Biology 1 Advanced Review 2024-2025 (PDF)

Biology 1 Advanced Review 2024-25 T. Leslie Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Review Vocab to know: acid, atom, atomic mass, atomic number, atomic symbol, base, buffer, compound, covalent bond, electron, electronegativity, electron shell, element, hydrogen b...

Biology 1 Advanced Review 2024-25 T. Leslie Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Review Vocab to know: acid, atom, atomic mass, atomic number, atomic symbol, base, buffer, compound, covalent bond, electron, electronegativity, electron shell, element, hydrogen bond, hydrogen ion (H+), hydrophilic, hydrophobic, hydroxide ion (OH-) ion, ionic bond, isotope, matter, molecule, neutron, octet rule, orbital, pH scale, proton, salt, solute, solution Sample multiple choice question: 1.​ Which of these best describes the changes that occur when a solution goes from a pH of 8 to a pH of 5? a.​ The hydrogen ion concentration decreases as the solution goes from acidic to basic b.​ The hydrogen ion concentration increases as the solution goes from basic to acidic c.​ The hydrogen ion concentration decreases as the solution goes from basic to acidic d.​ The hydroxide ion concentration decreases as the solution becomes more basic. Sample short answer question: 2.​ Explain the properties of water and give the biological importance of each property. 1. Water is highly cohesive and adhesive: Because of hydrogen bonds, water molecules develop strong intermolecular attraction between them. This is called cohesion. When water form hydrogen bonds with other substance, the attraction is called adhesion. Due to cohesion and adhesion, seeds swell and germinate; ascent of sap and capillary movement of water takes place. 2. Water has high tension: This is due to cohesion of water molecules. Due to this property, small organism float or walk on water surface. 3. Water has high specific heat and high heat of Vaporization: Both of these properties are due to requirement of more energy to break hydrogen bonds. Specific heat means the amount of heat absorbed or lost by 1 gm. of substance to change its temperature by 1°C. The specific heat of water is high (1 calorie/gm/°C). This property ensures slow heating of water; maintain constant temperature of living organisms and environment. Water has high heat of vaporization (540 cal gm. -1) i.e. about 540 cal heat required to change 1 gm of liquid water into gas. Thus, evaporation of water from a surface removes excess heat energy. This causes cooling effect of leaves, remove body heat through sweating and protect organism from thermal shock. 4. Water has high boiling point and high thermal conductivity: Because of these properties water store and spreads heat and prevent from overheating 5. Water has high heat of fusion: Water requires a loss of lot of heat to freeze. This prevents freezing and ice formation in the protoplasm even when exposed to very low temperature. 6. Water has lower density on freezing: Water has maximum density at 4°C. But below 4°C water become less dense because they placed apart because of it so ice is less dense than liquid water and floats on surface water surface ice insulated the underwater film freezing and protect the aquatic life. 7. Water is transparent: This allows light to penetrate 200mt depth in sea and lakes. So plants carry on photosynthesis under submerged conditions. 8. Water has high dielectric constant: This opposes the attraction of opposite charges of ions. Because of this water acts as powerful solvent for salts and many non-ionizable organic molecules. 9. Water is incompressible: It helps organisms to tolerate pressure and compression. Because of this in earthworm water acts as hydro skeleton. Loss or gain of water causes various plant movements like stomatal movement.  10. Water can ionize: A small amount of water spontaneously dissociated into hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxyl ion (OH–) which depends on temperature. This is called ionization. H2O ⇋H+ OH– At 25°C, out of 550 million water molecules, only one undergoes ionization. In water, H+ has no stable existence and occurs in association with another water molecule to form of hydronium ion (H3O+). H+H2O⇋ H3O+ In aqueous solutions, the concentration of H+ and OH- becomes the basis for the pH scale. At standard condition of temperature and pressure only 10-7 moles. It. of water molecules are dissociated. It means in pure water, the [H+] is 10-7 moles/liter. Thus the pH of pure water is: + 7 pH = – log [H ] = – log 10- = 7.0 11. Water is a reagent: In many biochemical reactions water is a source of H+ and OH”. During photolysis, water donates electron (e-) to chlorophyll and itself oxidized to molecular oxygen. Chapter 3 Chemistry of Organic Molecules Review Vocab to know: adenosine, ADP, amino acid, ATP, carbohydrate, cellulose, chitin, coenzyme, complementary base pairing, dehydration reaction, denatured, deoxyribose, disaccharide, DNA, enzyme, fat, fatty acid, functional group, glucose, glycerol, glycogen, hemoglobin, hydrolysis reaction, isomer, lipid, monomer, monosaccharide, nucleic acid, nucleotide, oil, organic, peptide, peptide bond, phospholipid, polymer, polypeptide, polysaccharide, protein, RNA, saturated fatty acid, starch, steroid, triglyceride, unsaturated fatty acid, wax. Sample multiple choice question: 3.