Ch 5 Nerd Alerts & Learning Objectives PDF

States of Consciousness The Nature of Consciousness Biological Rhythms and Sleep The Sleep and Waking Cycle Dreams Hypnosis Meditation Drugs  Nerd alert Martin Pistorius: Ghost Boy https://www.npr.org/sections/health- shots/2015/01/09/376084137/trapped-in-his-body-for-12- years-a...

States of Consciousness The Nature of Consciousness Biological Rhythms and Sleep The Sleep and Waking Cycle Dreams Hypnosis Meditation Drugs  Nerd alert Martin Pistorius: Ghost Boy https://www.npr.org/sections/health- shots/2015/01/09/376084137/trapped-in-his-body-for-12- years-a-man-breaks-free  https://rarediseases.org/rare- diseases/locked-in-syndrome/ Dr Mostert https://c.tenor.com/NGFJ4ILyBtcAAAAM/spongebob-reading.gif  Adjusting our biological clock Exposure to light readjusts people’s biological clocks – Light receptors in the retina sends input to a structure in hypothalamus – suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) – The SCN sends signals to pineal gland secretion of hormones = to raise body temp Dr Mostert Weiten, 2022  Adjusting our biological clock Melatonin NB for adjusting biological clock Rise at night – promoting sleep Eyes signal the SCN that it is dark – Melatonin levels increase = fall asleep Eyes signal the SCN that it is light – Melatonin levels decrease = wake up Dr Mostert Weiten, 2022 https://media3.giphy.com/media/3Nx2j1bNJuuWOgY4zC/source.gif  The hypnic jerk occurs muscles involuntarily contract – twitch. Why? One theory maintains that hypnic jerks is simply the side effect of our active physiological system becoming less active due to our sleep drive. It moves from active and voluntary motor control to less activity and ultimately complete paralysis (during REM sleep the body is virtually paralysed). (Russell-Pavier, 2020) http://thoracicandsleep.com.au/blog/hypnic-jerk/ https://thoracicandsleep.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/K- bodyJerkBeforeSleep-enHD-AR1.gif  Sleep and the Brain 4 Stages are linked neurotransmitter activity NB neurotransmitters involved in sleep: – Serotonin – Norepinephrine – Rise in Acetylcholine – initiatives REM sleep https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2016/10/05/these-neurotransmitters-are- Dr Mostert probably-keeping-you-up-at-night/#7d8ef421228e  Other sleep problems Narcolepsy: Very rare condition Cause:The exact cause of narcolepsy is unknown. – genetic predisposition – low levels of the chemical hypocretin Dr Mostert (Weiten, 2022)  Nerd alert: “Homicidal sleepwalking” https://www.crimetraveller.org/2017/11/ho micidal- sleepwalking/#:~:text=Sleepwalking%20m urder%2C%20also%20known%20as,murd er%20charge%20with%20little%20defens e. Dr Mostert  Sleep disorders Sleeping Beauty syndrome: Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) Disorder that results in recurring periods of excessive sleepiness. Often up to 20 hours a day are spent sleeping. https://www.healthline.com/health/kleine-levin- syndrome#:~:text=KLS%20is%20also%20known%20as,as%20%E2%80%9Cslee ping%20beauty%20syndrome.%E2%80%9D Dr Mostert  Sleep paralysis https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomn ias/sleep-paralysis https://media0.giphy.com/media/4a64Wj7716mVnNgOIU/200w.gif?cid=82a1493b0inn37012f6uf35 bg73ww12us292bgcgmbfek80b&rid=200w.gif&ct=ts Dr Mostert  Netflix: Pain killers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- QV0guCS1ZE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbPeX sdamT4 Dr Mostert  South Africa “Durban in South Africa has been slated as one of the largest markets for illegal drugs in sub-Saharan Africa. This is outlined in a US State Department 2017 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report. Illegal drugs such as cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine (tik), Methcathinone (cat) and Methaqualone (mandrax) is on the rapid increase over the last few years” Major illicit drug exports from South Africa: heroin and methamphetamines https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/435579/the-most-widely-used- drugs-in-south-africa/ https://www.recoverydirect.co.za/staggering-stats-addiction-south-africa/ Dr Mostert  South African – alcohol abuse SA one of the highest alcohol consumption rates in the world. Western Cape – higher rates of risky drinking compared to other provinces Alcohol abuse = social problems: unemployment; violence and crime; risky sexual behaviour; family disruptions… https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/332909/south- africa-has-some-of-the-heaviest-drinkers-in-the-world/ Dr Mostert  Nerd alert How alcohol impacts the brain https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy- tips/alcohol-and-the-brain Dr Mostert  Consequences of alcohol Brain atrophy – Korsakoff syndrome – Damage to the mammillary bodies – Deficiency in VitB1 (Thiamine) – Cognitive deficiencies: amnesia https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/wernicke- korsakoff-syndrome Dr Mostert https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us- canada-61657095  People maintain some degree of awareness during sleep and sometimes while under anaesthesia. Understand the Brain waves vary in amplitude and frequency (cps) and are divided into four bands: beta, alpha, theta varying states of and delta. consciousness. Each type of brain wave is associated with different states of consciousness.  