Biology Chapter 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?

Higher pH values indicate higher hydrogen ion concentration.

As pH decreases, hydrogen ion concentration remains constant.

pH has no effect on hydrogen ion concentration.

As pH increases, hydrogen ion concentration decreases. (correct)

What property of water explains why small organisms can walk on its surface?

Cohesion and surface tension (correct)

High specific heat

High heat of vaporization

Adhesion to other materials

What is the significance of water's high heat of vaporization?

It increases the temperature of nearby ecosystems.

It allows plants to absorb more sunlight.

It facilitates the cooling effect on surfaces through evaporation. (correct)

It helps to keep the temperature of water bodies stable.

Which structure is primarily responsible for the photosynthetic process in plant cells?

Chloroplast Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cohesion in water?

Water molecules sticking together due to hydrogen bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of buffers in biological systems?

To stabilize pH levels against fluctuations. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to substances that repel water molecules?

Hydrophobic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the cell theory is true?

All living organisms are made of one or more cells. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of atomic structure, what do neutrons contribute to an atom?

They determine the atomic mass of an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

Protein modification and packaging Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is unique to prokaryotic cells?

Nucleoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for water's high specific heat?

To break hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'apoptosis' refer to in cellular biology?

Programmed cell death Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is involved in the breakdown of fatty acids?

Peroxisome Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the plasma membrane?

Regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What property of water allows it to act as a powerful solvent for salts and non-ionizable organic molecules?

High dielectric constant Signup and view all the answers

Why is the density of water lower when it freezes?

Water increases in volume upon freezing Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of water's ability to ionize at room temperature?

Formation of H3O+ ions Signup and view all the answers

How does the high heat of fusion of water benefit aquatic life?

Prevents rapid freezing in aquatic systems Signup and view all the answers

What role does water play as a reagent in biochemical reactions?

Donor of electrons Signup and view all the answers

What happens to water's ability to ionize at different temperatures?

It increases with temperature Signup and view all the answers

How does water's incompressibility benefit organisms such as earthworms?

Provides structural support as a hydro skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Why is water's transparency important for aquatic plants?

Enhances photosynthesis by allowing light penetration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP synthesis in the mitochondria?

Production of energy for cellular processes Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle directly precedes mitosis?

G2 phase Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by the presence of unpaired duplicated chromosomes at the metaphase plate?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is one key feature of malignant tumors compared to benign tumors?

Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

Convert ADP into ATP using the energy from protons Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

Which process contributes most significantly to the buildup of a proton gradient during cellular respiration?

Electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of cellular respiration is acetyl CoA primarily utilized?

Citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cytokinesis?

The cell splits into two daughter cells Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous bases are involved in complementary base pairing in DNA?

Adenine and Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration?

The utilization of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes chemiosmosis?

The process of proton movement generating ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which substrate is primarily converted to lactic acid during lactic acid fermentation?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes does NOT occur in the mitochondrion?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

To act as electron carriers Signup and view all the answers

In which metabolic pathway is FADH2 produced?

Krebs Cycle Signup and view all the answers

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What role do integral membrane proteins play in cellular respiration?

They assist in moving H2 molecules through the mitochondrial membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the electron transport chain?

It includes nine steps that create H2 molecules Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of cellular respiration are ATP molecules primarily produced?

Electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of the reaction involving oxygen in the electron transport chain?

H2O Signup and view all the answers

How is the energy produced during the Krebs Cycle stored for use?

In NADH and FADH2 molecules Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Review

Vocabulary: Acid, atom, atomic mass, atomic number, atomic symbol, base, buffer, compound, covalent bond, electron, electronegativity, electron shell, element, hydrogen bond, hydrogen ion (H+), hydrophilic, hydrophobic, hydroxide ion (OH⁻) ion, ionic bond, isotope, matter, molecule, neutron, octet rule, orbital, pH scale, proton, salt, solute, solution.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 1

Which best describes a solution changing from pH 8 to 5?
The hydrogen ion concentration increases as the solution goes from basic to acidic.

