Chapter 1 MCQs PDF

**Chapter 1** **Question 1:** **What is one of the main goals of sociolinguistics?** **A.** To understand how language influences society\ **B.** To analyze the grammar rules of different languages\ **C.** To explore the relationship between language and social context\ **D.** To identify the ori...

**Chapter 1** **Question 1:** **What is one of the main goals of sociolinguistics?** **A.** To understand how language influences society\ **B.** To analyze the grammar rules of different languages\ **C.** To explore the relationship between language and social context\ **D.** To identify the origin of different languages **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the relationship between language and the social context in which it is used, as explained in the first paragraph of the document. (Page 1) **Question 2:** **In Example 1, why does Ray change his language when speaking to the principal?** **A.** He is trying to impress the principal\ **B.** He has a different relationship with the principal than with his mother\ **C.** He is more comfortable with the principal\ **D.** He wants to be sarcastic **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Ray shows an awareness of social factors by changing his language when speaking to the principal, reflecting the difference in his relationship with the principal compared to his mother. (Page 2) **Question 3:** **In Example 3, Margaret\'s daughter greets her with \"Hi mum.\" What does this suggest about their relationship?** **A.** It is distant and formal\ **B.** It is a respectful relationship\ **C.** They have an intimate and affectionate relationship\ **D.** It is a business-like relationship **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** The greeting \"Hi mum\" indicates an intimate and affectionate relationship between Margaret and her daughter, as opposed to the more formal language used by other participants. (Page 3) **Question 4:** **What linguistic feature distinguishes Sam\'s speech from Jim\'s in Example 4?** **A.** Jim uses more formal words than Sam\ **B.** Sam drops his aitches while Jim does not\ **C.** Jim uses more slang than Sam\ **D.** Sam uses more complex grammatical structures than Jim **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Sam \"drops his aitches\" in his speech, a pronunciation feature that distinguishes his speech from Jim\'s, reflecting their different social backgrounds. (Page 5) **Question 5:** **In Hemnesberget, why do villagers switch between Ranamål and Bokmål?** **A.** They switch based on the time of day\ **B.** They switch based on the formality of the interaction and the topic being discussed\ **C.** They are required by law to use Bokmål in official settings\ **D.** They switch based on their mood **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Villagers in Hemnesberget use Ranamål for informal, everyday interactions and switch to Bokmål for more formal occasions or when discussing topics like national politics. (Page 6) **Question 6:** **What does the term \"variety\" or \"code\" refer to in sociolinguistics?** **A.** A specific form of slang\ **B.** A set of linguistic forms used in specific social circumstances\ **C.** A written version of a spoken language\ **D.** A technical term for dialects only **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** \"Variety\" or \"code\" is a sociolinguistic term that refers to a set of linguistic forms used under specific social circumstances, such as different accents or dialects used in different contexts. (Page 7) **Question 7:** **What is the primary social factor that influences Margaret\'s choice of \"dear\" when addressing her daughter?** **A.** The formal setting\ **B.** The topic of conversation\ **C.** The affectionate relationship between mother and daughter\ **D.** The presence of other people **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** Margaret uses \"dear\" to express her affectionate feelings toward her daughter, which is influenced by their close and intimate relationship. (Page 3) **Question 8:** **Why might students from Hemnesberget switch to Bokmål when discussing national politics?** **A.** It is more prestigious than Ranamål\ **B.** They are required to use Bokmål in formal conversations\ **C.** National politics is a topic that they associate with discussions outside the village, which are typically conducted in Bokmål\ **D.** Ranamål does not have the vocabulary to discuss politics **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** The students associate the topic of national politics with discussions in Bokmål because it is the standard dialect used in more formal or national contexts. (Page 6) **Question 9:** **Which of the following is an example of language being used primarily for an affective function?** **A.** \"Here is the weather forecast for today.\"\ **B.** \"Good morning, little one -- you had a good big sleep, didn't you, pet?\"\ **C.** \"Please deposit the trash in the bin.\"\ **D.** \"The capital of France is Paris.\" **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** This utterance is primarily concerned with expressing affection and emotion, which is characteristic of the affective function of language. (Page 10-11) **Question 10:** **What does the solidarity--social distance scale measure?** **A.** The level of intimacy or distance between participants in a conversation\ **B.** The length of the conversation\ **C.** The formality of the situation\ **D.** The number of languages a person speaks **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** The solidarity--social distance scale measures how well the participants know each other, with a focus on the level of intimacy or distance in their relationship. (Page 9-10) **Question 11:** **What type of linguistic variation is illustrated by the difference between \"refuse should be deposited\" and \"put your rubbish in the bin\"?** **A.** Variation in vocabulary and grammar\ **B.** Accents and pronunciation\ **C.** Dialectal variation\ **D.** Word order **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** The two sentences differ in vocabulary (\"refuse\" vs. \"rubbish\") and grammar (passive voice vs. imperative), reflecting different levels of formality. (Page 5) **Question 12:** **Why is sociolinguistic variation easiest to observe when different languages are involved?** **A.** Different languages have clear, distinct rules\ **B.** The contrast between languages makes social factors more visible\ **C.** Sociolinguists focus only on multilingual communities\ **D.** Language variations are more frequent in multilingual societies **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The use of different languages in various social contexts makes it easier to observe how social factors influence linguistic choices, as the contrasts between languages are more apparent. (Page 12) **Question 13:** **What does the term \"linguistic repertoire\" refer to?** **A.** The list of grammatical rules a person knows\ **B.** The complete set of languages, dialects, or styles a person uses\ **C.** The vocabulary size of a person\ **D.** The types of scripts a person can write **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** A linguistic repertoire includes all the varieties of language (languages, dialects, and styles) a person uses in different social contexts. (Page 8) **Question 14:** **In sociolinguistics, which scale would be most relevant for analyzing a conversation between a boss and an employee?** **A.** Solidarity-social distance scale\ **B.