AP World Notes: Unit 1 PDF

UNIT 1: TERMS: 1. Animism - the most ancient religion where people believed there were spirits in nature and worshiped those spirits 2. Autonomy - the ability to control oneself, a recent idea 3. Bias - your view of the world due to the things you believe in 4. Bureaucracy...

UNIT 1: TERMS: 1. Animism - the most ancient religion where people believed there were spirits in nature and worshiped those spirits 2. Autonomy - the ability to control oneself, a recent idea 3. Bias - your view of the world due to the things you believe in 4. Bureaucracy - unelected officials who help the government function 5. Centralization - concentration of power 6. Coercive - forced to do as you are told 7. Continuity - how things stay the same over time 8. Demography - the study of populations: how does a population change in a society 9. Diasporic Communities - people who have been shipped away from their original land by force 10. Diffusion - ideas spreading from different groups of people meeting 11. Dynasty - a heredity ruling family (power passed down) 12. Empire - when the military(normally) of a city state conquers another and increases the size of their territory 13. Epidemic - rapidly spreading sickness or disease 14. Hierarchy - how society organizes itself (ranking) could be social or job related 15. Indigenous - native to where they live 16. Infrastructure - things you have to do to make sure society can function (garbage, nice roads, etc) 17. Legitimacy (social science definition) - the trust of the transfer of power, if there is no trust it could lead to a civil war 18. Monarchy - one person in charge 19. Monotheism - the belief in one god 20. Nobility - people in control of large pieces of land (normally relatives of royalty) 21. Pastoralism - living with domesticated animals 22. Patriarchal - meaning 1: power is passed down on the father’s side or meaning 2: a society where men are in charge 23. Peasant - the lowest (and normally largest) group in the hierarchy 24. Polytheism - the belief in many gods 25. Primary Source - someone who saw something with their own eyes and wrote it down 26. Propaganda - information that is dispersed to a population to convince them of something (normally has a bit of truth with some other stuff) 27. Secondary Source - someone who talked to people who saw the event then wrote it down 28. Syncretic Beliefs - a blend of beliefs from different groups (not only religion…could be language or other as well)  29. Totalitarianism - complete and total control by the government 30. Urbanization - the movement of people to city areas ANCIENT HUMAN RECORD: Evolution —> a theory not a fact 6 million BC ○ first primate ancestors ○ we evolved from them by they are NOT humans ○ adaptations such as walking on two feet and opposable thumbs started to happen 2 million BC ○ use of fire for food, protection, and warmth, but they did not know how to make fire ○ still NOT humans ○ some believe that since our food was cooked we got more protein and that’s why our brains grew 1 million BC ○ fire making by flint, tinder…etc ○ still NOT human 250,000 BC ○ Homo Sapiens (humans) oldest bones found in East Africa ○ we do not know if we all came from Africa or evolved all around the world ○ called the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age ○ we were hunter-gatherers moving around in groups of about 30 people 10,000 BC ○ Neolithic or New Stone Age ○ humans discovered farming all over the world, but not everywhere ○ started to domesticate animals(term 21 - pastoralism) ○ now the humans can live in one place so they can start to create new technology ○ this period is called the agricultural revolution 5,000 BC ○ civilization has cities with big buildings, streets, flood control, and farming on the outside complex religions with priests who told the farmers when to plant, and buildings (temples) were built for religion job specialization where not everyone is in charge of food (some people are builders, teachers, priests…etc) social hierarchy (term 14) where people are ranked with society based on their jobs. The lowest being slaves and peasants, and the highest being the warriors and religious leaders written language shows up in East Asia, South Asia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Mesoamerica (original 5 —> all others are based off these five) they  only used pictographs and hieroglyphs until the Phoenicians created an alphabet in 3,000 BC technology was created to be more advanced because people had specific jobs and were not moving around —> the wheel, plow, melting metal…etc we only know about 3% of human history from this time SOUTH ASIA: Refers to the Indian Subcontinent ○ was originally part of Australia, but over time the tectonic plates moved into Asia ○ the Himalayas were formed from the land pushing against each other, they still are growing ○ mountains protected them from influence from the rest of the world for a long time ○ It is very diverse ○ there are different kingdoms within it with different rules ○ they do have shared ideas Hinduism ○ you are born Hindu, if you are not born into it you