​ Which of these are considered to be a hydrolysis reaction? a.​ amino acid + amino acid → dipeptide + H2O b.​ dipeptide + H2O → amino acid + amino acid c.​ denaturation of a peptide d.​ Both A and B are correct e.​ Both B and C are correct Sample short answer question: 4.​ Describe the 4 levels of protein structure and identify 3 functions of proteins in the body. Repair and Maintenance Protein is termed the building block of the body. It is called this because protein is vital in the maintenance of body tissue, including development and repair. Hair, skin, eyes, muscles and organs are all made from protein. This is why children need more protein per pound of body weight than adults; they are growing and developing new protein tissue. Energy Protein is a major source of energy. If you consume more protein than you need for body tissue maintenance and other necessary functions, your body will use it for energy. If it is not needed due to sufficient intake of other energy sources such as carbohydrates, the protein will be used to create fat and becomes part of fat cells. Hormones Protein is involved in the creation of some hormones. These substances help control body functions that involve the interaction of several organs. Insulin, a small protein, is an example of a hormone that regulates blood sugar. It involves the interaction of organs such as the pancreas and the liver. Secretin, is another example of a protein hormone. This substance assists in the digestive process by stimulating the pancreas and the intestine to create necessary digestive juices. Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the body. In fact, most of the necessary chemical reactions in the body would not efficiently proceed without enzymes. For example, one type of enzyme functions as an aid in digesting large protein, carbohydrate and fat molecules into smaller molecules, while another assists the creation of DNA. Transportation and Storage of Molecules Protein is a major element in transportation of certain molecules. For example, hemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen throughout the body. Protein is also sometimes used to store certain molecules. Ferritin is an example of a protein that combines with iron for storage in the liver. Antibodies Protein forms antibodies that help prevent infection, illness and disease. These proteins identify and assist in destroying antigens such as bacteria and viruses. They often work in conjunction with the other immune system cells. For example, these antibodies identify and then surround antigens in order to keep them contained until they can be destroyed by white blood cells. Chapter 5 Membrane Structure and Function Review Vocab to know: active transport, carrier protein, cell recognition protein, cell wall, channel protein, cholesterol, concentration gradient, crenation, diffusion, endocytosis, enzymatic protein, exocytosis, facilitated transport, fluid-mosaic model, gap junction, glycolipid, glycoprotein, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, isotonic solution, osmosis, phagocytosis, phospholipid bilayer, pinocytosis, plasmolysis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor protein, sodium-potassium pump, solute, solution, solvent, tonicity, turgor pressure Sample multiple choice question: 5.​ Which of the following is not a function of proteins present in the plasma membrane? a.​ assisting the passage of materials into the cell b.​ interacting and recognizing other proteins c.​ binding with specific hormones d.​ carrying out specific metabolic reactions e.​ producing lipid molecules 6.​ If a normal red blood cell is placed into a solution and swells you can conclude that the cell was placed in a a.​ isotonic solution b.​ hypertonic solution c.​ hypotonic solution  d.​ none of the above Sample Short Answer: 7.​ Label a diagram of a cell membrane (plasma membrane). Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Review Vocab to know: actin filament, apoptosis, bacillus, capsule, cell, cell envelope (of prokaryotes), cell theory, cell wall, central vacuole (of a plant cell), centriole, centrosome, chloroplast, chromatin, chromosome, cilium, coccus, cristae, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, endomembrane system, ER, eukaryotic cell, flagellum, Golgi apparatus, granum, lysosome, matrix, microtubule, mitochondrion, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleoid, nucleolus, nucleus, organelle, peroxisome, plasma membrane, plasmid, prokaryotic cell, pseudopod, ribosome, rough ER, secretion, sex pili, smooth ER, spirillum, stroma, surface area to volume ratio, thylakoid, vacuole, vesicle Sample multiple choice question: 8.​ Which of these structures is found in a prokaryotic cell? a.​ cell wall, ribosomes, thylakoids, chromosome b.​ cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus, flagellum c.​ nucleoid, ribosomes, chloroplasts, capsule d.​ plasmid, ribosomes, enzymes, DNA e.​ chlorophyll, enzymes, Golgi apparatus, plasmids Sample short answer question: 9.​ Given a diagram of an animal cell, be able to label and state the function(s) of each organelle. Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Review Vocab to know: active site, ADP, ATP, ATP synthase complex, chemical energy, chemiosmosis, coenzyme, cofactor, competitive inhibition, denatured, electron transport chain/system, endergonic reaction, energy, activation energy, entropy, enzyme, enzyme inhibition, exergonic reaction, feedback inhibition, free energy, heat, induced fit model, kinetic energy, laws of thermodynamics, mechanical energy, metabolic pathway, metabolism, (anabolism and catabolism), noncompetitive inhibition, oxidation, phosphorylation, potential energy, product, reactant, reduction, substrate, vitamin Sample multiple choice question: 10.​An allosteric site on an enzyme is a.​ the same as an active site b.​ non-protein in nature c.​ where ATP attaches, and gives up its energy d.​ often involved in feedback inhibition e.​ All of these are correct Sample short answer question: 11.​Draw and label a diagram of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition. Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration Review Vocab to know: acetyl CoA, alcoholic fermentation, anabolism, anaerobic, catabolism, cellular respiration, chemiosmosis, citric acid (Kreb’s) cycle, electron carrier, electron transport chain/system, FAD, fermentation, glycolysis, lactic acid fermentation, mitochondrion, NAD oxidative phosphorylation, prep reaction, pyruvate + Sample multiple choice question: 12.​The greatest contributor of electrons to the electron transport chain is a.​ oxygen b.​ glycolysis c.​ the citric acid cycle d.​ the prep reaction e.​ fermentation Sample short answer questions: 13.​What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration? Describe the function of this enzyme. When electrons pass through the electron transport chain they release energy. This energy is then used to pump protons (H+) from the matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. The space between the inner and outer membranes has a small volume and therefore as the protons move across they create a concentration gradient very quickly. This process is called chemiosmosis. There is now a high concentration of protons in the space between the inner and outer membranes and a low concentration of protons in the matrix. Figure 8.1.6 - Chemiosmosis  Figure 8.1.6 shows the movement of protons from the matrix into the space between the inner and outer membranes. This creates a concentration gradient. The energy used to pump these protons across the inner membrane comes from the energy released by the electrons passing through the electron transport chain. The protons then move down the concentration gradient from the space between the inner and outer membranes back into the matrix. However, they can only move back across via an enzyme embedded in the inner membrane. This enzyme is called ATP synthase. The protons are transported back into the matrix through the channels of ATP synthase and as they do so they release energy. This energy is then used by ATP synthase to convert ADP into ATP. Since the electrons come from previous oxidation reactions of cell respiration and the ATP synthase catalyses the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP, this process is called oxidative phosphorylation. Chemiosmosis is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to work. Figure 8.1.7 - Oxidative phosphorylation Figure 8.1.7 shows the movement of protons down their concentration gradient. They can only travel through the inner membrane via ATP synthase and as they do so they release energy. This energy is used by ATP synthase to convert ADP into ATP. 14.​What are the roles of NADPH and FADH in the electron transport chain? 2 Commons.Wikimedia.org. Diagram of Cellular Energy Production Pathways. Cellular metabolism processes involve a series of chemical interactions that work to provide energy and nutrients for the cell. These interactions are made up of metabolic pathways that are regulated by enzyme reactions. The roles of NADH and FADH2 are to act as electron carriers at specific steps within the metabolism process. Throughout a cell's metabolism process, it must manufacture the energy it will need to function. The cell respiration process is designed to produce ATP--also known as adenosine triphosphate--which is the energy fuel of the cell. Both NADH and FADH2 are involved in the cell respiration process. Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle are two metabolic pathways that lead up to the making of ATP. NADH is a product of both these processes, whereas FADH2 is a product of the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down and used to create pyruvate molecules, which are also a type of sugar. This is the first stage of the cellular respiration process. ATP molecules produced from a previous respiration cycle are recycled. Their energy is used to help break down the glucose molecules. During this process of creating pyruvate, NADH molecules are manufactured. Glycolysis takes place within the cell cytoplasm. From there, NADH molecules travel to the mitochondria cell structures where the next stage of the cellular respiration process begins. The Krebs Cycle--also known as the "citric acid cycle"--is where citric acid molecules are manufactured and then broken down into energy for the cell's use. The energy produced in the Krebs Cycle is stored inside NADH