AP History Chapter 2 Vocabulary Quiz Prep PDF

Song Dynasty: The Song Dynasty (960--1279) was a period of Chinese history known for its economic prosperity, cultural achievements, and advancements in technology. It is often divided into the Northern Song (960--1127) and the Southern Song (1127--1279). The Song Dynasty is notable for its developm...

Song Dynasty: The Song Dynasty (960--1279) was a period of Chinese history known for its economic prosperity, cultural achievements, and advancements in technology. It is often divided into the Northern Song (960--1127) and the Southern Song (1127--1279). The Song Dynasty is notable for its developments in printing, gunpowder, and the compass, which had a lasting impact on both China and the world. Foot Binding: Foot binding was a Chinese cultural practice that began during the Song Dynasty and continued for centuries. It involved tightly binding the feet of young girls to alter their shape, making them smaller. This practice was associated with beauty and social status but also caused significant physical harm and pain. Hangul: Hangul is the alphabetic system used for writing the Korean language. It was created in the 15th century during the Joseon Dynasty under King Sejong the Great. Hangul is known for its scientific design and simplicity, making literacy more accessible to the Korean population. Bushido: Bushido, meaning \"the way of the warrior,\" is the code of conduct for samurai in Japan. It emphasizes virtues such as loyalty, honor, and discipline. Bushido played a significant role in shaping Japanese culture and the samurai\'s role in society. Tribute System: The tribute system was a network of trade and foreign relations between China and its neighbors. It involved other states acknowledging China\'s superiority and offering tribute in exchange for trade rights and political protection. This system reinforced China\'s central role in East Asian diplomacy. Chu Nom: Chu Nom is a script used to write the Vietnamese language. It was developed from Chinese characters and used primarily by the educated elite in Vietnam. Chu Nom played a crucial role in preserving Vietnamese literature and culture. Abbasid Caliphate: The Abbasid Caliphate (750--1258) was a major Islamic empire that succeeded the Umayyad Caliphate. It is known for its cultural and scientific achievements during the Islamic Golden Age, with Baghdad as its capital. The Abbasids promoted learning, trade, and the arts. Seljuk Turkic Empire: The Seljuk Turkic Empire was a medieval empire that controlled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. The Seljuks played a key role in the spread of Islam and were instrumental in the decline of the Byzantine Empire. Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman Empire (c. 1299--1922) was a powerful Islamic empire that spanned Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. It was known for its military prowess, architectural achievements, and cultural diversity. The Ottomans played a significant role in world history, particularly during the Renaissance and early modern periods. Jizya: Jizya was a tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states. It was a form of tribute that allowed non-Muslims to practice their religion and receive protection from the state. The jizya was an important aspect of Islamic governance and religious tolerance. al-Andalus: Al-Andalus refers to the Muslim-ruled territories in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. It was a center of cultural and intellectual exchange, where Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisted and contributed to advancements in science, philosophy, and the arts. Swahili Civilization: The Swahili Civilization was a collection of city-states along the East African coast, known for their trade networks and cultural exchanges with the Middle East, India, and China. - Mombasa: Located on the coast of present-day Kenya, Mombasa was a major port city that played a crucial role in the Indian Ocean trade network. It was known for its strategic location, which made it a focal point for traders from Arabia, Persia, India, and even China. - Malindi: located north of Mombasa along the Kenyan coast. Like Mombasa, Malindi was an important trading center that attracted merchants from across the Indian Ocean. The city was renowned for its friendly relations with foreign traders, particularly the Portuguese, who arrived in the late 15th century. 13. West African Civilization: This term refers to the complex societies and states that developed in West Africa during the medieval period. These civilizations were known for their wealth, trade networks, and cultural achievements. - Ghana: Ghana was one of the earliest and most prominent West African kingdoms, flourishing between the 6th and 13th centuries. It was known for its wealth, derived from controlling the gold trade routes across the Sahara Desert. The kingdom\'s capital, Kumbi Saleh, was a major trading hub. - Mali: Following the decline of Ghana, the Mali Empire rose to prominence in the 13th century. It became one of the largest and wealthiest empires in West Africa, largely due to its control of gold and salt trade routes. The empire reached its peak under the rule of Mansa Musa, who is famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca and for spreading Islam throughout the region. - Songhay: The Songhay Empire succeeded Mali in the 15th century and became one of the largest Islamic empires in history. It was known for its military prowess and efficient administration. The capital, Gao, was a center of commerce and learning. - Jenne (Djenné): Jenne was an important city in the Mali Empire, known for its impressive architecture, including the Great Mosque of Djenné, which is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The city was a key center for trade and Islamic scholarship. - Timbuktu: Timbuktu was a major cultural and intellectual center in the Mali and later Songhay empires. It was renowned for its universities and libraries, which attracted scholars from across the Islamic world. Timbuktu played a crucial role in the spread of Islam and learning in West Africa. - Gao: Gao was the capital of the Songhay Empire and a significant trading city. It was strategically located on the Niger River, facilitating trade and communication. Gao was also a center of Islamic culture and education. 