can practice it but you are not Hindu ○ a nom-missionary religion, they are not trying to recruit people ○ Vedas (written 600 BC) poems, hymns, and prayers that tell the story of the ancient Hindu people and the gods who helped them the gods were regional (each region had a god representing it in a way) eventually all the regions stories came together in the Vedas Brahmins are in charge of keeping track of the stories ○ Upanishad (written 800-400 BC) tells us how to live and what to believe also kept track of by Brahmins ○ Beliefs there is a universal spirit (Brahman) part of the spirit was broken up and put into everyone (the part is called the atam) the goal of life is to reconnect your piece with the universal spirit karma = if you do good things good will come (same with bad things) you have to have good karma in order to be reconnected dharma = essential duties the must be fillies to reconnect (you are born into these duties) moksha = getting back to the universal spirit ○ Caste System: 1. Brahmins: priests and leaders 2. Kshatriyas: warriors and rulers 3. Vaishyas: farmers, traders, merchants…etc  4. Shudras: laborers 5. Dalits: street sweepers, latrine cleaners…etc you can only move up a caste after you die if you have good karma and fulfilled your dharma —> if you do that as a Brahmin you reconnect ○ Hindu temples and architecture have intricate carvings of the stories of Hinduism Buddhism ○ Buddha was a Kshatriya ○ his father never let him leave the palace ○ when he was 17-18 years old he snuck outside and saw suffering for the first time ○ this confused him because he had never seen or heard about it before ○ he talked to his dad about it because he was upset, but his dad said those people don’t matter to you ○ so Buddha left ○ he created the idea that you could get to afterlife (nirvana with the universal spirit) no matter your caste ○ created the 4 Noble Truths 1. Life is suffering 2. Suffering is caused by desire 3. Desire must be ended 4. To end desire follow the Eightfold path ○ Buddha never wrote anything, but his followers wrote down what he said ○ after Buddha died people wanted to be like him ○ way to be like Buddha 1: Theravada monastic life, meaning living in a monastery with a shaved head and no other interaction with the outside world both men and women could do this ○ way to be like Buddha 2: Mahayana universalizing (spread the word of Buddha) they believed Buddha was divine and worshiped him ○ the temples are domed shaped and called Stupa EAST ASIA (JAPAN, KOREA, AND CHINA): China ○ might be the oldest existing territory in the world ○ dynastic cycle: dynasties will take power, stay in power, then fall apart and a new one will come, then it repeats ○ power= having the Mandate of Heaven (different than Christian Heaven) ○ Chinese Heaven = where all your ancestors are ○ you try to please your ancestors to go to heaven by honoring them (filial piety) ○ dynasties fall after losing the Mandate of Heaven ○ Confucianism (500 BC) Made by Confucius during the warring states period (competition to seize the mandate)  created a blueprint on how to live life His followers wrote the blueprints down and they are called the Analects Idea= you can only control your behavior Universal order = everything has a place and you have to do it right Everything has a rule (literally everything) you cannot control the things outside of yourself, but you can control yourself created 5 important relationships Parent + child sovereign + master husband + wife older sibling + younger sibling Friend + friend there is order in these relationships (you treat some people better than others) goal = to create social order fits well with the symbol yin + yang (there needs to balance in everything ○ Daoism (500 BC): Laozi created this idea during the warring states period His solution to the chaos = adopt the way of nature Nature = the balance of everything in the world Disengage from world affairs, and live simply in harmony if you defy nature the outcome is ruin, so you you adopt the way of it how to adopt the way of nature pull yourself away from the world outer relationships do not matter ○ Dynasties: Sui Dynasty (600 AD) very short ≈ 20 years unified China Tong Dynasty (620 AD) very short period of warring states at the time China was the top place in the world they believed they were the best (big egos) called themselves the “Middle Kingdom” meaning they were the center of the world Buddhism made its way to China Many people began to shift beliefs Buddhism becomes a large part of China Maintained the Grand Canal (canal that connects the yellow and Yangtze rivers) for trade added to the Great Wall to keep northern invaders out(original Great Wall was mud brick with rice, this one still looked like that) the Silk Road —> trade with the Byzantine Empire  ○ Exported: tea, porcelain, and silk ○ Imported: mainly money Officials began to not like Buddhism because it was not from China (ego) Confucianism + Daoism try to remove Buddhism (840 AD) this led to rebellion and the fall of the dynasty (907 AD) Song Dynasty (960 AD) gets invaded From the north —> decided to move away instead