Year 9 Semester 2 Study Template PDF

Year 9 Semester 2 Study Template How to study? 1. Revise content by writing summary notes. Use: - Textbook - Class notes - Powerpoint or other resources posted on google classroom - KISS notes 2. Practice answering questions from unit reviews 3. Give your notes to...

Year 9 Semester 2 Study Template How to study? 1. Revise content by writing summary notes. Use: - Textbook - Class notes - Powerpoint or other resources posted on google classroom - KISS notes 2. Practice answering questions from unit reviews 3. Give your notes to a friend or your parents and ask them to quiz you. Highlight sections you couldn’t explain to them and revise those concepts. Healthy Living Content Notes How do our body Our body systems work together to keep us alive by supporting systems work together each other’s functions. For example, the respiratory system to keep us alive and brings oxygen into the lungs, which the circulatory system then healthy? carries through the blood to all body parts. The blood also takes Give an example of two carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled, helping to keep systems and how they us healthy. work together (Eg Circulatory system and respiratory system) Recall the levels of Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, organs make organisation for up organ systems, and organ systems combine to create the multicellular organisms entire organism. from cell to organism What are the needs of Food each living cell Nutrients and Water Oxygen To be able to remove its wastes. Diffusion Diffusion is the passive movement of a substance from an area where it is in HIGH - Define concentration to an area where it is in LOW - What are some concentration. An example of diffusion in the examples of body: Oxygen leaves the lungs (where there is a diffusion in the lot of it) for the capillaries (where there body? - Include a isn’t much of it). THIS IS DIFFUSION!! diagram both of diffusion in general and diffusion at the  alveoli Metabolism Metabolism refers to ALL the chemical reactions - Define which take place within your body. - Explain Explanation: There are two types of reactions that take place in your body. These are: Catabolic Reactions: These break down materials. For example, respiration breaks down glucose to release energy, and other reactions help break down harmful substances. Anabolic Reactions: These build up complex molecules from simpler ones. For example, they help make new cells in the body. Enzymes Enzymes are catalysts found in our bodies. They - Define speed up our metabolic processes. Enzymes are - Include HIGHLY SPECIFIC. Each type of enzyme will only examples work on one particular reaction. For example: - The lock and The enzyme lipase speeds up the breakdown of key model lipids (fats and oils). including a diagram The enzyme protease speeds up the breakdown of  protein. The lock and key model: Just like a specific key is needed to open a lock a specific enzyme is needed to catalyse (speed up) each different reaction in our body. Models in Science A model in science is a simple way to show - Discuss the use something complicated to help us understand it. of models in Models are good because they make tough ideas Science easier to learn and let scientists test ideas referring to the without needing the real thing. But they can local and key leave out important details. The ‘lock and key’ model as an example model is useful because it shows how enzymes fit with their substrates, like a lock fits a key, which helps us see how enzymes work. Coordination: The nervous system is a communication network that controls The Nervous System all the other systems in your body. - Structure. - Function Your nervous system's main function is to send messages from - PNS various parts of your body to your brain, and from your brain - CNS back out to your body to tell your body what to do. - Include a diagram The human nervous system has two parts: Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes the brain and spinal cord; it receives and processes information, telling the body how to respond. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Composed of all other nerves that send messages between the CNS and the body. Neurons (nerve cells) - Label neurons (diagrams) - Explain how neural messages are sent - include a diagram How neural messages are sent: 1.An electrical impulse travels along an axon. 2.When the electrical impulse gets to the end of a neuron, it stimulates the release of special chemicals called neurotransmitters into the gaps. 3.These chemicals diffuse across the synapse (the gap) 4. When the chemical reaches the start of the next neuron, it causes the electrical impulse to recharge on the next neuron, and it is passed along. Stimulus - Response Stimulus: Anything your body is sensitive to. Examples include pathway smell, sound and temperature change. Reflex arcs The nerve pathway operating in a reflex action is called a reflex arc. The brain- major lobes frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. The endocrine system: The endocrine system is a communication system that uses - Define chemical substances called hormones to control the internal - Label endocrine environment of the body. Endocrine glands: glands - Explain how the system works How the endocrine system works: Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream and they can travel right around the body but they do not affect all cells. What makes us sick? A disease is a condition that harms the body's normal functions, Define disease often caused by infections, genetics, or environmental factors. Define infectious and non infectious disease Infectious disease: A disease caused by pathogens (like bacteria or viruses) that can spread from person to person. Non-infectious disease: A disease that is not caused by pathogens and cannot spread between people, often linked to  genetics, lifestyle, or the environment. Pathogens- A pathogen is a microorganism, like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or -Define parasites, that can cause disease. Types of pathogens Types of pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites (Bacteria, Virus, Protozoa, Fungi) 1. Bacteria For each type of Definition: Single-celled microorganisms that can cause pathogen include infections. Not all bacteria are harmful; some are essential for health. - A definition - An example of a Example Disease: Salmonella (food poisoning) disease it causes including transmission, Transmission: Consuming contaminated food or water. symptoms and Symptoms: Diarrhoea, fever, stomach cramps. treatment. Treatment: Usually self-resolves; severe cases may require - An image or diagram antibiotics. of the pathogen 2. Viruses Definition: Tiny infectious agents that can only reproduce inside the cells of a host organism. Example Disease: Influenza (Flu) Transmission: Airborne droplets from coughs or sneezes. Symptoms: Fever, cough, body aches, fatigue. Treatment: Rest, fluids, antiviral medications for severe cases. 