Chapter 1 Notes.docx

Key Terms 1\. \*\*Paleolithic Era\*\*: This is the period of human history characterized by the development of the first stone tools. It marks the beginning of human culture and is often referred to as the Old Stone Age. 2\. \*\*Agricultural Revolution\*\*: Also known as the Neolithic Revolution,...

Key Terms 1\. \*\*Paleolithic Era\*\*: This is the period of human history characterized by the development of the first stone tools. It marks the beginning of human culture and is often referred to as the Old Stone Age. 2\. \*\*Agricultural Revolution\*\*: Also known as the Neolithic Revolution, this was a transformative period when humans began to domesticate plants and animals, leading to the establishment of settled communities and the rise of agriculture. 3\. \*\*Pastoral Society\*\*: These are societies that rely on domesticated animals for their livelihood. They often move with their herds to find new grazing lands. 4\. \*\*Patriarchy\*\*: A social system in which men hold primary power, dominating roles in leadership, moral authority, and control over property. 5\. \*\*Hinduism\*\*: One of the world\'s oldest religions, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being with many forms and natures. 6\. \*\*Upanishads\*\*: Ancient Indian texts that form the basis of Hindu philosophy, exploring concepts like Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (soul). 7\. \*\*Theravada Buddhism\*\*: A branch of Buddhism focusing on the teachings of the Buddha and the path to enlightenment through meditation and ethical living. 8\. \*\*Mahayana Buddhism\*\*: A more liberal and accessible form of Buddhism that emphasizes the role of Bodhisattvas, enlightened beings who help others achieve enlightenment. 9\. \*\*Bhakti Movement\*\*: A devotional trend in Hinduism that emphasizes love and devotion to a personal god. 10\. \*\*Confucianism\*\*: A philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, focusing on morality, family loyalty, and respect for elders. 11\. \*\*Han Dynasty\*\*: A significant Chinese dynasty known for its consolidation of the Chinese empire and the development of a bureaucratic state. 12\. \*\*Daoism\*\*: A Chinese philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao, the fundamental nature of the universe. 13\. \*\*Judaism\*\*: One of the oldest monotheistic religions, centered on the belief in one God and the teachings of the Hebrew Bible. 14\. \*\*Quran\*\*: The holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad. 15\. \*\*Umma\*\*: The global community of Muslims bound together by faith. 16\. \*\*Ulama\*\*: Islamic scholars recognized for their knowledge of Islamic law and theology. 17\. \*\*Sharia\*\*: Islamic law derived from the Quran and the Hadith, governing all aspects of a Muslim\'s life. 18\. \*\*Madrassas\*\*: Islamic educational institutions focusing on religious and legal studies. 19\. \*\*Sufism\*\*: A mystical Islamic belief system that seeks a direct personal experience of God. 20\. \*\*Silk Roads\*\*: Ancient trade routes connecting the East and West, facilitating cultural, commercial, and technological exchange. 21\. \*\*Sea Roads\*\*: Maritime trade routes that connected various parts of the world, particularly in the Indian Ocean. 22\. \*\*Sand Roads\*\*: Trade routes across the Sahara Desert, linking West Africa to the Mediterranean and the Middle East. \#\#\# Key People 1\. \*\*Jesus of Nazareth\*\*: The central figure of Christianity, believed by Christians to be the Son of God and the savior of humanity. 2\. \*\*Abraham\*\*: A patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, known for his covenant with God. 3\. \*\*Moses\*\*: A prophet in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, known for leading the Israelites out of Egypt and receiving the Ten Commandments. 4\. \*\*David\*\*: A king of Israel known for uniting the tribes of Israel and establishing Jerusalem as the capital. 5\. \*\*Solomon\*\*: Son of David, known for his wisdom and for building the First Temple in Jerusalem. 6\. \*\*Siddhartha Gautama\*\*: The founder of Buddhism, known as the Buddha, who attained enlightenment and taught the path to liberation from suffering. 7\. \*\*Saint Paul\*\*: An apostle who played a significant role in the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. 