** Status scale\ **C.** Referential function scale\ **D.** Affective function scale **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The status scale is relevant in this case, as it measures the relative status differences between participants, such as between a boss and an employee. (Page 10) **Question 15:** **What non-linguistic factor is most likely to influence language choice in a formal setting like a courtroom?** **A.** The topic of conversation\ **B.** The formality of the setting\ **C.** The relationship between the participants\ **D.** The time of day **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The formality of the setting, such as a courtroom, is a key factor influencing language choice, often leading to more formal and structured language use. (Page 10) **Question 16:** **What does Ray\'s use of the term \"bastard\" in Example 1 indicate about his feelings towards the teacher?** **A.** He is respectful towards his teacher\ **B.** He feels affection for his teacher\ **C.** He is angry or frustrated with his teacher\ **D.** He is indifferent to his teacher **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** Ray\'s use of the term \"bastard\" indicates that he is expressing frustration or anger towards the teacher. This choice of language also reflects the informal and intimate nature of his conversation with his mother. (Page 2) **Question 17:** **Which of the following best explains why people use different styles of language in different social contexts?** **A.** To avoid misunderstandings\ **B.** To reflect their emotional state\ **C.** To convey social meaning and adapt to the social context\ **D.** To show off their linguistic skills **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** People use different linguistic styles to convey social meaning and adapt to the social context, as sociolinguists are interested in how language reflects social relationships and identity. (Page 1-2) **Question 18:** **Which social factor most likely influences Margaret\'s use of \"goodbye Mike\" (to her business partner) and \"bye Jill\" (to her secretary)?** **A.** The setting of the interaction\ **B.** The formality of the relationship\ **C.** The time of day\ **D.** The mood of the speaker **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The difference in how Margaret addresses her business partner (\"Mike\") and her secretary (\"Jill\") reflects the formality and nature of these relationships. Her more formal relationship with her business partner leads to the use of \"goodbye Mike.\" (Page 3) **Question 19:** **What aspect of Ray's language illustrates that his relationship with his mother is informal and friendly?** **A.** His use of \"sir\"\ **B.** His use of \"bastard\"\ **C.** His use of \"Nana\"\ **D.** His use of \"sorry\" **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Ray's use of the word \"bastard\" in front of his mother, but not in front of his grandmother or the principal, indicates an informal and friendly relationship with his mother. (Page 2) **Question 20:** **Why is the choice of address important in sociolinguistics?** **A.** It reflects the speaker\'s knowledge of grammar\ **B.** It conveys social information, such as the relationship between the speaker and the addressee\ **C.** It ensures the conversation is polite\ **D.** It avoids misunderstandings **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The choice of address (e.g., using first names, nicknames, or formal titles) conveys important social information, such as the relationship between the speaker and the addressee and the level of formality. (Page 3-4) **Question 21:** **In Example 5, which sentence uses more formal vocabulary and grammar?** **A.** \"Put your rubbish in the bin, Jilly.\"\ **B.** \"Refuse should be deposited in the receptacle provided.\"\ **C.** \"Give me the right money and tell me where you're going.\"\ **D.** \"Please tender exact fare and state destination.\" **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The sentence \"Refuse should be deposited in the receptacle provided\" uses more formal vocabulary (e.g., \"refuse\" vs. \"rubbish\") and a passive grammatical structure, making it more formal than the other options. (Page 5) **Question 22:** **What does the term \"code-switching\" refer to in sociolinguistics?** **A.** Changing topics in a conversation\ **B.** Switching between different languages or dialects depending on the social context\ **C.** Using slang in informal conversations\ **D.** Speaking faster or slower depending on the listener **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** \"Code-switching\" refers to the practice of switching between different languages or dialects depending on the social context, as illustrated in the Hemnesberget example where students switch between Ranamål and Bokmål. (Page 6) **Question 23:** **Why might someone be considered \"stuck up\" for using Bokmål in informal settings in Hemnesberget?** **A.** It is seen as too formal and distant for everyday interactions\ **B.** Bokmål is not widely understood in Hemnesberget\ **C.** People in Hemnesberget are required to use Ranamål\ **D.** Bokmål is associated with younger generations **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** In Hemnesberget, using Bokmål in informal, everyday settings (e.g., buying petrol) is seen as overly formal and distant, which may cause others to view the speaker as \"stuck up\" or \"putting on airs.\" (Page 6) **Question 24:** **Which of the following best describes why Margaret's friend greets her with \"sut wyt ti\"?** **A.** To demonstrate that they are of the same social class\ **B.** To indicate her Welsh ethnicity\ **C.** To show affection\ **D.** To express frustration **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Margaret's friend uses the Welsh greeting \"sut wyt ti\" to indicate her Welsh ethnicity, highlighting how linguistic choices can provide clues about a speaker's background. (Page 3) **Question 25:** **In Example 7, what language was traditionally used in the village of Sauris for communication within the family and with neighbors?** **A.** Friulian\ **B.** Italian\ **C.** English\ **D.** A German dialect **Key Answer:** **D**\ **Explanation:** In the village of Sauris, a German dialect was traditionally used for communication within the family and with neighbors. (Page 7) **Question 26:** **Why do young men in Sauris tend to use Friulian in the pub, according to Example 7?** **A.** Friulian is the language of business in the region\ **B.** Friulian is associated with friendship and solidarity among the young men\ **C.** Friulian is used to avoid being overheard by outsiders\ **D.** Friulian is easier to speak than German **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The young men in Sauris use Friulian in the pub because it has become a language of friendship and solidarity among them, especially after attending secondary school together in a nearby town. (Page 7) **Question 27:** **Which of the following would most likely be considered a \"variety\" in sociolinguistics?** **A.** A language spoken only by children\ **B.** A set of linguistic forms used in particular social contexts\ **C.** A written form of a spoken language\ **D.** A slang term used by a specific group **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** In sociolinguistics, a \"variety\" refers to a set of linguistic forms used in specific social contexts, which can include different accents, dialects, or even languages. (Page 7) **Question 28:** **What does the example of Sauris, Italy, illustrate about linguistic variety?