Chapter 5 Consciousness PDF

CHAPTER V: CONSCIOUSNESS  Define consciousness Summarize the stages of sleep; Explain REM sleep; Discuss the nature of sleep;  State the impact of sleep disturbance Describe circadian rhythms; Identify sleep related disorders;  PART 1: CONSCIOUSNESS  Consciousn...

CHAPTER V: CONSCIOUSNESS  Define consciousness Summarize the stages of sleep; Explain REM sleep; Discuss the nature of sleep;  State the impact of sleep disturbance Describe circadian rhythms; Identify sleep related disorders;  PART 1: CONSCIOUSNESS  Consciousness Our subjective awareness of our unique thought, feelings, sensation, and environment. *Wakefulness  Sleep A state of consciousness characterized by lower levels of physical activity and sensory awareness.  THE STAGES OF SLEEP  Stage 1: NREM ▪ Relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves. ▪ Sometimes images appear, as if we were viewing photos but not dreaming.  Stage 2 ▪ People are difficult to be awaken from sleep as stage 2 progresses. K complexes - single large negative wave (upward deflection) followed immediately by a single large positive wave ( downward deflection).  Stage 3&4: NREM ▪ Brain waves become slower with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in Stage 2 Sleep ▪ Pattern is even slower and more regular. ▪ Least responsive to outside stimulation.  REM ▪ Pattern is even slower and more regular. ▪ Least responsive to outside stimulation. ▪ Dream occurs REM Sleep (Rapid Eve Movement) ▪ Heart rate increases and becomes irregular, blood pressure rises, breathing rate increases. ▪ Males and even infant have erections  REM Sleep (Rapid Eve Movement) REM sleep is usually accompanied by dreams that are most vivid and easily remembered  Period to rest and relax. Requirement for normal human functioning. Studies shows that we sleep because…….. Conserve energy at night Reduced activity of the brain during non-REM sleep may give neurons in the brain a chance to repair themselves. Permits receptor cells to get some necessary rest  Lack of sleep makes us…. 1. feel edgy (tense) 2. slow reaction time and lessen our creativity 3. lower academic performance 4. lower physical tasks 5. prone to accident (driving while very sleepy) Hypothalamic regions involved in sleep The Function and Meaning of Dreaming Unconscious wish fulfillment Activation synthesis theory Dreams for survival theory  Unconscious wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud The latent content reveals unconscious wishes Dreams represent unconscious wishes the dreamer wants to fulfill Yes, by manifest content dreams (true subjects and meaning of a dream  Common Symbols Universal Meaning Symbol/Object (Manifest Content of Interpretation Dream) (Latent Content) climbing up a stairway, Sexual Intercourse crossing a bridge, riding an elevator, flying in an airplane, train travelling through a tunnel, entering a room  Common Symbols Universal Meaning Symbol (Manifest Content of Dream) Interpretation (Latent Content) apples Breasts grapefruits bullets, fire, snakes, sticks, Male sex organs umbrellas, guns, hose, knives ovens, boxes, tunnels, closets, caves, Female sex organs bottles, ships  Dream for Survival Theory Information relative to daily survival is reconsidered and reprocessed Clues to everyday concerns about survival Not necessary because dreams are consistent with everyday living  Activation Synthesis Theory Brain produce random electrical energy during REM sleep that resulted of random activation of various memories which are tied together in a logical story line. Dreams scenario that is constructed is related to dreamer’s concern Not necessary  Circadian Rhythms Are physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle. They respond primarily to light and darkness in an organism's environment. Example: Sleeping at night and being awake during the day. Circadian Rhythms: Body Clock Biological process that occur regularly on approximately 24- hour cycle  SLEEP RELATED DISORDERS  Insomnia Disorder marked by inability to initiate and maintain sleep Acute insomnia -1 night to few weeks but less than 3 months Chronic insomnia - 3 nights a week for 3 months or more.  Night Terror ▪ Sudden awakening (most cases during Stage 4) ▪ Accompanied by extreme fear, panic and strong physiological arousal ▪ Occur frequently among children between the ages of 3 and 8.  Narcolepsy Uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while person is awake (2 Types: NT1 & NT2) Narcolepsy ▪ Cataplexy (NT1) - recurring losses of muscle tone during wakefulness Sleep Paralysis Inability to move just as one is falling asleep or waking up  Hallucinations Dreamlike experiences during sleep hypnagogic hallucinations : occur while a person is falling asleep Hypnopompic hallucination: occur while a person is waking up  Sleep Apnea ▪ Difficulty breathing while sleeping ▪ Reawakened due to insufficient oxygen  Hypersomnolence Disorder Excessive sleepiness that is displayed as either sleeping longer than is typical or frequent falling asleep during the day. Sleeping properly but never feeling refreshed when awake.  Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (Nocturnal Myoclonus) Periodic involuntary movement of the limbs during sleep Happen every 5 to 90 second for up to an hour  Restless Legs Syndrome (Willis-Ekbom) ▪ Tension or uneasiness in the legs (aching, tingling, or crawling in nature) ▪ Uncontrollable urge to move legs  Restless Legs Syndrome ▪ Legs starts or get worse during rest or inactivity ▪ It could become difficult to fall asleep or return to sleep after waking up  Somniloquism /Sleep Talking Sleeping person exhibits behaviors associated with being awake. Appears to be awake but is actually still sleeping  Somniloquism/Sleep Talking Sleep talking happens when an individual vocalizes in their sleep, anything from a few words to whole conversation Somnambulism/Sleep Walking Sleep walking episodes usually involve routine activities sitting up in bed walking to the bathroom  Somnambulism/Sleep Walking ▪ Episodes usually occur during non- REM, delta ("slow wave"), during which the arousal threshold is particularly high ▪ Often has little or no memory of the event ▪ Sleepwalking diminishes as children grow older  Somnambulism or Sleep Walking Fatigue, stress or anxiety, lack of sleep, illness, physiological stimuli such as a full bladder, or alcohol use are often associated with sleepwalking episodes *For habitual sleepwalkers, the sleeping environment should be modified to reduce the risk of injury Sudden Infant Death Syndrome A disorder in which sleeping infants stop breathing and die Boys > Girls BRUXISM Considered a sleep related movement disorder characterized by A severe grinding of teeth during sleep Nocturnal Enuresis (Bed-wetting) Involuntary urination during sleep Diurnal enuresis https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=eWhU-ZzRZsY https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=Shof6NPNqg0 1. Our subjective awareness of our unique thought, feelings, sensation, and environment ASSESSMENT 2. The hypothalamic region that involves in wakefulness  3. The stage of sleep where blood pressure increases and dreams occur. 4. These are dreamlike experiences during sleep that occur while a person is falling asleep.  5. The type of insomnia that manifest 3 nights a week for 3 months or more. 6. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness that is displayed as either sleeping longer than is typical or frequent falling asleep during the day. 7. An individual’s physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle. 8-10. Give at least 2 reasons why do we sleep? END OF SLIDES  PART 2: HYPNOSIS & MEDITATION  Hypnosis ▪ state in which susceptibility to follow suggestions of others is at its peak ▪ attentive to hypnotist’s suggestions and may carry out the suggestions  Hypnosis ▪ Increases level of concentration ▪ It increases the ability to recall and construct images and accept suggestions contrary to their own view  Hypnosis ▪ 5 to 20% cannot be hypnotized at all ▪ 15 percent are very easily hypnotized ▪ often used as a hypnotherapy  Meditation: Regulating our own state of Consciousness ▪ Popularized by Zen Buddhism (attain greater spiritual insight) ▪ Refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness  Meditation: Regulating our own state of Consciousness ▪ Comes with repetition of mantra ▪ Others may focus on such object (picture, flame and others) ▪ Most importantly is consciousness to attain such state of consciousness  Meditation: Regulating our own state of Consciousness ▪ people say that they are relaxed after meditation ▪ gained insights of themselves and problems they are facing  Meditation: Regulating our own state of Consciousness Improves health - oxygen usage decrease, heart rate and blood pressure decline and brain-wave pattern changes Simple Procedures of Meditation ▪ sit in a quite room 1 Simple Procedures of Meditation ▪ eye closed 2  Simple Procedures of Meditation ▪ breathing deeply and rhythmically 3  Simple Procedures of Meditation ▪ repeating words or sound (one word over and over) 4  Simple Procedures of Meditation ▪ Do it in 20 minutes, twice a day 5  PART 3: DRUG USE  Psychoactive Drugs ▪ affects person’s emotions, perception and behavior  Psychoactive Drugs ▪ affect the nervous system in different ways  Psychoactive Drugs ▪ most dangerous drugs are addictive drugs  Addictive Drugs ▪ use of drugs accompanied by a physiological dependence in the user, made evident by tolerance and withdrawal  Tolerance and Withdrawal ▪ Tolerance- physiological process in which greater amounts of an addictive drugs are required to produce same effect  Tolerance and Withdrawal ▪ Withdrawal- negative physiological and psychological reactions evidenced when a person suddenly stops taking an addictive drugs  Why do people take dugs? ▪ pleasure of the experience itself ▪ escape from the everyday pressures of life ▪ thrill from trying something new ▪ sense of helplessness (unemployed individuals trapped in lives of poverty)  Stimulants Classifications Depressants of Drugs Narcotics Hallucinogens  ACTIVITY : POSTER MAKING SUMMATIVE TEST