14. Mali: Mali was a powerful West African empire known for its wealth, trade, and cultural achievements. It reached its height under Mansa Musa, who is famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca and the promotion of Islam and education. 15. Trans-Saharan Slave Trade: The trans-Saharan slave trade involved the exchange of slaves across the Sahara Desert, connecting West Africa with North Africa and the Middle East. It was a significant part of the broader trade networks in the region. 16. Byzantine Empire: The Byzantine Empire (c. 330--1453) was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East. It was known for its capital, Constantinople, and its role in preserving Greek and Roman culture. The Byzantine Empire was a center of Orthodox Christianity. 17. Kievan Rus: Kievan Rus was a federation of Slavic tribes in Eastern Europe, centered around the city of Kiev. It played a crucial role in the spread of Christianity and the development of Russian culture and identity. 18. Eastern Orthodox Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Christianity is one of the three main branches of Christianity. It developed in the Byzantine Empire and is characterized by its liturgical traditions and emphasis on the continuity of the faith. 19. Western Christendom: Western Christendom refers to the Christian societies of Western Europe during the Middle Ages. It was characterized by the dominance of the Roman Catholic Church and the development of feudal societies. 20. Feudalism: Feudalism was a social and economic system in medieval Europe characterized by the exchange of land for military service. Lords granted land to vassals in return for loyalty and service, creating a hierarchical society. 21. Roman Catholic Church: The Roman Catholic Church is the largest Christian church, led by the Pope. It played a central role in medieval European society, influencing politics, culture, and education. 22. Maya Civilization: The Maya Civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization known for its advanced writing, mathematics, and astronomical systems. It was characterized by city-states, monumental architecture, and a complex religious system. 23. Aztec Empire: The Aztec Empire was a powerful Mesoamerican empire centered in present-day Mexico. It was known for its military conquests, complex social structure, and impressive capital, Tenochtitlan. 24. Inca Empire: The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, located in the Andes region of South America. It was known for its sophisticated road system, agricultural terraces, and centralized administration. 25. Marco Polo : Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant and explorer who traveled extensively through Asia in the late 13th century. His travels were documented in \"The Travels of Marco Polo,\" which provided Europeans with one of the first comprehensive looks at the cultures and geography of the East, including China. 26. Muhammad : Muhammad is the founder of Islam, born in Mecca around 570 CE. He is considered the last prophet in Islam, and his teachings form the Quran, the holy book of Islam. His life and revelations significantly influenced the religious, cultural, and political landscapes of the Middle East and beyond. 27. Abd al-Rahman III : Abd al-Rahman III was an emir and later caliph of Córdoba in the 10th century. He is known for consolidating power in Al-Andalus (modern-day Spain and Portugal) and establishing Córdoba as a center of learning and culture during the Islamic Golden Age. 28. Ferdinand and Isabella : Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile were the Catholic Monarchs of Spain whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain. They are known for completing the Reconquista, expelling the Moors from Spain, and sponsoring Christopher Columbus\'s 1492 voyage to the New World. 29. Ibn Battuta : Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan scholar and traveler who journeyed across the Islamic world and beyond in the 14th century. His travels covered over 75,000 miles, and his accounts provide valuable insights into the cultures and societies of the medieval world. 30. Mehmed II: Mehmed II, also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, was an Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire. This conquest was a pivotal moment in history, leading to the rise of the Ottoman Empire as a major power. 31. Constantine XI: Constantine XI was the last Byzantine emperor, reigning during the fall of Constantinople in 1453. His death marked the end of the Byzantine Empire, and he is remembered for his valiant defense of the city against the Ottomans. 32. Aristotle: Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher whose works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, and natural sciences profoundly influenced Western thought. His ideas were rediscovered during the Renaissance, shaping the intellectual landscape of Europe. 