** **A.** Linguistic variety is only relevant in multilingual communities\ **B.** People often manipulate linguistic norms to make a point\ **C.** Linguistic variety is irrelevant in small communities\ **D.** People only speak one language in a social context **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The example from Sauris, where a woman uses German to berate her husband in the pub, illustrates how people can manipulate linguistic norms, such as switching languages, to make a point in a particular social context. (Page 7) **Question 29:** **In sociolinguistics, why are dialects important to study?** **A.** Dialects are considered the only true form of language\ **B.** Dialects provide insight into social structures and relationships within communities\ **C.** Dialects are disappearing and need to be preserved\ **D.** Dialects are easier to learn than standard languages **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Dialects are important in sociolinguistics because they provide insight into social structures and relationships within communities, as different dialects may signal a speaker\'s social identity, class, or regional background. (Page 6) **Question 30:** **The variation in Sam's and Jim's pronunciation in Example 4 is due to:** **A.** Their age difference\ **B.** Their regional backgrounds\ **C.** Their different educations and occupations\ **D.** Their mood during the conversation **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** The variation in Sam's and Jim's pronunciation, particularly Sam's \[h\]-dropping, is due to their different educations and occupations, which reflect their social backgrounds. (Page 5) **Question 31:** **In sociolinguistics, what is the term used to describe the phenomenon where people modify their language based on who they are speaking to?** **A.** Language change\ **B.** Code-switching\ **C.** Language shift\ **D.** Style-shifting **Key Answer:** **D**\ **Explanation:** Style-shifting refers to the way people modify their language depending on the social context and who they are speaking to, as shown when Ray changes his language when speaking to his principal versus his mother. (Page 2) **Question 32:** **What does Margaret\'s use of \"Mrs Walker\" in Example 3 when responding to the caretaker indicate?** **A.** She is signaling a more formal relationship with the caretaker\ **B.** She is showing affection\ **C.** She is angry with the caretaker\ **D.** She is confused about how to address him **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** Margaret uses \"Mrs Walker\" when speaking to the caretaker to signal a more formal relationship, compared to the informal greetings used with other people, such as \"bye Jill.\" (Page 3) **Question 33:** **Why is Ray\'s use of \"Good afternoon, sir\" to the principal significant?** **A.** It shows that Ray is trying to be sarcastic\ **B.** It reflects Ray's awareness of the principal's higher social status\ **C.** It indicates that Ray is friends with the principal\ **D.** It shows that Ray is angry **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Ray's use of \"Good afternoon, sir\" reflects his awareness of the principal's higher social status and the formal context of their interaction, compared to the informal language he uses with his mother. (Page 2) **Question 34:** **What does Ray\'s relationship with his mother, as shown in Example 1, tell us about language and social identity?** **A.** Language choices don\'t reflect relationships\ **B.** Ray\'s language shows that he has a formal relationship with his mother\ **C.** Ray's informal language reflects a close and friendly relationship with his mother\ **D.** Ray\'s language shows he is indifferent to his mother **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** Ray\'s informal language (such as using the term \"bastard\") shows that he has a close and friendly relationship with his mother, contrasting with his more formal language when talking to his principal. (Page 2) **Question 35:** **In Example 5, why would it be odd for a mother to say, \"Refuse should be deposited in the receptacle provided\" to her child?** **A.** It is too formal for the context\ **B.** It is not clear what she means\ **C.** It is grammatically incorrect\ **D.** It is a dialectal expression **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** The sentence \"Refuse should be deposited in the receptacle provided\" is too formal for the context of a mother speaking to her child, which would typically involve a more informal directive like \"Put your rubbish in the bin.\" (Page 5) **Question 36:** **Which of the following is an example of language used for a *referential* function?** **A.** \"I'm so happy to see you!\"\ **B.** \"Could you please pass the salt?\"\ **C.** \"The capital of France is Paris.\"\ **D.** \"Wow, what a beautiful sunset!\" **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** The sentence \"The capital of France is Paris\" is used to convey factual information and serves a referential function, which is focused on providing content or information. (Page 4) **Question 37:** **What aspect of speech does \[h\]-dropping in Example 4 reflect?** **A.** Grammatical differences\ **B.** Social class and background\ **C.** Gender\ **D.** Emotional tone **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Sam's \[h\]-dropping reflects his social class and background, as it is a feature associated with less formal speech and certain regional or working-class accents, whereas Jim, the local MP, does not drop his aitches. (Page 5) **Question 38:** **What does the term \"linguistic repertoire\" refer to in sociolinguistics?** **A.** The number of languages a person knows\ **B.** The set of linguistic varieties a person uses in different social contexts\ **C.** The grammatical rules of a language\ **D.** The way a person pronounces words **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** A linguistic repertoire refers to the set of linguistic varieties (e.g., languages, dialects, styles) that a person can use in different social contexts, showing their ability to adapt language to different situations. (Page 8) **Question 39:** **In Example 6, why do students from Hemnesberget switch between Ranamål and Bokmål?** **A.** They switch based on the topic of conversation and formality\ **B.** They switch languages to avoid being understood\ **C.** They switch because Ranamål is no longer spoken in the village\ **D.** They do not switch languages but use only Ranamål **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** The students from Hemnesberget switch between Ranamål and Bokmål depending on the topic of conversation and formality, using Ranamål for informal settings and Bokmål for more formal or national topics like politics. (Page 6) **Question 40:** **What does Margaret\'s choice of \"Meg\" when speaking to her friend indicate?** **A.** A formal relationship with her friend\ **B.** Her Welsh ethnicity\ **C.** An informal and affectionate relationship\ **D.** A professional relationship **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** Margaret's use of \"Meg\" with her friend indicates an informal and affectionate relationship, contrasting with the more formal \"Mrs Billington\" used by the president of the local flower club. (Page 3) **Question 41:** **Which of the following is an example of a *solidarity* function in language?** **A.** \"Hello, Mr. Smith. How can I assist you today?\"\ **B.** \"Hey buddy, how's it going?\"\ **C.