Sample Short Answer Question 2

Water's Cohesion and Adhesion: Water molecules develop strong intermolecular attraction (cohesion) due to hydrogen bonds. Adhesion occurs when water forms hydrogen bonds with other substances. This leads to seed swelling, sap ascent, and capillary action.
Water's High Surface Tension: Cohesion gives water high surface tension, allowing small organisms to float or walk on the surface.
Water's High Specific Heat: Water absorbs or loses significant heat to change temperature (1 calorie/gm/°C) preventing sudden temperature fluctuations in organisms and their surroundings.
Water's High Heat of Vaporization: Water requires much energy to change from liquid to gas (540 cal/gm), cooling organisms through evaporation.
Water's High Boiling Point and Thermal Conductivity: Water maintains stable temperatures and disperses heat.
Water's High Heat of Fusion: Water resists freezing, preventing damage to organisms at low temperatures.
Water's Lower Density on Freezing: Water is most dense at 4°C then expands; ice floats, insulating aquatic life and preventing ponds from freezing solid.
Water's Transparency: Light penetrates to depths of 200 m allowing photosynthesis in submerged organisms.
Water's High Dielectric Constant: Water opposes attraction of opposite charges dissolving salts and many organic molecules.
Water's Incompressibility: Water's resistance to pressure supports and protects organisms.

Chapter 3 Chemistry of Organic Molecules Review

Vocabulary: adenosine, ADP, amino acid, ATP, carbohydrate, cellulose, chitin, coenzyme, complementary base pairing, dehydration reaction, denatured, deoxyribose, disaccharide, DNA, enzyme, fat, fatty acid, functional group, glucose, glycerol, glycogen, hemoglobin, hydrolysis reaction, isomer, lipid, monomer, monosaccharide, nucleic acid, nucleotide, oil, organic, peptide, peptide bond, phospholipid, polymer, polypeptide, polysaccharide, protein, RNA, saturated fatty acid, starch, steroid, triglyceride, unsaturated fatty acid, wax.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 3

Which are considered hydrolysis reactions?
Both 'a' and 'b' are correct:
- amino acid + amino acid → dipeptide + H₂O
- dipeptide + H₂O → amino acid + amino acid

Sample Short Answer Question 4

Protein structures: Primary (amino acid sequence), Secondary (alpha helix/beta sheet), Tertiary (3D folding), Quaternary (multiple chains).
Protein functions: Repair and maintenance (building blocks), energy source, hormones (e.g., insulin), enzymes (catalyze reactions), transportation, and storage of molecules (e.g., hemoglobin).

Chapter 5 Membrane Structure and Function Review

Vocabulary: Active transport, carrier protein, cell recognition protein, cell wall, channel protein, cholesterol, concentration gradient, crenation, diffusion, endocytosis, enzymatic protein, exocytosis, facilitated transport, fluid-mosaic model, gap junction, glycolipid, glycoprotein, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, isotonic solution, osmosis, phagocytosis, phospholipid bilayer, pinocytosis, plasmolysis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor protein, sodium-potassium pump, solute, solution, solvent, tonicity, turgor pressure.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 5

Functions of plasma membrane proteins:
Carrying out specific metabolic reactions is NOT a function of plasma membrane proteins.

Sample Short Answer Question 6

Red blood cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell.

Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Review

Vocabulary: Actin filament, apoptosis, bacillus, capsule, cell, cell envelope (prokaryotes), cell theory, cell wall, central vacuole (plant), centriole, centrosome, chloroplast, chromatin, chromosome, cilium, coccus, cristae, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, endomembrane system, ER, eukaryotic cell, flagellum, Golgi apparatus, granum, lysosome, matrix, microtubule, mitochondrion, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleoid, nucleolus, nucleus, organelle, peroxisome, plasma membrane, plasmid, prokaryotic cell, pseudopod, ribosome, rough ER, secretion, sex pili, smooth ER, spirillum, stroma, surface area to volume ratio, thylakoid, vacuole, vesicle.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 8

Structures found in prokaryotic cells:
Plasmids, ribosomes, enzymes, DNA, and nucleoid.

