Biology Chapter 2 Quiz

Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Review

• Vocabulary: Acid, atom, atomic mass, atomic number, atomic symbol, base, buffer, compound, covalent bond, electron, electronegativity, electron shell, element, hydrogen bond, hydrogen ion (H+), hydrophilic, hydrophobic, hydroxide ion (OH⁻) ion, ionic bond, isotope, matter, molecule, neutron, octet rule, orbital, pH scale, proton, salt, solute, solution.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 1

• Which best describes a solution changing from pH 8 to 5?
• The hydrogen ion concentration increases as the solution goes from basic to acidic.

Sample Short Answer Question 2

• Water's Cohesion and Adhesion: Water molecules develop strong intermolecular attraction (cohesion) due to hydrogen bonds. Adhesion occurs when water forms hydrogen bonds with other substances. This leads to seed swelling, sap ascent, and capillary action.
• Water's High Surface Tension: Cohesion gives water high surface tension, allowing small organisms to float or walk on the surface.
• Water's High Specific Heat: Water absorbs or loses significant heat to change temperature (1 calorie/gm/°C) preventing sudden temperature fluctuations in organisms and their surroundings.
• Water's High Heat of Vaporization: Water requires much energy to change from liquid to gas (540 cal/gm), cooling organisms through evaporation.
• Water's High Boiling Point and Thermal Conductivity: Water maintains stable temperatures and disperses heat.
• Water's High Heat of Fusion: Water resists freezing, preventing damage to organisms at low temperatures.
• Water's Lower Density on Freezing: Water is most dense at 4°C then expands; ice floats, insulating aquatic life and preventing ponds from freezing solid.
• Water's Transparency: Light penetrates to depths of 200 m allowing photosynthesis in submerged organisms.
• Water's High Dielectric Constant: Water opposes attraction of opposite charges dissolving salts and many organic molecules.
• Water's Incompressibility: Water's resistance to pressure supports and protects organisms.

Chapter 3 Chemistry of Organic Molecules Review

• Vocabulary: adenosine, ADP, amino acid, ATP, carbohydrate, cellulose, chitin, coenzyme, complementary base pairing, dehydration reaction, denatured, deoxyribose, disaccharide, DNA, enzyme, fat, fatty acid, functional group, glucose, glycerol, glycogen, hemoglobin, hydrolysis reaction, isomer, lipid, monomer, monosaccharide, nucleic acid, nucleotide, oil, organic, peptide, peptide bond, phospholipid, polymer, polypeptide, polysaccharide, protein, RNA, saturated fatty acid, starch, steroid, triglyceride, unsaturated fatty acid, wax.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 3

• Which are considered hydrolysis reactions?
• Both 'a' and 'b' are correct:
  • amino acid + amino acid → dipeptide + H₂O
  • dipeptide + H₂O → amino acid + amino acid

Sample Short Answer Question 4

• Protein structures: Primary (amino acid sequence), Secondary (alpha helix/beta sheet), Tertiary (3D folding), Quaternary (multiple chains).
• Protein functions: Repair and maintenance (building blocks), energy source, hormones (e.g., insulin), enzymes (catalyze reactions), transportation, and storage of molecules (e.g., hemoglobin).

Chapter 5 Membrane Structure and Function Review

• Vocabulary: Active transport, carrier protein, cell recognition protein, cell wall, channel protein, cholesterol, concentration gradient, crenation, diffusion, endocytosis, enzymatic protein, exocytosis, facilitated transport, fluid-mosaic model, gap junction, glycolipid, glycoprotein, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, isotonic solution, osmosis, phagocytosis, phospholipid bilayer, pinocytosis, plasmolysis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor protein, sodium-potassium pump, solute, solution, solvent, tonicity, turgor pressure.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 5

• Functions of plasma membrane proteins:
• Carrying out specific metabolic reactions is NOT a function of plasma membrane proteins.

Sample Short Answer Question 6

• Red blood cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell.

Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Review

• Vocabulary: Actin filament, apoptosis, bacillus, capsule, cell, cell envelope (prokaryotes), cell theory, cell wall, central vacuole (plant), centriole, centrosome, chloroplast, chromatin, chromosome, cilium, coccus, cristae, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, endomembrane system, ER, eukaryotic cell, flagellum, Golgi apparatus, granum, lysosome, matrix, microtubule, mitochondrion, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleoid, nucleolus, nucleus, organelle, peroxisome, plasma membrane, plasmid, prokaryotic cell, pseudopod, ribosome, rough ER, secretion, sex pili, smooth ER, spirillum, stroma, surface area to volume ratio, thylakoid, vacuole, vesicle.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 8

• Structures found in prokaryotic cells:
• Plasmids, ribosomes, enzymes, DNA, and nucleoid.

Sample Short Answer Question 9

• Requires a diagram of an animal cell to answer.

Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzyme Review

• Vocabulary: Active site, ADP, ATP, ATP synthase complex, chemical energy, chemiosmosis, coenzyme, cofactor, competitive inhibition, denatured, electron transport chain, endergonic reaction, energy, activation energy, entropy, enzyme, enzyme inhibition, exergonic reaction, feedback inhibition, free energy, heat, induced fit model, kinetic energy, laws of thermodynamics, mechanical energy, metabolic pathway, metabolism, (anabolism and catabolism), noncompetitive inhibition, oxidation, phosphorylation, potential energy, product, reactant, reduction, substrate, vitamin.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 10

• Allosteric site function:
• Often involved in feedback inhibition.

Sample Short Answer Question 11

• Requires a diagram of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.

Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration Review

• Vocabulary: Acetyl CoA, alcoholic fermentation, anabolism, anaerobic, catabolism, cellular respiration, chemiosmosis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron carrier, electron transport chain, FAD, fermentation, glycolysis, lactic acid fermentation, mitochondrion, NAD, oxidative phosphorylation, prep reaction, pyruvate.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 12

• Greatest electron contributor to the electron transport chain:
• NADH.

Sample Short Answer Question 13

• ATP synthase function: Pumps protons, creating a concentration gradient; ATP is produced as protons flow back through synthase, driving ATP synthesis.

Chapter 9 Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction (Mitosis) Review

• Vocabulary: Anaphase, angiogenesis, apoptosis, asexual reproduction, aster, benign, binary fission, cancer, carcinogenesis, cell cycle, cell plate, centriole, centromere, chromatid, chromatin, cytokinesis, diploid (2n) number, haploid (n) number, interphase, kinetochore, malignant, metaphase, metaphase plate, metastasis, mitosis, nucleoid, prometaphase, signal, sister chromatid, somatic cell, spindle, telomere, telophase, tumor

Sample Multiple Choice Question 15

• Chromosomes at metaphase plate:
• Unpaired duplicated chromosomes

Sample Short Answer Question 16

• Requires a diagram to identify the phases of mitosis.

Chapter 12 Molecular Biology of the Gene Review

• Vocabulary: Adenine (A), bacteriophage, complementary base pairing, cytosine (C), DNA, DNA polymerase, DNA repair enzyme, DNA replication, double helix, genetic mutations, guanine (G), nucleic acid, nucleotide, proofreading, purine, pyrimidine, replication fork, RNA, semiconservative replication, template, thymine (T), anticodon, codon, elongation, exon, gene, genetic code, initiation, intron, mRNA, promoter, rRNA, ribozyme, RNA, RNA polymerase, RNA transcript, termination, tRNA, translation, triple code, uracil (U), wobble hypothesis.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 17

• Complementary base pairing involves...
• All answers except 'd" are correct.

Sample Short Answer Question 18

• DNA structure and function: A double helix of two polynucleotide strands; bases pair (A-T, C-G) via hydrogen bonds; stores genetic information, directs protein synthesis (replication to maintain genetic information).

Sample Short Answer Question 19

• DNA replication process: DNA unwinds, creating a replication fork; DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides; leading strand synthesized continuously, lagging strand synthesized in fragments; fragments joined by DNA ligase.

Sample Short Answer Question 20 & 21

• Transcription and translation diagrams require the diagrams to answer these questions..