** \"The train leaves at 5 p.m.\"\ **D.** \"Could you please open the door?\" **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** \"Hey buddy, how's it going?\" expresses solidarity and familiarity, showing an informal and friendly relationship between the speaker and the listener. (Page 9-10) **Question 42:** **What social factor is most likely influencing the use of \"Mrs Billington\" in Example 3?** **A.** The formality of the situation\ **B.** The closeness of the relationship\ **C.** The region where the conversation takes place\ **D.** The emotional state of the speaker **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** The use of \"Mrs Billington\" reflects the formality of the situation, as it is used by the president of the local flower club in a formal context, contrasting with the informal \"Meg\" used by Margaret's friend. (Page 3) **Question 43:** **What does the choice of passive voice in \"Refuse should be deposited in the receptacle provided\" indicate about the sentence?** **A.** It is informal and direct\ **B.** It is formal and impersonal\ **C.** It is emotional and expressive\ **D.** It is friendly and casual **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The passive voice in \"Refuse should be deposited in the receptacle provided\" makes the sentence more formal and impersonal, as it avoids mentioning the person responsible for depositing the refuse. (Page 5) **Question 44:** **What is the main reason Margaret\'s mother might use \"Margaret\" instead of a nickname?** **A.** To express affection\ **B.** To express annoyance or formality\ **C.** To indicate respect\ **D.** To show solidarity **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Margaret's mother might use \"Margaret\" instead of a nickname like \"dear\" to express annoyance or formality, as nicknames often indicate affection or informality. (Page 3) **Question 45:** **In sociolinguistics, what is meant by \"formal language\"?** **A.** Language that uses slang and casual words\ **B.** Language used in informal, everyday settings\ **C.** Language that follows strict grammatical rules and is used in more serious or official contexts\ **D.** Language that is only written, not spoken **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** Formal language is characterized by the use of strict grammatical rules, more complex vocabulary, and is typically used in serious or official contexts such as meetings, legal settings, or academic writing. (Page 5) **Question 46:** **In Example 5, what type of variation is illustrated by the difference between \"Please tender exact fare and state destination\" and \"Give me the right money and tell me where you're going\"?** **A.** Only pronunciation variation\ **B.** Grammatical and vocabulary variation\ **C.** Only dialectal variation\ **D.** Phonetic variation **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The difference between \"Please tender exact fare and state destination\" and \"Give me the right money and tell me where you're going\" involves both grammatical (e.g., \"please tender\" vs. \"give me\") and vocabulary variation (e.g., \"exact fare\" vs. \"right money\"). (Page 5) **Question 47:** **Which linguistic feature commonly signals a more formal style?** **A.** The use of slang\ **B.** The use of contractions\ **C.** The use of passive voice\ **D.** The use of informal greetings **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** The passive voice is often used in more formal styles of writing and speaking, as it makes the sentence more impersonal and structured. (Page 5) **Question 48:** **What is one reason why people might use different *names* or *forms of address* for the same person in different contexts?** **A.** To avoid confusing the listener\ **B.** To reflect the relationship and social context of the interaction\ **C.** To show off their linguistic skills\ **D.** To seem more intelligent **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** People use different names or forms of address for the same person in different contexts to reflect the nature of the relationship and the formality or informality of the social context. (Page 3) **Question 49:** **In Example 7 from Sauris, why is the German dialect used primarily within the family and local community?** **A.** It is the only language spoken in the village\ **B.** It is considered more prestigious than other languages\ **C.** It reflects the historical and ethnic identity of the village\ **D.** It is required by law to be used in the household **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** The German dialect reflects the historical and ethnic identity of the village, being traditionally used within the family and local community, while Italian and Friulian are used in more public settings. (Page 7) **Question 50:** **What does the term \"diglossia\" refer to in sociolinguistics?** **A.** The use of two separate languages in different contexts within a community\ **B.** The switching between informal and formal language\ **C.** The use of slang in everyday speech\ **D.** The mixing of two languages in a single sentence **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** \"Diglossia\" refers to a situation in which two distinct languages or varieties are used by a community in different contexts, often with one being used in formal settings (e.g., Bokmål) and another in informal settings (e.g., Ranamål). (Page 6) **Question 51:** **What does sociolinguistics reveal about the way people construct their social identity?** **A.** People use language to hide their identity\ **B.** People use different linguistic forms to express and construct their social identity in various contexts\ **C.** Language and social identity are completely unrelated\ **D.** People only use one language to represent their identity **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Sociolinguistics reveals that people use different linguistic forms (such as vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar) to express and construct aspects of their social identity, depending on the social context. (Page 1) **Question 52:** **Why might a speaker choose to use more formal language in a conversation with a stranger?** **A.** To express solidarity\ **B.** To indicate social distance or respect\ **C.** To show familiarity\ **D.** To confuse the listener **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** A speaker may use more formal language with a stranger to indicate social distance or respect, as formal language is often used in unfamiliar or distant social relationships. (Page 9-10) **Question 53:** **In Example 4, what does Jim\'s use of standard English, without \[h\]-dropping, suggest about his social status?** **A.** Jim is less educated than Sam\ **B.** Jim's speech reflects his higher social status as a local MP\ **C.** Jim is trying to imitate Sam's speech\ **D.** Jim has a regional accent **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Jim's use of standard English, without \[h\]-dropping, reflects his higher social status as a local MP, in contrast to Sam, who drops his aitches, indicating a working-class background. (Page 5) **Question 54:** **In Example 6, why would a villager in Hemnesberget choose to use Bokmål when discussing national politics?** **A.** Bokmål is considered more appropriate for formal topics like national politics\ **B.** Ranamål does not have the vocabulary for political discussions\ **C.** The law requires the use of Bokmål for political conversations\ **D.