Sample Short Answer Question 9

Requires a diagram of an animal cell to answer.

Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzyme Review

Vocabulary: Active site, ADP, ATP, ATP synthase complex, chemical energy, chemiosmosis, coenzyme, cofactor, competitive inhibition, denatured, electron transport chain, endergonic reaction, energy, activation energy, entropy, enzyme, enzyme inhibition, exergonic reaction, feedback inhibition, free energy, heat, induced fit model, kinetic energy, laws of thermodynamics, mechanical energy, metabolic pathway, metabolism, (anabolism and catabolism), noncompetitive inhibition, oxidation, phosphorylation, potential energy, product, reactant, reduction, substrate, vitamin.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 10

Allosteric site function:
Often involved in feedback inhibition.

Sample Short Answer Question 11

Requires a diagram of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.

Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration Review

Vocabulary: Acetyl CoA, alcoholic fermentation, anabolism, anaerobic, catabolism, cellular respiration, chemiosmosis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron carrier, electron transport chain, FAD, fermentation, glycolysis, lactic acid fermentation, mitochondrion, NAD, oxidative phosphorylation, prep reaction, pyruvate.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 12

Greatest electron contributor to the electron transport chain:
NADH.

Sample Short Answer Question 13

ATP synthase function: Pumps protons, creating a concentration gradient; ATP is produced as protons flow back through synthase, driving ATP synthesis.

Chapter 9 Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction (Mitosis) Review

Vocabulary: Anaphase, angiogenesis, apoptosis, asexual reproduction, aster, benign, binary fission, cancer, carcinogenesis, cell cycle, cell plate, centriole, centromere, chromatid, chromatin, cytokinesis, diploid (2n) number, haploid (n) number, interphase, kinetochore, malignant, metaphase, metaphase plate, metastasis, mitosis, nucleoid, prometaphase, signal, sister chromatid, somatic cell, spindle, telomere, telophase, tumor

Sample Multiple Choice Question 15

Chromosomes at metaphase plate:
Unpaired duplicated chromosomes

Sample Short Answer Question 16

Requires a diagram to identify the phases of mitosis.

Chapter 12 Molecular Biology of the Gene Review

Vocabulary: Adenine (A), bacteriophage, complementary base pairing, cytosine (C), DNA, DNA polymerase, DNA repair enzyme, DNA replication, double helix, genetic mutations, guanine (G), nucleic acid, nucleotide, proofreading, purine, pyrimidine, replication fork, RNA, semiconservative replication, template, thymine (T), anticodon, codon, elongation, exon, gene, genetic code, initiation, intron, mRNA, promoter, rRNA, ribozyme, RNA, RNA polymerase, RNA transcript, termination, tRNA, translation, triple code, uracil (U), wobble hypothesis.

Sample Multiple Choice Question 17

Complementary base pairing involves...
All answers except 'd" are correct.

Sample Short Answer Question 18

DNA structure and function: A double helix of two polynucleotide strands; bases pair (A-T, C-G) via hydrogen bonds; stores genetic information, directs protein synthesis (replication to maintain genetic information).

Sample Short Answer Question 19

DNA replication process: DNA unwinds, creating a replication fork; DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides; leading strand synthesized continuously, lagging strand synthesized in fragments; fragments joined by DNA ligase.

Sample Short Answer Question 20 & 21

Transcription and translation diagrams require the diagrams to answer these questions..

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Description

Test your knowledge on key biological concepts including pH, water properties, cell structure, and ribosome functions. This quiz covers foundational topics essential for understanding cellular biology and the role of water in life processes. See how well you grasp the principles that govern living organisms!