Hard Questions PDF

Epiphenominalism: biochemical events are the only cause of mental events (thoughts, feelings) John Watson: Behaviourism, classical conditioning (Little Albert experiment) Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis, unconscious mind Rene Descartes: Cartesian dualism Neutral Monists: neither mind nor body is the s...

Epiphenominalism: biochemical events are the only cause of mental events (thoughts, feelings) John Watson: Behaviourism, classical conditioning (Little Albert experiment) Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis, unconscious mind Rene Descartes: Cartesian dualism Neutral Monists: neither mind nor body is the single substance of reality (same reality either way) Self (self-concept, I vs me): I (self that experiences) & me (body that exists in space w/ beliefs and attitudes) EEG: recording electrical activity in the brain as it relates to levels of alertness. Electrooculograms: records electrical poetential b/w front/back of eye. Electromyograms: records electrical activity in muscles Alpha waves: Physically and Mentally relaxed Beta waves: Active thinking REM sleep, Awake Theta waves: NREM (light sleep), daydreams, creativity, insight Delta waves: REM, slow wave sleep Sleep stages: 1-4 (none REM), 5(REM) - dreamss (whole cycle is 90 mins) Sleep stage 1: light sleep (5-10m/cycle) - A/T waves & halucinations Sleep stage 2: burts of sleep spindles (10-30m/cycle) - K-complexes (65% of sleep) Sleep stage 3/4: Deep sleep (15-30m/cycle) - Slow wave sleep(crucial for rest) - 25% of sleep Sleep stage 5: Extremely deep sleep (10-20m/cycle) - brain activity like being awake (vivid dreams) Psychoanalysis: Freuds theory of unconscious meaning to behaviour. ID: Pleasure Principal Ego: Reason and Self Control Superego: Morality (perfect self) Humanistic model of the mind Cartesian Dualism: mind controls body, but body can influence mind (ex: passion) Pansyhucisim Narcolepsy: Falling asleep with no control Sleep Apnea Hypnotic analgesia: reduced sensitivity to pain under hypnotic suggestion Default mode network: brain regions active while person is not focused on outside world *Global workspace hypothesis: consciousness requires info processed from nonconscious parts of the brain which is broadcasted to the other parts of brain (global workspace) Braitenberg vehicles: Simple robots given human characteristics when describing actions. Ockham’s razor: the simplest explanation for a phenomena is the best Reductionism and its limitations : simplest explanations are easier to falsift/test bc inconsistencies can’t be explained away. Reductionism can’t explain what can’t be described (behaviours may be unpredictable). Rationalism: Using reason & Logic (Observation may be misleading) Empiricism: Observation necessary to confirm theories Scientific process according to Kuhn: Science does not evolve gradually, actually there comes a paradigm shift and new theory to explain an anomaly. (revolutions in knowledge) Reactivity: Changing behaviour knowing you are being observed Logical empiricism: what truly exists can be measured by objective empirical observations (Bacon & Descartes) Empirical structuralism: the goal of science cannot be to verify/falsify a theory. (scientific work intends to increase knowledge of phenomena not refute claims) Epistemological consequences: scientific progress specific to a theory and where said theory can’t be applied Interactionism: There is genetic component but also learned behaviours (most accurate) Piaget theory of human development: We have some innate knowledge, experiences are combined to concepts of world. (Equilibrium, Assimilation, Accommodation Proximate causation: Close factors (hormonal state, enviro) influencing behaviour (How) Ultimate causation: evolutionary causes of behaviour (Why