** Bokmål is the only language spoken in Hemnesberget **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** Bokmål is considered more appropriate for formal topics like national politics, while Ranamål is used for informal, local conversations. This reflects the villagers\' ability to switch between linguistic varieties based on the formality of the topic. (Page 6) **Question 55:** **What does the use of \"bye Jill\" (informal) versus \"goodbye Mike\" (formal) in Example 3 illustrate about sociolinguistic variation?** **A.** That formal greetings are always preferred\ **B.** That different forms of address are used depending on the formality of the relationship\ **C.** That people always use nicknames in conversations\ **D.** That informal greetings are inappropriate in formal settings **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The contrast between \"bye Jill\" and \"goodbye Mike\" illustrates how different forms of address are used depending on the formality of the relationship, with \"Jill\" being addressed informally and \"Mike\" more formally. (Page 3) **Question 56:** **Why is language considered a marker of social identity in sociolinguistics?** **A.** People always use the same language in every context\ **B.** Language reflects a person's social class, ethnicity, and background through the linguistic choices they make\ **C.** People use language to confuse others\ **D.** Language does not relate to social identity **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** In sociolinguistics, language is considered a marker of social identity because it reflects a person's social class, ethnicity, background, and even relationships through their linguistic choices, such as vocabulary and pronunciation. (Page 1) **Question 57:** **Why do young men in Sauris tend to use Friulian in the pub, according to Example 7?** **A.** To distance themselves from older generations\ **B.** To express friendship and solidarity among their peers\ **C.** Because Friulian is the only language spoken in Sauris\ **D.** To show respect for their elders **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The young men in Sauris use Friulian in the pub as a marker of friendship and solidarity among their peers, especially after attending school in a nearby town where Friulian is more common. (Page 7) **Question 58:** **What is the main difference between the *referential* and *affective* functions of language?** **A.** The referential function focuses on conveying information, while the affective function conveys emotions and feelings\ **B.** The referential function is used in informal settings, while the affective function is used in formal settings\ **C.** The referential function is used only in written language, while the affective function is used in spoken language\ **D.** The referential function is used to ask questions, while the affective function is used to make commands **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** The referential function of language focuses on conveying factual information, while the affective function is concerned with expressing emotions, feelings, and attitudes. (Page 4) **Question 59:** **What does sociolinguistic research reveal about *code-switching*?** **A.** People randomly switch languages in conversation\ **B.** Code-switching is a deliberate strategy used by speakers to navigate different social contexts\ **C.** Code-switching is unintentional and unconscious\ **D.** Code-switching is only found in multilingual societies **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Sociolinguistic research shows that code-switching is a deliberate strategy used by speakers to navigate different social contexts, reflecting factors such as formality, topic, and the relationship between the speakers. (Page 6) **Question 60:** **What does the use of Ranamål in informal contexts in Hemnesberget illustrate about language variation?** **A.** Language variation only happens in formal settings\ **B.** Language variation is based on the social context, with Ranamål used for local, informal conversations\ **C.** Ranamål is always used regardless of context\ **D.** Language variation does not exist in small communities **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** In Hemnesberget, Ranamål is used in informal, local conversations, while Bokmål is reserved for more formal or national topics, illustrating how language variation is influenced by social context. (Page 6) **Question 61:** **In Example 5, why is \"Refuse should be deposited in the receptacle provided\" considered more formal than \"Put your rubbish in the bin\"?** **A.** It uses more complex vocabulary and a passive voice\ **B.** It is shorter and more direct\ **C.** It is spoken faster\ **D.** It uses slang **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** \"Refuse should be deposited in the receptacle provided\" is more formal because it uses complex vocabulary (\"refuse\" and \"receptacle\") and a passive voice, compared to the more direct and informal \"Put your rubbish in the bin.\" (Page 5) **Question 62:** **What is the *status scale* used for in sociolinguistics?** **A.** To measure the emotional tone of a conversation\ **B.** To assess the relative social status or power difference between participants\ **C.** To evaluate the length of a conversation\ **D.** To measure the number of languages spoken by a person **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The status scale is used to assess the relative social status or power difference between participants in a conversation, such as the relationship between a boss and an employee. (Page 10) **Question 63:** **What is the main linguistic feature that distinguishes Sam's speech from Jim's in Example 4?** **A.** Sam's use of slang\ **B.** Sam's \[h\]-dropping\ **C.** Jim's use of contractions\ **D.** Jim's use of colloquial expressions **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Sam's speech is distinguished by his \[h\]-dropping, a feature associated with certain regional and working-class accents, whereas Jim, a local MP, does not drop his aitches. (Page 5) **Question 64:** **Why might Margaret's mother use \"dear\" when addressing Margaret in Example 3?** **A.** To express affection and solidarity\ **B.** To show formality\ **C.** To indicate distance\ **D.** To show disapproval **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** Margaret's mother uses \"dear\" to express affection and solidarity, reflecting the close and familiar relationship between them. (Page 3) **Question 65:** **In sociolinguistics, what does the term \"code\" usually refer to?** **A.** A specific form of slang\ **B.** A variety or dialect of a language used in particular social settings\ **C.** A secret language\ **D.** A written form of a spoken language **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** In sociolinguistics, \"code\" refers to a variety or dialect of a language that is used in specific social settings, such as different formal and informal registers or dialects. (Page 7) **Question 66:** **Why might a sociolinguist be interested in studying how people greet each other in different contexts?** **A.** To understand grammatical rules\ **B.** To explore how language reflects social relationships and cultural norms\ **C.** To prove that greetings are the most important part of language\ **D.** To find out which greeting is the most popular **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** A sociolinguist would be interested in studying greetings to explore how language reflects social relationships, cultural norms, and the formality or informality of the context. (Page 3) **Question 67:** **What does Ray's use of different language styles when talking to his mother and principal illustrate?