History of Capitalism and Industrialization Quiz

The massacre of approximately 10,000 Huguenots (French Protestants) in Paris in 1572. It marked a significant setback for Protestantism in France.

A Catholic religious order known for its missionary work and commitment to education. They focus on promoting and defending Catholicism.

An economic system based on private ownership of resources and means of production. It operates through the principles of supply and demand, competition, and private property.

An economist and philosopher who is considered the father of modern economics. He explained capitalism as a system driven by supply and demand, competition, and minimal government intervention.

The process of transforming a society from an agrarian (agricultural) economy to one based on industrial production.

A system where market forces, like supply and demand, naturally determine prices and production levels.

A situation where one company controls an entire industry, often leading to higher prices and less choice for consumers.

Criticisms of industrial capitalism, including unfair working conditions, low wages despite rising prices, and corruption.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believed capitalism would inevitably collapse due to its internal contradictions, leading to a worker-run society.

Marx believed that a revolution was necessary for social progress, where workers would unite against their oppressors.

The new middle class that emerged during capitalism, often engaged in professions like office work.

The working class, typically employed in manual labor and factories.

A system of government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

A bubonic plague pandemic that devastated Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s, killing an estimated 25–50 million people, or up to 50% of Europe's population.

The Mughal Empire was a powerful Islamic empire founded by Babur, a descendant of Ghengis Khan, who invaded South Asia. They ruled over a diverse population, including Hindus, and practiced a policy of tolerance under Emperor Akbar.

Akbar, the Mughal Emperor, known for his tolerance towards different religions, including Hinduism, and his contributions to architecture, painting, and cultural exchange. He stabilized the region and fostered religious harmony.

Jahangir, known for his love of the arts – but also for his cruelty and alcoholism. Despite his flaws, the empire remained strong during his reign.

Shah Jahan, famous for commissioning the Taj Mahal, faced challenges with taxes and economic instability. He is renowned for his architectural achievements, but his reign was marked by economic concerns.

Aurangzeb, known for his strict religious views and narrow-mindedness, sought absolute power by enforcing Islamic law and persecuting non-Muslims, leading to unrest and contributing to the decline of the Mughal Empire.

A term used to describe the Deccan region, which was a source of instability for the Mughal empire. It was mainly caused by the empire's vast diversity and its failure to unite its various people.

The first British East India Company was founded in 1600. Although initially focused on establishing trade with India, they eventually grew in power, eventually leading to the British colonization of the region.

The Ottoman Empire, also known as Europe’s Muslim empire, expanded from remnants of the Byzantine and Mongol empires. They were noted for their military power, extensive use of slavery, and their unique millet system, which allowed for religious tolerance and autonomy within different religious communities.

Suleiman the Magnificent, a prominent Ottoman Sultan, was known for his conquests in the Balkans and the Middle East, helping to centralize the state and promote trade. He also declared himself the protector of Jews during a period of anti-Semitism in Europe.

A system of governance used by the Ottoman Empire, where different religious communities (millets) were given autonomy to manage their own laws, education, and religious affairs. While non-Muslims faced limitations, this system generally allowed for religious tolerance.

An elite military unit within the Ottoman Empire, formed by forcibly converting captured Christian boys. The Janissaries were known for their loyalty to the Sultan, but their power eventually contributed to revolts and their abolition in 1826.

The Taiga is a vast, forested region in Russia, similar to Alaska. The Steppe, a plains grassland, was also important in the early development of Russia.

Ivan the Terrible was a ruthless Russian Tsar who sought to centralize power, expand the Russian Empire, and control the nobles. He is remembered for his brutality, his creation of a secret police force, and his expansionist policies.

The Romanov Dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917, succeeding the Time of Troubles, a period of turmoil after Ivan the Terrible's death. They focused on stabilizing the nation while continuing expansionist policies which aimed to secure warm-water ports.