33. Renaissance Artists: - Leonardo da Vinci: A polymath of the Renaissance, Leonardo was an artist, scientist, and inventor. He is best known for masterpieces like \"The Last Supper\" and \"Mona Lisa.\" - Michelangelo: An Italian sculptor, painter, and architect, Michelangelo is renowned for works such as the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the statue of David. - Raphael: An Italian painter and architect, Raphael is celebrated for his Madonnas and his work in the Vatican, including \"The School of Athens.\" 34. Tlacaelel: Tlacaelel was a principal architect of the Aztec Empire\'s political and religious ideology in the 15th century. He is credited with promoting the worship of Huitzilopochtli and the practice of human sacrifice to strengthen the empire\'s power. 35. Hernan Cortez: Hernan Cortez was a Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire. His conquest of Mexico in the early 16th century was a significant event in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. 36. Francisco Pizarro: Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in Peru. His expeditions in the 16th century expanded Spanish influence in South America. 37. Montezuma: Montezuma II was the ninth emperor of the Aztec Empire, reigning during the time of Hernan Cortez\'s arrival. His interactions with the Spanish ultimately led to the empire\'s downfall. 38. Atahualpa: Atahualpa was the last sovereign emperor of the Inca Empire before its conquest by Francisco Pizarro. He was captured and executed by the Spanish, marking the end of Inca resistance. 39. China's Economic Revolution: This refers to the period during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) when China experienced significant economic growth and technological innovation. The revolution was characterized by advancements in agriculture, such as the introduction of Champa rice, which allowed for multiple harvests per year, and improvements in trade and industry, including the production of silk and porcelain. 40. Ottoman Seizure of Constantinople: In 1453, the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II, captured Constantinople, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire. This event was significant as it shifted the balance of power in the region and opened up new trade routes for the Ottomans. 41. European Renaissance : A cultural movement that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe, the Renaissance was characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and learning. It marked the transition from the medieval period to the early modern age. 42. Hangzhou : A major city in China during the Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was known for its beauty and prosperity. It was a hub of commerce and culture, attracting merchants and scholars from across Asia. 43. Srivijaya : A powerful maritime empire based on the island of Sumatra, Srivijaya controlled the trade routes through the Strait of Malacca from the 7th to the 13th centuries. It was a center of Buddhist learning and culture. 44. Majapahit : A major empire in Southeast Asia, the Majapahit Empire was based on the island of Java and flourished from the 13th to the 16th centuries. It was known for its influence over the Indonesian archipelago and its rich cultural heritage. 45. Angkor Wat: A massive temple complex in Cambodia, Angkor Wat was originally built in the early 12th century as a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu. It later became a Buddhist temple and is a symbol of Cambodia\'s cultural heritage. 46. Constantinople: The capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople was a major center of trade and culture. Its strategic location made it a key city in both the Christian and Islamic worlds until its fall to the Ottomans in 1453. 47. Timbuktu: A city in Mali, Timbuktu was a major center of trade and Islamic learning during the 14th and 15th centuries. It was known for its wealth, libraries, and universities. 48. Confucianism: A philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, Confucianism emphasized moral integrity, social harmony, and respect for hierarchy. It played a significant role in shaping Chinese society and government. 49. Song Dynasty Golden Age : This term refers to the period of prosperity and cultural flourishing during the Song Dynasty. It was marked by economic growth, technological innovation, and advancements in art and literature. 50. Han Dynasty : An ancient Chinese dynasty that ruled from 206 BCE to 220 CE, the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. It was known for its strong central government, expansion of territory, and cultural achievements. 51. Champa Rice: A fast-growing variety of rice from Vietnam, Champa rice was introduced to China during the Song Dynasty. It allowed for multiple harvests per year, significantly boosting agricultural productivity. 52. Grand Canal: A massive waterway in China, the Grand Canal was constructed to connect the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. It facilitated trade and transportation, contributing to the economic prosperity of the region. 53. Silk, Porcelain, Persian Rugs, Indian Cotton: These were highly valued trade goods that were exchanged along the Silk Road and other trade routes. They played a crucial role in cultural exchanges between Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. 54. Kowtowing: A traditional Chinese act of deep respect, kowtowing involved kneeling and bowing so that one\'s forehead touched the ground. It was often performed in the presence of the emperor or other high-ranking officials. 55. "Bestowals": In the context of Chinese history, bestowals refer to gifts or honors given by the emperor to foreign dignitaries or subjects as a sign of favor or recognition. 