** **A.** Ray is inconsistent in his speech\ **B.** Ray is confused about how to speak in different contexts\ **C.** Ray adjusts his language based on the formality of the social context\ **D.** Ray is overly formal in all settings **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** Ray's use of informal language with his mother and formal language with his principal illustrates *style-shifting*---adjusting language based on the social context and the relationship between the speakers. (Page 2) **Question 68:** **What is the primary purpose of using a formal style of language in certain contexts?** **A.** To express emotions\ **B.** To entertain the listener\ **C.** To show respect or maintain social distance\ **D.** To confuse the listener **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** Formal styles of language are often used to show respect or maintain social distance, especially in professional, academic, or formal social settings. (Page 9-10) **Question 69:** **Which of the following is an example of *code-switching*?** **A.** A teacher using formal English in class but informal slang with friends\ **B.** A speaker changing their tone of voice depending on the listener\ **C.** A person switching between English and Spanish during a conversation\ **D.** A writer using passive voice in an essay but active voice in a letter **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** *Code-switching* involves switching between different languages or dialects within a conversation, often depending on the social context or the topic. For example, switching between English and Spanish is a clear example of code-switching. (Page 6) **Question 70:** **How does the use of \"Mrs Billington\" by the president of the flower club reflect the social context?** **A.** It indicates a close personal relationship\ **B.** It reflects the formality of the setting and the relationship\ **C.** It is a show of disrespect\ **D.** It is an attempt to confuse the listener **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The use of \"Mrs Billington\" reflects the formality of the setting and the president's respect for Margaret's formal role in the club. In contrast, her friend uses \"Meg\" to show their informal and personal relationship. (Page 3) **Question 71:** **In sociolinguistics, what is meant by a *speech community*?** **A.** A group of people who speak the same language or dialect\ **B.** A group of people who live in the same region\ **C.** A group of people who share the same profession\ **D.** A group of people who have the same level of education **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** A *speech community* is a group of people who share the same language or dialect and follow the same linguistic norms in communication, often forming a distinct cultural or social group. (Page 7) **Question 72:** **What does the use of *Friulian* by young men in Sauris in the pub indicate about language and identity?** **A.** Language is used to express professional identity\ **B.** Language is used to indicate solidarity and social belonging\ **C.** Language is used to distance themselves from their friends\ **D.** Language is used to imitate older generations **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The use of Friulian by young men in the pub demonstrates how language can express solidarity and social belonging, particularly among peers who share common experiences, like attending school together in a nearby town. (Page 7) **Question 73:** **Which of the following is an example of a *solidarity* function in language?** **A.** \"Excuse me, could you please help me with this?\"\ **B.** \"Hey, how's it going?\"\ **C.** \"The capital of Spain is Madrid.\"\ **D.** \"Please submit your report by Friday.\" **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** \"Hey, how's it going?\" is an example of a solidarity function in language, as it expresses a friendly, informal tone that reinforces social bonds and solidarity between speakers. (Page 9-10) **Question 74:** **Why might a speaker deliberately use a formal style in a conversation with a friend?** **A.** To mock or distance themselves from the friend\ **B.** To show affection\ **C.** To confuse the friend\ **D.** To express familiarity **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** A speaker might deliberately use a formal style in a conversation with a friend to create distance, mock, or signal a shift in the tone of the interaction, as formal language is less familiar and intimate than informal language. (Page 9-10) **Question 75:** **What is the distinction between *style-shifting* and *code-switching*?** **A.** Style-shifting refers to switching between different languages, while code-switching refers to changing formal or informal styles\ **B.** Style-shifting involves changing between levels of formality, while code-switching refers to switching between different languages or dialects\ **C.** Style-shifting is only used in written language, while code-switching is used in spoken language\ **D.** Style-shifting occurs within a single sentence, while code-switching occurs between sentences **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** *Style-shifting* involves changing between levels of formality or speech registers within the same language, while *code-switching* refers to switching between entirely different languages or dialects. (Page 2, 6) **Question 76:** **Why is *Bokmål* considered more appropriate for formal contexts in Hemnesberget?** **A.** Bokmål is the only language spoken in Hemnesberget\ **B.** Bokmål is associated with formal institutions and national matters\ **C.** Bokmål is considered easier to speak than Ranamål\ **D.** Bokmål is used to create a sense of intimacy **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Bokmål is associated with formal institutions, national matters, and official settings in Norway, which makes it more appropriate for formal contexts in Hemnesberget, while Ranamål is used in informal, local settings. (Page 6) **Question 77:** **In Example 7 from Sauris, why does a woman use the German dialect to berate her husband in public?** **A.** To show respect for tradition\ **B.** To express anger in a language associated with the private sphere\ **C.** To confuse others around them\ **D.** To mock her husband **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The woman uses the German dialect to berate her husband in public because that dialect is associated with the private, familial sphere, which adds emotional weight to her words and emphasizes her anger. (Page 7) **Question 78:** **In sociolinguistics, why is the study of *address forms* (e.g., first names, titles) important?** **A.** To determine the correct pronunciation of names\ **B.** To understand how social relationships and hierarchies are reflected through language\ **C.** To learn the proper way to greet people\ **D.** To develop new languages **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The study of address forms is important in sociolinguistics because it helps reveal how social relationships, hierarchies, and levels of formality are expressed and maintained through the language choices people make when addressing each other. (Page 3) **Question 79:** **What does the term \"vernacular\" refer to in sociolinguistics?** **A.** A formal variety of a language used in official settings\ **B.