of fighting (give up territory) many technological advancements: ○ mass production of porcelain ○ paper (cheaper than other materials to write on, which in creates literacy because more people had access) ○ steel ○ gunpowder (for fireworks, then they later realized they could move a projectile with it) ○ the printing press (a wood block with ink, you could make something one time and then copy it) ○ movable type (letters/ words as stamps so you didn’t need to carve a message) ○ paper money ○ compass all of these made there way down the Silk Road, where they were changed and improved slightly by everyone who got them they found a rice that would crop twice a year, which meant double food) Civil Service Exam (golden ticket to a good job): ○ tests your knowledge of the Analects and Confucianism ○ civil servants = people that work for the emperor ○ you can get any job chosen by the emperor if you pass the exam ○ Normally people from middle to upper class pass the exam ○ was a way to keep Confucianism at the front of society Neo- Confucianism ○ Confucianism with Buddhist influence ○ more reflective (adds internal relationships) ○ does not accept withdrawal (leaving society) or the equality of women women were beneath men, and were kept in control by social standards such as foot binding which made it so they could not walk men are in charge = central idea Korea:  ○ has always been influenced by China because it is a peninsula only touching China ○ was invaded by China, but they agreed to let them continue ruling the sleeves as long as they paid China every year (this is called a tributary state) ○ traded with China which created the spread of ideas such as Buddhism and Confucianism ○ Buddhism became their main belief ○ also created the movable type at the same time (no one knows who’s was first) ○ Main export: celadon (green porcelain, which is very rare and China wanted it) Japan: ○ isolated because it is an island (created a unique culture) ○ islands were not good for growing food, so if you controlled the food you would have power ○ verbal language is unique, but their handwritten is loosely based of China ○ shintoism: a more advanced version of animism ○ trade strats with China around 700 AD they get silk, tea…etc they get new ideas (Buddhism) ○ they mix Shintoism with Buddhism creating Zen Buddhism Awakening is Direct and Instantaneous, instead of over a lifetime like regular Buddhism meditation was extremely important to get the awakening ○ does not have a dynastic cycle (the Yamato have been in charge since 600 AD) ○ The Yamato = the imperial house of japan ○ they do not actually rule, but are a symbol ○ groups compete to defend them, if you are defending them you have political power ○ Heian Era (1000 AD): in power for about 200 years Chinese influence (Confucianism gets included in their court) ○ Shogunate (1200 AD): are the warriors (strongest samurai = shogun) bushido = the way of the warrior all they do is train all day always carry your swords with you have tests of physical and mental strength ex. Who can go the longest without eating (to test physical limits) will not get captured (would rather die) because it would dishonor your ancestors (filial piety) if they are about to get captured they will commit suicide their way to die = stabbing the selves in the stomach (they believed the soul was there) and then bleed out, which is slow and painful feudalism: given land/ power to fight ISLAM Arabian Peninsula ○ All desert (hot, dry, and difficult to survive climate) ○ Bedouins: tribes that lived across the desert used camels to travel very tribal constant warfare with other tribes ○ important trade connection in the Silk Road ○ Mecca + Medina = two major cities ○ multiple religions (ex. Christian, Jews, Roman, Pagans) all of the symbols of these religions were in the Kaaba (in Mecca) Muhammad (622 AD) ○ born in Arabian Peninsula ○ was a merchant (made good money) ○ was concerned about multiple religions in the same place (Kaaba) ○ Went into a cave in the desert to think about the Kaaba Angel Gabriel appeared and told him the only god is Allah ○ Is a prophet ○ goes back to Mecca and tells people about Allah ○ gains some followers, but the leaders viewed him as a rebel who would cause chaos ○ he was kicked out of Mecca, so he goes to Medina his journey is called the Hijrah ○ He gains a large following in Medina ○ Since so many people are behind him, he is allowed back into Mecca with his followers ○ he gets invited to the Kaaba ○ at the Kaaba his followers and him destroy the symbols of all the other religions ○ gains an even larger following and takes control of part of the Arabian Peninsula Pillars of Islam ○ 1. Faith —> official declaration of faith to become an official Muslim (like confirmation in a way) ○ 2. Prayer —> pray 5 times a day: sunrise, mid morning, midday, midafternoon, and sunset ○ 3. Fasting —> Ramadan: a month on the Islamic Calendar where you fast sunrise to sunset ○ 4. Alms —> charity/ helping the less fortunate ○ 5. Pilgrimage —> religious journey to Mecca to pray at the Kaaba (should do once in your life) Quran: Holy Text ○ revelations