3. Fungi Definition: Organisms like yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms that can cause infections, especially in moist areas. Example Disease: Athlete's foot Transmission: Contact with contaminated surfaces like floors or towels. Symptoms: Itchy, scaly skin, redness. Treatment: Antifungal creams or sprays. 4. Parasites Definition: Organisms that live on or inside a host organism, feeding off it. Example Disease: Malaria Transmission: Mosquito bites. Symptoms: Fever, chills, headache, nausea. Treatment: Antimalarial drugs. Control of pathogens -Handwashing, disinfecting surfaces, and wearing masks can - How reduce pathogen spread. transmission -Vaccines train the immune system to recognize and fight can be infections.  controlled -Quarantine separates people who may have been exposed, - vaccines while isolation keeps infected individuals apart to prevent - Quarantine transmission. The immune system. First Line: The body's physical and chemical barriers (like skin Lines of defence and stomach acid) that prevent pathogens from entering. - First line - Second lone Second Line: Non-specific defences, like inflammation and - Third line phagocytes, that attack any pathogen that breaches the first line. Third Line: Specific immune responses using antibodies and lymphocytes that target and remember pathogens for faster future protection. Lifestyle choices and Diet: Eating a balanced diet helps keep us healthy, giving us our health: energy and reducing the risk of diseases like heart disease. - Diet Exercise: Regular exercise improves heart health, builds - Exercise strength, and boosts mental well-being. A Changing World Content Notes Earth’s layers The four main layers of the earth are the crust, the mantle, - Label and outer core and the inner core. describe each layer Crust: The outermost layer, made of rock, about 10-32 km - Include a thick. It’s the thinnest layer, and most earthquakes happen diagram here. Mantle: The thickest layer (2900 km), made up of hot rock, with temperatures around 1000°C. This is where magma for volcanoes comes from. Outer Core: A liquid layer made of iron and nickel, about 2200 km thick. It has high density but is less dense than pure molten iron. Inner Core: The innermost layer, extremely hot (hotter than the sun’s surface) and under high pressure, about 1250 km thick. Supercontinents Pangea: A supercontinent that existed around - Pangea 300 million years ago, where all the - Gondwana continents were connected. Gondwana: Part of Pangea that later broke off, including today's Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, and India. Theory of continental Continental drift theory: All the continents were once connected drift together in one super continent, Pangea, then the land spread - Define apart and drifted into their current positions. - Alfred Wegner Alfred Wegener: A German scientist who proposed this theory in 1912, based on evidence like similar fossils and rock formations found on different continents. Evidence for the theory Evidence: of continental drift The continents seem to fit together like a jigsaw. This indicates that these continents were once joined together as For each piece of part of a larger supercontinent (Pangea) before breaking apart evidence (geographical and drifting to their current positions. distribution, jigsaw fit) - Identify - Explain how it Fossils of the same species were found on continents that were supports the a long way apart. This suggests that these continents were theory once connected, allowing these species to live in the same - Include images. region before the continents drifted apart. Theory of plate The theory of plate tectonics says the Earth’s crust is broken tectonics into large plates that move. These moving plates cause - Define earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. - Evidence for the theory Seafloor spreading: Harry Hess discovered that new crust of plate tectonics forms at mid-ocean ridges, proving plates move apart. - Hess- Seafloor Convection currents in mantle: Heat from the core causes spreading circular currents in the mantle, pushing the plates. - Convection currents in Magnetic striping: Stripes of rock on the seafloor show mantle alternating magnetic directions, proving seafloor spreading. - Magnetic striping Types of tectonic plate Convergent boundaries: When two plates are colliding head on boundaries into each other. - Convergent boundaries - Divergent boundaries - Transform boundaries Explain how plate tectonics relates to - Earthquakes, - Volcanoes - Formation of new landforms Diverging boundaries:The plates are moving apart from each other in the opposite direction. eg. iceland  Transform boundaries: Two plates are sliding parallel to each other but in opposite directions. This can result in Earthquakes or Tsunamis. Plate tectonics explains earthquakes, volcanoes, and the formation of new landforms because the Earth's crust is divided into plates that move. When these plates interact—colliding, sliding past, or pulling apart—they cause stress. This stress leads to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the creation of new landforms like mountains or ocean trenches. Technological Technological advancements like satellites, GPS, and computer developments which models help scientists track global patterns in weather, climate, help increase scientific and geology. These tools make it easier to collect and analyse understanding of global data, improving our understanding of how the Earth works. patterns. Unit reviews to do: Chapter 6 - Body Coordination  - Unit review 6.1 - Unit review 6.2 Chapter 7 - Disease - Unit review 7.1 - Unit review 7.2 - Unit review 7.3 Chapter 9 Plate tectonics - Unit review 9.1 - Unit review 9.2