** A language that is learned in school\ **C.** The everyday, informal language spoken by people within a community\ **D.** A written form of a spoken language **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** In sociolinguistics, \"vernacular\" refers to the everyday, informal language spoken by people within a community, often in contrast with more formal or standardized varieties. (Page 7) **Question 80:** **Which of the following best describes the *affective* function of language?** **A.** To provide factual information\ **B.** To express emotions, attitudes, or feelings\ **C.** To give commands or instructions\ **D.** To describe physical objects **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The *affective* function of language is focused on expressing the speaker's emotions, attitudes, or feelings, rather than conveying factual information. (Page 4) **Question 81:** **Why is it significant that Sam drops his aitches in Example 4?** **A.** It reflects his emotional state\ **B.** It indicates his social and regional background\ **C.** It shows that he is imitating Jim's speech\ **D.** It is a sign of respect **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Sam's \[h\]-dropping is significant because it reflects his social and regional background, as \[h\]-dropping is a feature commonly associated with working-class accents in certain regions of England. (Page 5) **Question 82:** **Which of the following is a key feature of a *high* variety in a diglossic community?** **A.** It is used in informal, everyday conversations\ **B.** It is used in formal, institutional, or official settings\ **C.** It is spoken only by children\ **D.** It is used for jokes and casual interactions **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** In a diglossic community, the *high* variety is used in formal, institutional, or official settings (such as government, education, or religion), while the *low* variety is used in informal, everyday conversations. (Page 6) **Question 83:** **What is the social function of *address terms* like \"sir\" or \"madam\"?** **A.** To express solidarity\ **B.** To express formality and respect\ **C.** To express anger\ **D.** To express confusion **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** *Address terms* like \"sir\" or \"madam\" are typically used to express formality and respect, especially in interactions where there is a social distance or power difference between the speakers. (Page 3) **Question 84:** **Why might someone use *Ranamål* instead of *Bokmål* when buying petrol in Hemnesberget?** **A.** To signal informality and local identity\ **B.** To show respect for national institutions\ **C.** To avoid being understood by outsiders\ **D.** To demonstrate an advanced level of education **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** Someone might use *Ranamål* when buying petrol in Hemnesberget to signal informality and local identity, as *Ranamål* is the local dialect used in everyday, informal interactions. (Page 6) **Question 85:** **What does the term *standard language* refer to in sociolinguistics?** **A.** A language that is spoken only in rural areas\ **B.** A prestigious variety of a language that is often used in formal writing and institutions\ **C.** A language that is used for informal conversations\ **D.** A language that is only spoken by older generations **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** In sociolinguistics, a *standard language* refers to a prestigious variety of a language that is often used in formal writing, education, government, and other institutions, typically seen as the \"correct\" or \"official\" form of the language. (Page 5) **Question 86:** **In sociolinguistics, what is the primary function of using informal language with close friends?** **A.** To create social distance\ **B.** To express emotions and solidarity\ **C.** To show respect\ **D.** To maintain formality **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Informal language with close friends is often used to express emotions, familiarity, and solidarity, reflecting the close relationship between the speakers. (Page 9-10) **Question 87:** **What does the concept of *language shift* refer to in sociolinguistics?** **A.** A community adopting a new language and abandoning the old one over time\ **B.** A speaker changing their tone of voice\ **C.** A person switching between formal and informal language\ **D.** A community adding new slang to their language **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** *Language shift* refers to the process by which a community gradually adopts a new language and abandons their original language, often due to social, political, or economic pressures. (Page 7) **Question 88:** **Which of the following is an example of *convergence* in sociolinguistics?** **A.** Two speakers from different social classes adjusting their speech to sound more similar to each other\ **B.** A person deliberately using a different dialect to distance themselves from their conversation partner\ **C.** A speaker maintaining their original accent despite social pressure\ **D.** A person speaking two languages simultaneously **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** *Convergence* occurs when speakers adjust their speech to sound more like each other, often to reduce social distance or express solidarity. This can happen when people from different regions or social classes interact. (Page 9-10) **Question 89:** **In sociolinguistics, how is *language maintenance* different from *language shift*?** **A.** *Language maintenance* involves preserving a language, while *language shift* refers to abandoning one language in favor of another\ **B.** *Language shift* happens in written language, while *language maintenance* happens in spoken language\ **C.** *Language maintenance* only happens in multilingual societies, while *language shift* only happens in monolingual societies\ **D.** *Language maintenance* is a temporary phenomenon, while *language shift* is permanent **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** *Language maintenance* refers to the efforts to preserve and continue using a language within a community, while *language shift* involves the gradual abandonment of one language in favor of another. (Page 7) **Question 90:** **What does the term *ethnolinguistic vitality* refer to?** **A.** The level of energy people use when speaking\ **B.** The degree to which a language is actively spoken and maintained by a community\ **C.** The number of new words added to a language each year\ **D.** The speed at which a language is spoken **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** *Ethnolinguistic vitality* refers to the degree to which a language is actively spoken, maintained, and passed on by its community, which reflects the language's chances of surviving over time. (Page 7) **Question 91:** **When a speaker uses more formal language to speak to a supervisor, this is an example of:** **A.** Code-mixing\ **B.** Style-shifting\ **C.** Convergence\ **D.** Language shift **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** *Style-shifting* refers to adjusting one's language or speech style based on the formality of the situation or the status of the listener. In this case, the speaker uses formal language to reflect the hierarchical relationship. (Page 2) **Question 92:** **Which of the following is an example of a *low* variety in a diglossic community?** **A.** A language used in formal education and government settings\ **B.