Peter the Great, a powerful Russian Tsar, modernized Russia by embracing European culture and technologies. Known for his ambitious policies, he waged wars with Ottoman and Swedish forces, established a navy, and forcefully implemented reforms, including dress code enforcement, that aimed to transform Russia into a modern empire.

A treaty signed in 1494 by Spain and Portugal, dividing the newly discovered lands of the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean between them.

A German chemist who developed and organized the periodic table, arranging elements based on their atomic weights and properties to predict the characteristics of yet undiscovered elements.

The 95 Theses were a list of arguments against indulgences, corrupt practices within the Catholic Church, which were posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

A Chinese naval explorer and diplomat who commanded powerful fleets that sailed to Africa, carrying gold and silver back to China, promoting trade and diplomacy during the Ming Dynasty.

A member of the Jesuit order, a Catholic religious group devoted to education and missionary work, known for their commitment to defending and spreading Catholicism.

The first Mughal Emperor who welcomed Hindus and other non-Muslim elites into the Mughal imperial nobility, creating a diverse and inclusive court.

Ivan the Terrible, the first Tsar of Russia, overthrew the Mongols and established the Russian Empire. However, he later killed his son to prevent power struggles and secure his legacy.

A major upheaval that overthrew France's monarchy and imperial rule, sparking significant social and political change.

The most significant factor leading to the French Revolution, encompassing discontent over unjust taxation, widespread poverty and economic hardships.

A key factor behind the French Revolution, characterized by a power struggle between the monarchy and the legislative body, with the monarchy wanting to control state finances.

A pivotal event during the French Revolution where commoners protested against the upper classes' power and privileges. It symbolized a shift in power dynamics where the commoners took a stand.

A significant event in the French Revolution where the Third Estate broke away from the Estates General and pledged to create a new constitution, marked by the Tennis Court Oath.

A pivotal figure during the French Revolution, leading the Committee of Public Safety that executed Louis XVI, before being executed himself.

A period during the French Revolution marked by intense violence and executions of those deemed enemies of the Revolution. This included the execution of Louis XVI.

The first standardized legal system developed by Napoleon Bonaparte, replacing feudal customs with a codified set of legal rules influencing legal systems globally.

A pivotal figure in Latin American independence, leading revolts against Spanish rule and liberating countries like Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

A period of widespread revolutions across Europe in 1848, driven by nationalist ideals, economic crises, and the desire for greater freedoms and social change.

A major factor driving revolutionaries in 1848, promoting national unity and independence from foreign rule.

The desire for political and economic equality, which fueled revolutions in 1848, focusing on the rights and welfare of the working class.

An economic system focused on accumulating gold and silver, prioritizing exports over imports, and fostering competition between empires for resources and land.

The condemnation of the sale of indulgences, which were certificates of forgiveness for sins, by some Catholics including Martin Luther. They believed that salvation should not be bought.

A significant contributing factor to the revolutions of 1848, marked by financial instability and economic hardship for the lower classes, which escalated widespread unrest.

Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. His empire was so wealthy in gold, particularly from the city of Timbuktu, that his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 caused significant economic turmoil.

A major event in Napoleon's military career, involving his defeat of a combined Russian and Austrian force, highlighting his strategic prowess and deception.

A significant naval battle in the Napoleonic Wars, where British forces under Lord Nelson decisively defeated the French fleet, preventing Napoleon from conquering Britain and securing naval dominance.

The year 1054 marks a pivotal moment in Christian history, when the Catholic Church in Rome and the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople formally split, creating two distinct branches of Christianity.

An empire founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, marking the Mongol Dynasty's expansion into China.

The cotton industry was the primary driver of India's economic prosperity by 1700, making it the world's wealthiest economy at the time.

Christopher Columbus, a well-known explorer, initiated the enslavement of indigenous populations in the Americas upon his arrival.

The Ottoman Empire implemented the Millet System, a system of governance that allowed different religious groups to manage their own internal affairs within a broader framework of imperial rule. It recognized religious communities and provided them with autonomy.