56. Calligraphy: Calligraphy is the art of beautiful handwriting. In many cultures, especially in China and the Islamic world, calligraphy is highly valued as an art form. It involves creating aesthetically pleasing writing using specific techniques and tools. 57. Kami : In Shinto, the indigenous spirituality of Japan, kami are spirits or deities that inhabit natural elements like trees, rivers, and mountains. They are central to Shinto beliefs and practices, representing the sacred essence of nature. 58. Mandate of Heaven : This is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used to justify the rule of the Emperor of China. According to this belief, heaven grants the emperor the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly. If an emperor fails, they lose this mandate, justifying rebellion. 59. Chinese-based examination system: This was a system used in imperial China to select candidates for the state bureaucracy. It was based on merit and knowledge of Confucian texts, allowing individuals to rise in social status through education and examination success. 60. "Popular religion" in Vietnam: This term refers to the blend of indigenous beliefs and practices with influences from Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism in Vietnam. It reflects the syncretic nature of Vietnamese spirituality and cultural identity. 61. "Sanskrit titles": These are titles or names derived from Sanskrit, an ancient language of India. Sanskrit titles often indicate cultural or religious influence from India, especially in Southeast Asia, where Indian culture and religion spread. 62. Ramayana: An ancient Indian epic that narrates the life of Prince Rama, his wife Sita, and his loyal companion Hanuman. It is a significant cultural and religious text in Hinduism and has influenced art, culture, and literature across Asia. 63. Borobudur: A massive Buddhist temple located in Central Java, Indonesia. Built in the 9th century, it is a UNESCO World Heritage site and an important pilgrimage destination, known for its intricate carvings and stupas. 64. Dar al-Islam: This term refers to the \"house of Islam,\" or regions where Islam is the dominant religion and Islamic law prevails. It signifies the cultural and religious unity within the Islamic world. 65. Sub-Saharan Africa: This geographic region lies south of the Sahara Desert. It is known for its diverse cultures, languages, and histories, and played a significant role in global trade networks, especially in gold and salt. 66. Baghdad: The capital of modern-day Iraq, Baghdad was a major center of learning and culture during the Islamic Golden Age. It was the heart of the Abbasid Caliphate and home to the House of Wisdom, where scholars made significant advances in science, medicine, and philosophy. 67. Caliph: A caliph is a religious and political leader in Islam, considered a successor to the Prophet Muhammad. The caliphate was a central institution in the Islamic world, guiding the Muslim community. 68. Sultan: A sultan is a Muslim sovereign or ruler. The title was used in various Islamic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire, to denote authority and power. 69. Anatolia/Turkey: Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor, is a region in modern-day Turkey. It has been a crossroads of civilizations, including the Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans. 70. Middle East: A region that includes Western Asia and parts of North Africa. It is known for its rich history, diverse cultures, and significant geopolitical importance. 71. Janissary: An elite military unit in the Ottoman Empire, composed of Christian boys taken from their families, converted to Islam, and trained as soldiers. They played a crucial role in the empire\'s military successes. 72. Gunpowder: An explosive substance that revolutionized warfare. Originating in China, gunpowder spread to the Islamic world and Europe, leading to the development of firearms and artillery. 73. Sultanate of Delhi: A series of Muslim dynasties that ruled parts of India from the 13th to the 16th centuries. The sultanate was known for its cultural and architectural achievements and its role in spreading Islam in India. 74. Vijayanagar Empire: A powerful South Indian empire that existed from the 14th to the 17th centuries. It was known for its patronage of art and architecture, as well as its resistance to Islamic invasions. 75. Reconquista: This term refers to the series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims on the Iberian Peninsula. It began in the early 8th century and culminated in 1492 with the fall of Granada, marking the end of Muslim rule in Spain. 76. Cordoba: Once the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate in Spain, Cordoba was a major cultural, political, and economic center during the Islamic Golden Age. It was renowned for its architectural marvels, including the Great Mosque of Cordoba. 77. Granada: The last Muslim kingdom in Spain, Granada was a significant cultural and political center until its conquest by the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, in 1492, which marked the end of the Reconquista. 78. "Arabized Christians": These were Christians living under Muslim rule in Spain who adopted many aspects of Arab culture, including language and customs, while maintaining their Christian faith. 79. Bantu Languages: A group of over 500 languages spoken by the Bantu people across central and southern Africa. The spread of Bantu languages is associated with the Bantu migrations, which significantly influenced the cultural and linguistic landscape of Africa. 