8\. \*\*Perpetua\*\*: An early Christian martyr whose story highlights the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. 9\. \*\*Muhammad\*\*: The founder of Islam, regarded by Muslims as the last prophet of God. 10\. \*\*Socrates\*\*: An ancient Greek philosopher known for his contributions to ethics and epistemology. 11\. \*\*Plato\*\*: A student of Socrates and a foundational figure in Western philosophy, known for his works on political theory and metaphysics. 12\. \*\*Aristotle\*\*: A Greek philosopher and student of Plato, known for his contributions to logic, metaphysics, and natural sciences. 13\. \*\*Alexander the Great\*\*: A Macedonian ruler who created one of the largest empires in history, spreading Greek culture across the known world. 14\. \*\*Confucius\*\*: A Chinese philosopher whose teachings on ethics, politics, and personal conduct have deeply influenced Chinese culture. 15\. \*\*Lao Tzu\*\*: The founder of Daoism, traditionally credited with writing the \"Daodejing,\" a fundamental text of Daoist philosophy. \#\#\# Key Events 1\. \*\*The Rise of the River Valley Civilizations\*\*: The development of early civilizations around river valleys, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China, due to fertile land and access to water. 2\. \*\*"The Age of the Warring States" (China)\*\*: A period of political fragmentation and conflict in China before the unification under the Qin Dynasty. 3\. \*\*Yellow Turban Rebellion\*\*: A peasant revolt in China during the late Han Dynasty, driven by economic distress and social inequality. 4\. \*\*Christ's Life, Death, Resurrection\*\*: Central events in Christianity, marking the life, crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. 5\. \*\*Empire of Alexander the Great\*\*: The expansion of Alexander\'s empire, which spread Greek culture and influence across three continents. 6\. \*\*Development of the Roman Civilization/Empire\*\*: The rise and expansion of Rome from a small city-state to a vast empire, influencing law, politics, and culture. \#\#\# Etc./Other 1\. \*\*Moksha\*\*: In Hinduism, the liberation from the cycle of rebirth and union with the divine. 2\. \*\*Karma\*\*: The belief in Hinduism and Buddhism that actions in this life will determine one\'s fate in future lives. 3\. \*\*Brahmins\*\*: The priestly class in the Hindu caste system, responsible for religious rituals and teaching. 4\. \*\*Epic of Gilgamesh\*\*: An ancient Mesopotamian epic poem, one of the earliest works of literary fiction. 5\. \*\*Yangtze River Valley\*\*: A region in China known for its early agricultural development and cultural significance. 6\. \*\*Maya Civilization\*\*: An ancient Mesoamerican civilization known for its advanced writing, architecture, and astronomical systems. 7\. \*\*Sparta v. Athens\*\*: The rivalry between these two Greek city-states, culminating in the Peloponnesian War. 8\. \*\*Caste System\*\*: A hierarchical social structure in India, dividing people into different classes based on occupation and birth. 9\. \*\*Civilization of Axum\*\*: An ancient African civilization known for its trade networks and adoption of Christianity. 10\. \*\*Swahili Civilization\*\*: A coastal civilization in East Africa, known for its trade connections with the Middle East and India. 11\. \*\*Bodhisattvas\*\*: In Mahayana Buddhism, enlightened beings who delay their own nirvana to help others achieve enlightenment. 12\. \*\*The Analects\*\*: A collection of sayings and ideas attributed to Confucius, forming the basis of Confucian thought. 13\. \*\*Mandate of Heaven\*\*: A Chinese political doctrine used to justify the rule of the emperor, stating that heaven grants the emperor the right to rule based on virtue. 14\. \*\*Daodejing\*\*: A fundamental text of Daoism, attributed to Lao Tzu, emphasizing harmony with the Dao. 15\. \*\*Yin and Yang\*\*: A Daoist concept representing the duality and balance of opposites in the universe. 16\. \*\*Shia v. Sunni Muslim\*\*: The two main branches of Islam, differing in beliefs about the rightful successor to Muhammad. 17\. \*\*Archaeology\*\*: The study of human history through the excavation and analysis of artifacts and other physical remains. 18\. \*\*Paleoanthropology\*\*: The study of ancient humans and their ancestors through fossils and other evidence.