • Motivation: Drive-reduction, arousal, self-determination, incentive, sensation-seeking, eating, etc., including the roles of hypothalamus, ghrelin, and leptin.
    • Emotion: Historical views, facial feedback, universality, display rules, broaden-and-build theory.
    • Attribution theory and person perception: Internal/external attributions, fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias, actor-observer bias, implicit attitudes, and other biases.
    • Attitude change: Stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, just-world-phenomenon, out-group homogeneity bias, in-group bias, ethnocentrism, belief perseverance, confirmation bias, cognitive dissonance.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts of memory, including types of memory, amnesia, and the function of working memory. This quiz also delves into the differences between fluid and crystallized intelligence, as well as various effects and phenomena related to memory. Challenge yourself and reinforce your understanding of these important psychological concepts.

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