Biological rhythms are periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning, which indicate that most organisms have internal biological clocks. The cycle of sleep and wakefulness is influenced Understand sleep considerably by circadian rhythms, even when people in terms of the are cut off from the cycle of light and darkness. roles of biological Exposure to light resets biological clocks by affecting the and circadian activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the pineal gland, which secretes the hormone melatonin. rhythms.  The neural bases of sleep are complex. Arousal depends on activity in the ascending reticular activating system, but a constellation of brain structures and neurotransmitters contribute to the regulation of the sleep and waking cycle. Understand the Hypotheses about the evolutionary bases of sleep focus stages of sleep, on energy conservation, reduced exposure to predators and the neural and restoration of resources depleted by waking activity. and evolutionary bases of sleep.  Sleep restriction produces a gradual decline in cognitive Understand the performance that is substantial. Increased sleepiness can be a significant problem that appears to contribute to many stages of sleep, transportation accidents and mishaps at work. and the neural Research on selective sleep deprivation suggests that people and evolutionary need REM sleep and slow-wave sleep. These stages of sleep may contribute to memory consolidation. bases of sleep. Short sleep duration is associated with a variety of health problems. People who sleep 7–8 hours per day have lower mortality rates than individuals who are long or short sleepers.  The conventional view is that dreams are mental experiences during Understand the REM sleep that have a story-like quality, include vivid imagery, are often bizarre and are regarded as perceptually real by the dreamer; phenomenon of but theorists have begun to question many aspects of this view. dreaming and its Dreams are not as bizarre as widely assumed. The content of one’s dreams may be affected by what is going on in interpretation in one’s life, and by external stimuli that are experienced during the terms of dream. Freud argued that the principal purpose of dreams is wish fulfilment. psychological He distinguished between the manifest and the latent content of theory dreams. Cartwright has articulated a problem-solving view. Hobson and colleagues assert that dreams are side-effects of the neural activation seen during REM sleep. Understand hypnosis in terms Hypnosis has had a long and curious history since of hypnotic the era of Mesmerism in the 18th century. induction and Hypnotic susceptibility is a stable trait. susceptibility, Hypnosis can produce anaesthesia, sensory hypnotic distortions, disinhibition and post-hypnotic amnesia. phenomena and theories of hypnosis. Understand the Research has suggested that meditation may help physiological to control blood pressure, improve cardiovascular correlates and health and enhance patterns of sleep. long-term benefits Some theorists assert that meditation can enhance of meditation. human potential by improving focus, heightening awareness, building emotional resilience and fostering moral maturity. Knowledge of The principal categories of abused drugs are commonly abused narcotics, sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens, drugs in South cannabis and alcohol. Africa, alcohol Although it’s possible to describe the typical effects abuse in South of various drugs, the actual effects on any Africa and foetal individual depend on a host of factors, including alcohol spectrum subjective expectations and tolerance of the drug. disorders.  Physical dependence exists when people must continue drug use to avoid withdrawal. Understand drug Psychological dependence involves intense mental effects, and emotional craving for a drug. mechanisms of Both types of dependence reflect changes in drug action, drug synaptic transmission. dependence and Recreational drug use can prove harmful to health the relationship by producing an overdose, by causing tissue damage or by increasing health-impairing beh between drugs The chances of accidentally consuming a lethal and health. overdose are greatest for the CNS depressants and cocaine. Direct tissue damage occurs most frequently with alcohol and cocaine.