to Muhammad from Angel Gabriel ○ his followers made a compilation of his stories ○ written down after his death Sharia  ○ laws to live life to be like Muhammad ex. Women need to cover, women cannot go outside without a chaperone, men have to wear a beard, and you can have as many wives as you can afford (not more than 7) ○ society is political and religious at the same time (controls the population) People of the Book ○ Jews and Christians ○ The prophets were real and Jesus is a prophet not the Messiah ○ Islam are descendants of Abraham ○ from the same God, so Islamic people respect them ○ But they believe Muhammad is the last prophet Spread of Islam: ○ Muhammad dies —> competition for who gets to take his place as the leader arises ○ leader= Caliph in charge of religion + politics ○ First Caliph is Abu Bakr was Muhammad’s right hand man leads expansion out of Arabia ○ dies then four caliphs quickly come in power then die (they died because there was a dispute for power and assassiantion of people who did not want them in power) (Not four at the same time) ○ Divide of Islam (661 AD): Shia (mostly live in Persia) caliph should be related to Muhammad (from Ali) Sunni (everyone else) any good Muslim can rule *this divide still exists today ○ Umayyads (660-750 AD) both groups live in this society spreads rapidly to Northern Africa and Spain You wanted to be a merchant (Muhammad was a merchant) trade got so big they moved the capital to Damascus because it was closer to trade routes falls apart because they were strict about only allowing Arabs to be in power —> civil war ○ Abbasids (750-1200 AD) spreads Islam east moves the capital to Baghdad (more east because they cared more about Asia than Europe) greatest city in the ancient world (has libraries, hospitals etc.) the Golden Age of Islam (medicine, texts, etc.) new group: Sufis —> go into the desert and leave life behind to pray (like monks but Islam)  the mongols destroyed Baghdad, breaking the dynasty, and breaking the caliph *there has not been a caliph since the mongols attacked Muslim Society ○ Egalitarian (for men) ○ did have ranking: 1. Born Muslims 2. Converted Muslims 3. Protected People (People of the Book) they needed to pay tax 4. Slaves they relied heavily on slaves and imported the most slaves from Africa than any other place in the world imported slaves were from Europe and Africa mostly ISLAM IN AFRICA North Africa: Mediterranean Sub- Saharan: under Sahara Tropics: between Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn (Jungle under Sahara) South Africa: weather like San Diego *not very easy to travel ○ Sahara blocks travel ○ dense jungle blocks travel ○ rivers cannot really be used for travel ○ people from Africa never built large boats to travel to the ocean ○ in turn, everything is very isolated ○ Islam traveled to North Africa and they Muslims there were called Burburs No civilization in sub- Saharan Africa ○ Stateless societies (tribal, animistic) ○ Griot: storytellers they memorize everything that has happened in the tribal culture no written language ○ Bantu: language(root) West Africa ○ Muslims brought camels across the Sahara —> West Africa first contact with North Africa ○ camel= ship of the desert ○ surplus of gold in west Africa that the rest of the world wanted ○ lacked salt, which is a necessity to live ○ the Muslims found huge salt deposits in the Sahara ○ they would trade salt for gold ○ Ghana became the first empire in Sub-Saharan ○ the elite began to convert to Islam to get better deals in trade ○ The Mali empire Islamic influence  Mansa Musa (1320 AD) first Sub Saharan to go to Mecca carried a lot of gold trades a lot of gold in Cairo, making it less rare because everyone now has it Hajj (pilgrimage) Brings a lot of Arabs back with him (scholars) ○ they build mosques and add to the Muslim influence more people start to make the journey across the Sahara East Africa ○ isolated, but eventually Islamic traders travel down the East African Coast (Swahili) ○ good trade on the Swahili coast because they were rich in rare things ○ had a lot of Arab influence built mosques converted people (better trade) ○ mix so much Arabic and Bantu mix creating a new language: Swahili ○ Indian Ocean trade: going to Indian/ Arabian Peninsula Monsoon winds were very predictable spring/summer —> towards India fall/ winter —> towards Africa ○ Great Zimbabwe inland closest thing the looks like a city in sub Saharan africa nobody knows what was going on (no writing + uninhabited) found porcelain —> had some connection to trade routes from china stone buildings ISLAMIC TRADE Islamic raiders would rob Buddist and Hindu temples, but the never stayed eventually the decided to stay ○ they built mosques delhi sultanate (1200 AD) ○ Took control of Northern India as a united front ○ starts animosity between islam and Hinduism (opposite of each other) ○ Muslims try to force conversion ○ around 20mil people have been killed due to this rivalry (still going on in present day) gets involved with the spice trade with south asia ○ muslims controlled the trade ○ spice growers convert to islam to get better deals ○ now