** A language used in casual, everyday conversations at home\ **C.** A language used in international business\ **D.** A language used only in written communication **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** In a diglossic community, the *low* variety is the language or dialect used in informal, everyday contexts, such as casual conversations at home, while the *high* variety is used in formal settings. (Page 6) **Question 93:** **Why might a speaker use a high-prestige variety of a language in public but switch to a low-prestige variety at home?** **A.** To express solidarity with family members and formality in public\ **B.** To confuse listeners\ **C.** To show off their linguistic skills\ **D.** To maintain consistency in their language use **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** A speaker might use a high-prestige variety of a language in public to reflect formality or social status, while switching to a low-prestige variety at home to express solidarity and familiarity with family members. (Page 7) **Question 94:** **What does the term *sociolinguistic competence* refer to?** **A.** The ability to speak multiple languages fluently\ **B.** The ability to use language appropriately in different social contexts\ **C.** The ability to use formal grammar correctly\ **D.** The ability to translate between languages **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** *Sociolinguistic competence* refers to the ability to use language appropriately in different social contexts, such as knowing when to speak formally or informally, or when to code-switch. (Page 9-10) **Question 95:** **In sociolinguistics, what does the term *bilingualism* refer to?** **A.** The ability to speak two languages fluently\ **B.** The ability to switch between two dialects of the same language\ **C.** The ability to speak in two different tones of voice\ **D.** The ability to use both formal and informal language **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** *Bilingualism* refers to the ability of an individual to speak two languages fluently, often switching between them depending on the social context or conversational partner. (Page 6) **Question 96:** **Which of the following is an example of *language death*?** **A.** A community stops using their native language as younger generations adopt a different language\ **B.** A language is no longer written but still spoken\ **C.** A language adds new vocabulary from another language\ **D.** A language is used only in religious ceremonies **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** *Language death* occurs when a community stops using its native language entirely, often as younger generations adopt a different, more dominant language, leading to the original language\'s extinction. (Page 7) **Question 97:** **What is the *referential* function of language concerned with?** **A.** Expressing emotions and feelings\ **B.** Conveying factual information or content\ **C.** Asking for help\ **D.** Showing solidarity **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** The *referential* function of language is focused on conveying factual information or content, such as providing data, stating facts, or describing reality. (Page 4) **Question 98:** **What does the concept of *code-mixing* refer to in sociolinguistics?** **A.** Switching between two languages within a single sentence or phrase\ **B.** Changing the formality of language depending on the context\ **C.** Using different tones of voice to express emotions\ **D.** Speaking in one language consistently without switching **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** *Code-mixing* occurs when a speaker combines elements of two languages within a single sentence or phrase, often blending vocabulary or grammar from both languages. (Page 6) **Question 99:** **In sociolinguistics, how is a *pidgin* different from a *creole*?** **A.** A pidgin is a fully developed language, while a creole is a simplified version of a language\ **B.** A pidgin is a simplified language that develops for communication between groups, while a creole is a fully developed language that arises when a pidgin becomes a native language\ **C.** A pidgin is used only in written form, while a creole is spoken\ **D.** A pidgin is spoken by children, while a creole is spoken by adults **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** A *pidgin* is a simplified language that develops for communication between groups who do not share a common language, while a *creole* is a fully developed language that arises when a pidgin becomes the native language of a community. (Page 7) **Question 100:** **In Example 4, what does Jim's use of standard English without \[h\]-dropping suggest about his speech style?** **A.** Jim is trying to imitate Sam's speech\ **B.** Jim's speech reflects his higher social status and education\ **C.** Jim's speech is informal\ **D.** Jim uses a regional dialect **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** Jim's use of standard English, without \[h\]-dropping, reflects his higher social status and education, in contrast to Sam, who drops his aitches, indicating a working-class background. (Page 5) **Question 101:** **What does *language prestige* refer to in sociolinguistics?** **A.** The number of speakers a language has\ **B.** The social value or status attached to a particular language or dialect\ **C.** The age of a language\ **D.** The grammatical complexity of a language **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** *Language prestige* refers to the social value or status attached to a particular language or dialect. High-prestige varieties are often associated with education, power, and formal contexts, while low-prestige varieties may be seen as less prestigious. (Page 5) **Question 102:** **What is the function of *politeness strategies* in sociolinguistics?** **A.** To confuse listeners\ **B.** To maintain social harmony and show respect\ **C.** To express anger\ **D.** To avoid expressing emotions **Key Answer:** **B**\ **Explanation:** *Politeness strategies* are used to maintain social harmony, show respect, and avoid conflict in interactions. They can include the use of formal language, indirect requests, and honorifics. (Page 9-10) **Question 103:** **In Example 7, why might young people in Sauris prefer to use Friulian rather than the German dialect in some contexts?** **A.** Friulian is seen as a more modern and practical language\ **B.** The German dialect is no longer spoken in the village\ **C.** Friulian is used to signal solidarity and peer group identity\ **D.** They are required to use Friulian by law **Key Answer:** **C**\ **Explanation:** Young people in Sauris often use Friulian to signal solidarity and peer group identity, especially with friends who attended school in a nearby town where Friulian is more common. (Page 7) **Question 104:** **Which of the following best describes *diglossia*?** **A.** The use of two languages or varieties in a community, with one used for formal settings and the other for informal settings\ **B.** The ability to speak two languages fluently\ **C.** The blending of two languages into a single new language\ **D.** The use of slang in professional settings **Key Answer:** **A**\ **Explanation:** *Diglossia* refers to a situation where two distinct languages or varieties are used in a community, with one reserved for formal settings (e.g., education, government) and the other for informal, everyday interactions. (Page 6)