and FADH2 molecules for use within the electron transport chain, which is the next stage of cellular respiration. As all of these cycles, or stages, are self-repeating, each essential molecule type can be recycled and used in the next round. Cellular metabolism processes involve a series of chemical interactions that work to provide energy and nutrients for the cell. These interactions are made up of metabolic pathways that are regulated by enzyme reactions. The roles of NADH and FADH2 are to act as electron carriers at specific steps within the metabolism process. Throughout a cell's metabolism process, it must manufacture the energy it will need to function. The cell respiration process is designed to produce ATP--also known as adenosine triphosphate--which is the energy fuel of the cell. Both NADH and FADH2 are involved in the cell respiration process. Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle are two metabolic pathways that lead up to the making of ATP. NADH is a product of both these processes, whereas FADH2 is a product of the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down and used to create pyruvate molecules, which are also a type of sugar. This is the first stage of the cellular respiration process. ATP molecules produced from a previous respiration cycle are recycled. Their energy is used to help break down the glucose molecules. During this process of creating pyruvate, NADH molecules are manufactured. Glycolysis takes place within the cell cytoplasm. From there, NADH molecules travel to the mitochondria cell structures where the next stage of the cellular respiration process begins. The Krebs Cycle--also known as the "citric acid cycle"--is where citric acid molecules are manufactured and then broken down into energy for the cell's use. The energy produced in the Krebs Cycle is stored inside NADH and FADH2 molecules for use within the electron transport chain, which is the next stage of cellular respiration. As all of these cycles, or stages, are self-repeating, each essential molecule type can be recycled and used in the next round. As electron carriers, NADH and FADH2 assist with delivering needed electrons through the electron transport chain. The chemical make-up of both molecules carries a charge. During the electron transport chain, these charges are passed along through a series of nine steps which end up creating H2 molecules. The difference between the two is NADH, which is introduced at the start of the electron transport chain; whereas, FADH2 appears around the third step in the process. The electron transport chain occurs during the last stage of the ATP production process. This stage takes place within the mitochondria structures that sit within the cell's cytoplasm. NADH and FADH2 provide the energy (charge) needed to convert O2 molecules into H2O. Integral membrane proteins work with NADH and FADH2 to create the pressure needed to move H2 molecules through the mitochondria membrane. Once the H2 molecules enter into the mitochondria, ATP synthesis, or ATP production can begin. Chapter 9 Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction (Mitosis) Review Vocab to know: anaphase, angiogenesis, apoptosis, asexual reproduction, aster, benign, binary fission, cancer, carcinogenesis, cell cycle, cell plate, centriole, centromere, chromatid, chromatin, cytokinesis, diploid (2n) number, haploid (n) number, interphase, kinetochore, malignant, metaphase, metaphase plate, metastasis, mitosis, nucleoid, prometaphase, signal, sister chromatid, somatic cell, spindle, telomere, telophase, tumor Sample multiple choice question: 15.​At the metaphase plate during metaphase of mitosis, there are a.​ single chromosomes b.​ unpaired duplicated chromosomes c.​ G stage chromosomes 1 d.​ always 23 chromosomes Sample short answer question: 16.​Identify the phases of mitosis given a diagram. Chapter 12 Molecular Biology of the Gene Review Vocab to know: adenine (A), bacteriophage, complementary base pairing, cytosine (C), DNA, DNA polymerase, DNA repair enzyme, DNA replication, double helix, genetic mutations, guanine (G), nucleic acid, nucleotide, proofreading, purine, pyrimidine, replication fork, RNA, semiconservative replication, template, thymine (T), anticodon, codon, elongation, exon, gene, genetic code, initiation, intron, mRNA, promotor, rRNA, ribozyme, RNA, RNA polymerase, RNA transcript, termination, transcription, tRNA, translation, triple code, uracil (U), wobble hypothesis. Sample multiple choice question: 17.​Complementary base pairing a.​ involves T, A, G, and C b.​ is necessary to replication c.​ uses hydrogen bonds d.​ occurs when ribose binds with deoxyribose e.​ all but answer D are correct Sample short answer questions: 18.​Describe the structure and function of DNA. 19.​Describe the process of DNA replication, in detail. 20.​Label a diagram of transcription. 21.​Label a diagram of translation.  22.​Given a DNA sequence, be able to translate to the amino acid chain. Biology podcast list: https://podcasts.feedspot.com/biology_podcasts/ Madi’s midterm quizlet (Thank you!!!) ​ https://quizlet.com/859903277/bio-midterm-review-flash-cards/?i=294uks&x=1jqt Camille’s awesome quizlets (Thank you!!!!): ​ https://quizlet.com/camillebley/folders/biology-1-adv?i=1byjle&x=1xqt