Indonesia has the largest Muslim population if you are Islamic you need to learn Arabic because the Quran is only supposed to be in Arabic  Ibn Battuta ○ travels the whole Islam works (1325 -1353AD) ○ Islamic Marco Polo ○ from North Africa (burbur) ○ kept a diary Positives: takes the good from everywhere and spreads it, good agriculture, advanced technology…etc consequences: disease travels, conflict with Hindus…etc demographics: more diversity around the old world, people move around the old world MEDIEVAL TIMES (EUROPE 500-1500 AD) Rome (300 BC - 500 AD) ○ was based on the Greeks society, government, ideas but the Romans built things like aqueducts ○ was large empire with large influence over the entire world (even during present times) ○ Why does it fall apart? Border with barbarians to the north: the Roman soldiers were supposed to protect the border, but they got lazy and wanted to be closer to the city of Rome this led to invasions from the north 476 AD Rome was sacked (robbed + destroyed) by barbarians this sacked symbolized that Rome could no longer defend itself people no longer wanted to stay in Rome because it was unsafe Roman empire splits into different regions These regions try to stay together as Romans, but eventually they separate into different regions ○ Christianity becomes accepted, so it spreads rapidly through the regions ○ Roman Empire splits in two (Western Roman Empire, and Eastern Roman Empire) Franks ○ a barbarian group from Germany area, who took control of Gaul ○ Clovis (480-510 AD) expands into Galia (Gaul)/ modern day France called the land of the franks —> France converts to Catholicism to appeal to the Gaul people to strengthen control was the first Frank to convert to Catholicism, but many followed after him so the Franks became Catholic instead of barbarians with no specific religion (animism in a way) ○ Carolingians (650-850 AD)  Charles Martel (Martel= hammer) Battle of Tours (732 AD): fight against Muslim expanders, the Carolingians won the Muslims never invaded again If Charles Martel had not defeated the Muslims, Europe would probably be Muslim Charlemagne dad was the king of the Carolingians, so he and his two brothers each got a part of the land when he died somehow both of his brothers die (suspected that Charlemagne was behind it) so he gets all the empire He would travel across the empire to let people know he was king expanded more with expansion comes the spread of Christianity believed in education (but was not able read or write) chose Latin as the academic language crowned Holy Roman Emperor ○ helps the Papal States (area of land near Rome where the Pope lived) when they were invaded ○ so the Pope crowned him emperor ○ The Pope is saying: I am in charge (I get to pick who is in charge) Holy Roman Empire ○ Mainly Germany + France with Charlemagne as emperor Vikings come from the North (800 - 1000 AD) ○ Charlemagne died, so he was not super involved during the Viking invasions ○ his sons get his land and power Vikings ○ good sea travel —> made it to Nova Scotia ○ maneuverable boats (they could pick them up and carry them if needed) ○ attacked Europe (England, Spain, Franks, Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Muslims) ○ brutal invasions burn, steal, assault, leave ○ created a lack of trust between subjects and leaders Feudalism ○ created to try and prevent Viking invasions ○ AREA OWNED BY KING: LORDS vassal vassal vassal vassal vassal vassal  vassal vassal vassal vassal vassal vassal Key: Green- area owned by lord, Blue- area owned by lord, Purple- area owned by lord, Pink- area owned by lord Lords: loyal to king (normally a relative), in charge of a part of King’s land vassal: loyal to lord, in charge of part of lord’s land (are the knights and build armies) ○ each vassal has a castle —> everyone would hide in the castle when the Vikings invade ○ loyalty be loyal to the king (pay tribute) Manorialism: self-sufficiency economic system People stay where they are born (tied to land) and in that rank cultural diffusion stops brings up the idea of protection vs. independence Social Hierarchy: 1. King 2. Lord 3. Vassal 4. Peasant/ Serfs (most of the population) Christianity (during Roman times) ○ Judea: allowed to practice Faith (Jews) ○ Jesus: came to help the people fix the covenant Crucified Rose on 3rd day ○ Christianity travels first to Greece and then to Rome ○ Originally was not accepted, but the Christians were willing to die for their faith ○ They had hidden symbols that showed they were Christian ○ Worshiped in catacombs ○ 300 AD - Christianity allowed by Constantine (his mom was Christian) Why did he allow it? He had a dream before a battle and in it Jesus told him how to win the battle They won the battle Got baptized at his death More people converted once it was legal ○ Roman Catholics: Hierarchy:  1. Pope 2. Bishop/ Diocese/ Cardinal - people of the church (might be involved in politics) 3. Priests 4. Monks - dedicated their lives to God, they went away from socket to live a monastic life ○ Benedictine Rule: avesterity (eliminate worldly distractions) Do not own anything Do what abbat tells you