Chapter 3: Policy Implementation in Arabic PDF

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪...‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‪...‬ﻭ‬...

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪...‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‪...‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺛﻼﺛﺔﺃﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻀﻌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﺬﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ "ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﺬﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻳﻌﺒﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ‪".‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻢﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ"ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪,‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪.1‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎ ًﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-2‬ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-3‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬  ‫‪-1‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎء ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-1‬ﺣﺸﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-3‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﻮﺍﺉﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺉﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-4‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺃﻋﺒﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺉﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬  ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻮﻝﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻭﺩﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ (4‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺍﺕﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺎﺉﻞﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢﻭﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ :(5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬  ‫‪-2‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ ‪-2-1‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎﻣﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪2-1-1‬ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺷﺮﻳﻜﺎً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ًﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺅﻳﺘﻪ ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‪،‬‬ ‫ ﺃﺩﺍﺓﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺪﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺆﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ ﻭﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﺸﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪.‬‬  ‫‪-2-1‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ‪-2-1-2‬ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2-1-3‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﻣﺜﻞﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪2-1-4‬ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺉﺐ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺉﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺉﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺿﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺉﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺮﺍﺉﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-2-1-5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻭﻻﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬  ‫‪-2-2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﻨﻲﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎً ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺎً ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﺫﻟﻚﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ًﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎﻳﺨﺪﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﻟﻺﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻁﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺉﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻦﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻢﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺷﺮﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺘﻔﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-2-1‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ 2-2‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪2-3‬ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ‪4-2‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ‬  ‫‪-3‬ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺔﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-1‬ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻤُﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺭﺍﺉﻬﻢﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺉﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-3‬ﺟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-4‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-5‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-6‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪-7‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺳﻮﺍء ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ‬ ‫ ‬  ‫‪-3‬ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ )ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ( ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪-1‬ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-3‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-4‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-5‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-6‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺠﻬﺎ‬  ‫‪-‬ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺉﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﺠﻨﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ ‪-‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﻴﺉﺔ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻙﻭﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺗﻢﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺗﻢﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻛﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺐء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪ ,‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﺤﺠﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮﺳﻠﺒﺎ ًﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﺩﺍﺉﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ‬  ‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺪﺩﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻢﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺩﻩ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﺎﻕﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻦﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍ ًﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ‪ً،‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦﺫﻗﺮﻥ‬ ‫ ﻭﻳﺘﻢﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ًﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬  ‫‪-3‬ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪ -‬ﻋﺪﻡﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱﺳﻴﻌُﻬﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ -‬ﺳﻌﻰﺻﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ -‬ﺇﻥﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪.‬‬  ‫‪-3‬ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ ﻭﺳﺎﺉﻞﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪-1‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪.2‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-3‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪.5‬ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-6‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪-7‬ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪.8‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻥﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻗﺼﻮﺭﺍ ًﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‪ -‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺄﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻣﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