80. Roman Empire: A powerful ancient civilization that ruled much of Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia from 27 BCE to 476 CE. Its legacy includes significant contributions to law, politics, architecture, and language. 81. Hagia Sophia: Originally built as a cathedral in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I in 537 CE, it later became a mosque and is now a museum. It is renowned for its massive dome and architectural beauty. 82. Cyrillic Alphabet: Developed in the 9th century by Saints Cyril and Methodius, this writing system was created to translate the Bible into Slavic languages. It is still used in many Slavic countries today. 83. Holy Roman Empire: A multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806. It was considered a revival of the Western Roman Empire. 84. Venice, Genoa, Florence, Milan: These were major city-states in Italy during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They were centers of trade, commerce, and culture, playing crucial roles in the economic and artistic developments of the period. 85. "Estates of the Realm": This term refers to the social hierarchy in medieval Europe, divided into three estates: a. First Estate: The clergy, who were responsible for religious and spiritual matters. b. Second Estate: The nobility, who held political power and owned land. c. Third Estate: The commoners, including peasants, artisans, and merchants, who were responsible for producing goods and services. 86. 12\. Black Death: A devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. It killed an estimated 25-30 million people in Europe, leading to significant social, economic, and cultural changes. 87. Inventions: - Horse Collar: An invention that allowed horses to pull heavier loads more efficiently, revolutionizing agriculture and transportation in medieval Europe. - Stirrup: A device that provides stability for riders on horseback, enhancing cavalry tactics and making mounted warfare more effective. - Gunpowder : Originally invented in China, gunpowder revolutionized warfare by leading to the development of firearms and artillery. - Paper: Also invented in China, paper became a crucial medium for writing and record-keeping, facilitating the spread of knowledge and literacy. - Spinning Wheel: An invention that mechanized the process of spinning fibers into thread or yarn, significantly increasing the efficiency of textile production. - Wheelbarrow: A simple yet effective tool for transporting goods and materials, the wheelbarrow improved labor efficiency in agriculture and construction. 88. Europeans Revolutionizing Production: During this period, Europeans began to revolutionize production through various innovations. This included the development of new agricultural techniques, such as the three-field system, which increased crop yields. The use of wind and water mills also became more widespread, improving efficiency in grain processing and other tasks. These advancements contributed to economic growth and the rise of towns and cities. 89. European Universities: European universities emerged as centers of learning and intellectual activity during the Middle Ages. They played a crucial role in the development of education and the spread of knowledge. - Bologna: Founded in 1088, the University of Bologna in Italy is considered the oldest university in the world. It became famous for its law school and attracted students from across Europe. - Paris: The University of Paris, established in the mid-12th century, became a leading center for theology and philosophy. It was known for its rigorous academic standards and influential scholars. - Oxford: The University of Oxford in England, founded in the late 12th century, became renowned for its diverse range of studies, including theology, law, and the arts. It remains one of the world\'s most prestigious universities. - Cambridge: Established in 1209, the University of Cambridge in England quickly gained a reputation for excellence in education and research. It has produced many notable scholars and continues to be a leading academic institution. 90. Mesoamerica: Mesoamerica refers to a region and cultural area in the Americas, extending from central Mexico through Central America. It was home to several advanced civilizations, including the Maya and the Aztecs, known for their impressive achievements in architecture, mathematics, and astronomy. 91. Chinampas: Chinampas were a form of ancient Mesoamerican agriculture used by the Aztecs. These were small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land created in shallow lake beds. They allowed for intensive farming and supported the large population of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. 92. Tenochtitlan: Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco in present-day Mexico City. Founded in 1325, it became one of the largest and most impressive cities of its time, known for its grand temples, palaces, and complex infrastructure. 93. Huitzilopochtli: Huitzilopochtli was a major deity in the Aztec religion, often associated with the sun and war. He was considered the patron god of Tenochtitlan and played a central role in Aztec mythology and rituals, including human sacrifices. 94. Quechua: Quechua is the language of the Inca Empire, which was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. It is still spoken by millions of people in the Andes region today. The Incas used Quechua for administration and communication across their vast territories. 95. Quipu: A quipu was an ancient Inca device used for recording information. It consisted of a series of colored, knotted strings. The Incas used quipus for various purposes, including accounting, census data, and historical records, as they did not have a written language.