to do Celibacy Vow of silence: spoken words are your ego, so only speak words of God/ prayer Surrender to God ○ Schools, libraries, scribes were all in the monasteries since they lived there Church is in charge of education Canon Law Church rules for behaviors and how Christians should act Church laws put above other laws If you follow the laws you go to Heaven Goal is to have influence on the Catholics They even had influence on the political leaders: ○ when there is tensions between church leaders and political leaders they would do these to control the leader Excommunication: Not allowed to receive sacraments Ostracized from community Cannot go to Heaven (ultimate place) Happens if you don’t follow canon law Interdict excommunication of the leader and all of his subjects none of them can get the sacraments none of them can go to Heaven goal is that people will rise up against the leader so they will change their ways and fix relationship with the Church ○ Eastern Orthodox Felt like they were being overlooked by the Pope/ bishop of Rome (none of their bishops in the east would get nominated for pope) So they branched off with different politics —> language also changes to Greeks not Latin (develops differently) Both believe the same things still Baptism, Confirmation, and First communion still happen but as a baby  influences Eastern Europe ○ Crusades (1095 - 1200 AD) Christian reply to Islamic expansion There was heighten tensions because the Christian holy areas were in Islamic territory The areas we supposed to be protected by the Byzantines They send a message to the Pope saying that they need help protecting the holy areas Goal was to try and retake the Holy Land Pope sent a call asking for knights the Viking invasions had stopped —> so there was a lot of knights who just sat around and did nothing ○ meaning many soldiers were able to leave and fight He said that anyone who goes and fights as a crusader will go to Heaven there were multiple crusades First Crusader —> Christians win but the Muslims took it back Second crusade: failed Third crusade: failed but they agreed to let the Christians visit whenever they wanted to fourth crusade: failed attacks Constantinople instead overall: crusades failed posistives: Venice + Genoa —> ports people left from for crusades ○ become wealthy and involved in trade europeans see things they didn’t know existed (silk, spices…etc) ○ the holy land was connected to China, but Western Europe was not crusades led Europeans to wonder why they were so closed off to the world ○ Dark ages (eyes closed to the world) gets involved in trade brings back ideas + trade opens long distance trade silk road extends into europe ○ venice and genoa are important trade cities ○ Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) was able to defend themselves from barbarians and Vikings lasts almost 1000 years longer than Western Roman Empire Constantinople (means Constantine’s city) —> almost perfect location was originally called Byzantium (1000BCish) border between Europe + Asia  end point of silk road wil be under constant attack from Muslims Justian (550 AD) wants to retake all Western Roman Empire there was a plague so he has to pull back his troops He chooses the patriarch (pope) ○ he is in charge of the church ○ leader is in charge of both so there is not tension between Church + leader builds the greatest church in ancient Christianity (Haggia Sophia) ○ biggest church for around 500 years ○ when the Muslims capture Constantinople they turn it into a mosque ○ most important church in ancient consider themselves Rome —> continue Roman traditions Roman Law Code: wrote them in a book called Justian’s code reintroduce Roman laws to Western Europe ○ ideas stop during Viking invasions seed for modern law muslim expansion into Byzantine territory some through war, some through will muslims won the fight attack Constantinople a lot Greek influence (language —> Greek) Eastern Orthodox Church faith is the same as Catholic but how they administer to the people is different ○ Russia mostly peasants, no cities, no written language influenced by Greeks (byzantines) rivers run into the black sea vikings invade and stay in Russia story is they stayed because the women were pretty Russia: ruse Vikings who wanted to stay (Kiev - city) Russians will become Eastern Orthodox monks went up to Russia and converted them + taught alphabet tries to be like the Romans (byzantines) ○ Judaism from Mesopotamia —> moved to Israel Old Testament: stories about figures in Judaism first monotheistic religion zoroastrianism was created around the same time surrounded by pagan beliefs  father of the Israelites: Abraham God told Abraham to go on a journey to the promise land (Israel) his ancestors now live there Exile get exiled to Egypt and become slaves ○ exodus ○ they end up back in Israel Babylon also exiles them ○ in Babylon they learn to write ○ they get freed and go back to Israel Live in Judea through Roman Empire they were not forced to convert (rare) had autonomy 100 AD - rebel under Roman control ○ breaks kingdom of judea ○ They get dispersed all over the Mediterranean by the Romans (diaspora) plan was to remove Jewish rebels did not work —> the Jews thrived in their culture even when separated ○ does not get absorbed by Rome Christianity and Islam were based off of Hebrew (syncretism) Christianity is and extension of Judaism —> but they are different Islam is based on Judaism and Christianity —> but different beliefs they all have the same God ○ Europe State building no lingered fragmented (now they are countries) England vikings invaded a lot is an island open for attack Normans (1066 AD) ○ invade england ○ the king died and his sons were fighting for land ○ england was weak ○ William the Conqueror attacked England and won ○ had land in north France and now england creates fights in the future ○ Taxed a lot, so he could build monuments of himself ○ Gets control over English countryside when in France through taxes ○ english language adopts French words ○ england straddles English Channel  creates tension for whose land is whose King John ○ had to deal with theses tensions ○ not a good king ○ was not supposed to be king but his older brother died his brother went on the 3rd crusade, got back fine, got sick, then died ○ lost territories top the French people got upset with this loss ○ he taxed people a lot in order to pay for an army to try to reclaim the territories ○ he needs more money so he decided to tax the church the church said no since they report to the pope john keeps trying to tax them ○ pope excommunicates John because he refused to work with the pope ○ john tries to choose the next bishop of England —> that is the pope’s job ○ the whole island of England gets the interdict ○ the people get upset because they cannot receive the sacraments —> they cannot go to Heaven ○ John goes to the Pope and begs for forgiveness —> the interdict gets removed ○ Magna Carta (1215 AD) the nobles call him ineffective and create rules about nobilty’s rights Puts limits on what the king can do he signs it because he was in such a weak state (they would have killed him) applies to wealthy people —> they have to approve what he does foundation for western democracy (declaration of independence) ○ never took back French territory 100 years war (1337 - 1453 AD) ○ England vs France ○ about English land in French territory ○ england expand east into France ○ french push them back ○ England decides to attack from the north ○ england looks like it is going to win ○ tables turn when Joan of Arc leads the French in a battle the should lose —> but they win gives French confidence  ○ Joan of Arc inspired victory ○ French kick the English out of france ○ Joan was accused of being a witch and burned at a stake —> later became a saint burned at stake was the oust way to die: slow burn that mimics hell ○ France gets unified Holy Roman Empire fragmented into smaller kingdoms for protection not unified, self- sufficient, isolation pope decides emperor —> people would compete to impress pope Knights that were sent to crusades or holy land war interacted with kingdoms and trade routes (trade networks= roads) trading towns emerged for travelers ○ across territory trade Hanseatic League: unification of different kingdoms to discuss problems/ rules for trade Italian City States (Northern Italy) ○ Italy wasn’t established until 1850 ○ Italy wasn’t unified, states were sometimes at war with each other ○ Italian banking system: changes Europe people don’t have to carry heavy coins everywhere others adopt bank system creates wealth across north Italy renaissance in northern Italy MONGOLS (1200- 1380s AD) From north east Asia (north of china) same origin as one of the groups that attacked China from the north Nomads ○ lives moving on a horse ○ not farmers ○ expert horsemen —> rode small horses ○ lived on their horses ○ each person had multiple horses and would switch everyday, so the horses do not get overworked ○ drank horse milk + ate horse meat ○ developed stirrup made it so they could stand up while riding created stability for firing arrows ○ expert archers Genghis Khan  ○ born into royalty but his father died —> his mom, him, and his brother were kicked out to live on their own (a death sentence back then) they survived ○ became an expert fighter ○ wanted to unify all the mongol tribes killed his own brother so there was no one who could conflict with his power ○ unified mongol tribes (1206 AD) ○ 1200s AD —-> mongols ○ plan was to conquer the whole world ○ always looking for the next conquest ○ Invasions: China tries to take over the Song Dynasty was the original target conquers the north, built never fully conquers China discovers siege warfare ○ don't let anyone/thing in or out Central Asia Islamic cities everywhere he goes he established control at first people true to fight The Mongols would surround the city and tell them to pay tribute or get destroyed the cities would lock themselves in seis egos they mongols could not get them ○ the mongols just waited for them to run out of food and water once they ran out of food and water the mongols would run away —> so the people would follow them out of the city ○ was ruthless would kill and the men and capture all the women as slaves everyone was terrified of the mongols ○ never sees the full extent of the mongol empire ○ We have never found his gravesite legend was that everyone who knew the location of the grave was killed ○ the empire continues under his offspring (the ones from his wife) empire extends far —> largest land empire territory was divided between Genghis khan’s real sons and grandsons Ogodei (Genghis Khan’s son) ○ expands to Eastern Europe and russia ○ gets close to Western Europe, but a khan died so the whole army had to go back to Mongolia for a funeral Hulegu (Genghis Khan’s grandson)  ○ expands into Abbasid Empire (islam) ○ destroys the Abbasid Caliphate ○ leveled Baghdad ○ there has never been a caliph since —> he killed the last one by rolling him in a rug and running him over with horses until he died Kublai Khan (Genghis Khan’s grandson) ○ defeats Song Dynasty (China) only time china is conquered by outside invaders ○ His rule of China is called the Yuan Dynasty (1279- 1308 AD) ○ did not want to mongols in china to become Chinese so he set rules: all of the officials were mongols Mongols had to stay separate from the Chinese (no marriage between) removed Confucian influence leaned more towards Buddhist side (but had no religion) creates tension between Buddhists and Cofuncians ○ Could not conquer japan tried twice time 1: the samurai(japan) lost in the first day at night the mongols returned to their boats a storm (typhoon/ hurricane) showed up and killed the mongols The mongol fleet was ruined Time 2: the same thing happened the Japanese called these events the kamikaze ○ Marco Polo (1270- 1290 AD) was from Italy (Venice) traveled along the Silk Road with his dad and uncle who were merchants story is he ended up in Kubli Khan’s court to talk to him Kubli Khan sent him to southeast asia made it back to Italy after the trip We do not know if his story was true he was in jail and told his cell ate the stories —> who wrote down the stories into a book (had accurate description of where he traveled) there was no record of Marco Polo in Kubli Khan’s palace —> they took extremely good records everyone in Europe liked the book —> it inspired travel Fragmented Kingdom ○ after Kublai Khan died many people came into power but none were able to hold that power ○ when a leader died everyone had to go back to mongolia ○ the mongols would stay is Russia the longest Culture  ○ they don't have one really ○ they adopted the culture of the people they conquered some people called those who adopted culture not a Mongols anymore (people said kublai khan was too chinese) ○ they would practice Islam, Buddhism, Christianity…etc adopted the religion of where they were ○ Pax Mongolica (means Mongol Peace) all the shipping/ trade was great (it was all protected by the mongols) the Silk Road was the safety it ever was raiders were afraid to go against the mongols, so they did not steal from it but the Silk Road falls apart with the mongol empire Indian Ocean trade replaces the Silk Road after the fall of the Mongols it was quicker, and harder for people to raid Black Death (1347 AD - hit Europe) ○ more people traveled on the Silk Road due to the Pax Mongolica caused viruses to travel over more and quicker ○ probably came from South East China (Unan) ○ probably traveled on rats/ fleas rats would originally get it, then fleas would bite them and get it, then the fleas would give it to humans by biting them ○ sanitation in medieval Europe was really bad people would bathe around 2 times a year everyone would have ticks, and lice so fleas were not uncommon or easy to spot people would wear really heavy big clothes to hide their smell ○ the fleas would live in the heavy clothes had no sewage/ toilets —> would throw bathroom waste into the street dumped waste into the rivers —> they drank from the rivers ○ stages of the plague 1. Fever 2. Buboes: swollen lymph nodes that would seep pus buboes —> bubonic plague 3. Respiratory issues 4. Death: usually after 7 days due to lungs filling up with fluid ○ arrives to Italy first on a ship —> there are records of the ship showing up where the crew was sick ○ ⅓ of the European population died ○ population density was impactful to where the disease spread it would spread quicker if people lived closer together that was why it was so bad in Italy since everyone lived next to each other due to big trade cities ○ around 20 million people died over the 200 years —> outbreaks happened every 40- 50ish years ○ Impact: Europe starts to look at better sanitation (clean water, less dense living) does not happened until further in the future Feudalism: plague mostly wipes out the peasants who do the labor this means they did not have enough people to do the work the leftover peasants got more influence since their work was important ○ they would ask for money feudalism take as big hit since no one wanted to do the labor (do extra work/ take a peasants job) The peasants would start to get paid ○ one of the reasons the Mongol Empire fell ○ back then the Jews were blamed by the Christians for the plague since the thought it was a punishment from God