Chapter Three Policy Implementation PDF

Chapter Three Policy Prof. Mohamed A.Adawy implementation Stages... tools... and challenges  Introduction suffer from neglection in policy analysis three generations of policy implementation research, as that research appeared in the sixti...

Chapter Three Policy Prof. Mohamed A.Adawy implementation Stages... tools... and challenges  Introduction suffer from neglection in policy analysis three generations of policy implementation research, as that research appeared in the sixties of the twentieth century in the United States of America, to examine the effects of policies and large-scale reform programs that have been applied in the state, and until the end of the sixties politicians set policies, and the administration is implementing administrators implement policies according to the intentions of decision-makers, and that they simply express the specific process of translating policy into action." defined as "all the actions that need to be carried out in order to achieve the objectives, or translate the public policy, including the objectives, rules and principles into specific plans and programs of action, the application of which is expected to result in the achievement of the objectives, which requires a series of actions and steps, : 1. Forming an administrative body within the units of the executive authority responsible for implementing public policy and organizing this body internally in a manner that ensures coordination of efforts to achieve the objectives. 2- Employing the appropriate manpower in number and qualification, trained to perform the necessary functions. 3- Using the financial and material resources necessary for the work cycle and production. the start of a new phase of policies, which is to transform plans into an executive reality, and at this stage comes the role of public administration organs and institutions of the executive authority  1-Implementation of public policies the relationship between political science and the emergence of public administration science colleges specialized in government administration systems to develop the cadres necessary for public policy-making, as well as candidates to work in government institutions, and teach public policy sciences, public administration, and benefit from Other disciplines and sciences such as economics, business administration, statistics and other scientific disciplines that suit the nature of the study programs they offer. the implementation of public policies, as these public policies include a set of elements: 1- Mobilizing the energies of the state. 2 Use of energies and optimal distribution between government agencies and civil agencies 3- Distributing the returns of using these energies among the classes and groups of society. 4- Distribution of employment burdens and needs among the different classes and groups of society needs human resources, finance, services, information, and participation in the implementation of decisions as well as legitimate forces Administration Government Inputs Outputs Citizens' wishes moral Pressures Social priorities Public Policy Goals Development problems objective pressures Solutions for development Continuous feedback Figure (4) Policy Implementation Process Citizens and Public policies goals determinants Means of implementation luxury and development Citizens Public Policy Public support and satisfaction Energies Evaluation Demands Figure (5): Citizens and Public Policy Process 2-Policy implementation tools 2-1- Economic Instruments some of which are owned by governments, and others are employed through cooperation with the non- governmental sector, as follows: 2-1-1 Private Markets Private markets provide many public goods and services, and the private sector has become an important partner in many sectors of public policies the government can be dependent on it to different degrees according to the philosophy of the political system, and its vision of the limits of the role of the government, as well as the private sector, an important tool in the implementation of public policies, and the degree of its relationship with the government, and the extent of its intervention in its affairs varies to add to the philosophy of the political system, the issue of the limits of the role of the state, and its ability to employ the private sector in implementing its policies, its role is increasing in many countries as a partner in implementation due to its spread in important sectors such as health, education, industries, and trade in different countries the spread of political and economic liberalism in the countries of the world, and at the level of values governing the global economic system. 2-1- Economic Instruments 2-1-2- Employing individual and community initiatives. The tool here is that governments seek to mobilize public support and energies to support government approaches to a policy to support them in implementation, such as literacy programs, computer deployment, primary health care programs, confronting certain disease infections, or rationalizing the use of subsidized public resources such as water or electricity, etc. 2-1-3 Employing government financial instruments: such as public spending, subsidizing some public goods, or providing grants to provide certain services or goods. 2-1-4 Taxes power to impose taxes to influence the behavior of companies and individuals, and then employ certain types of taxes such as individual income taxes, pooled taxes, sales taxes, tariffs and customs duties, as tools to regulate the provision of goods and services, and to regulate the increase or reduction of their uptake, through state authority in these areas. 2-1-5- Public Domain Governments are still empowered to provide public goods and services and can therefore manage them. Operations such as public projects or governmental services if markets and the private sector fail to provide 2-2- Organization organization means an existing system or the process of re-establishing and arranging relationships between separate parts and others describe that organization is the process of coordinating human efforts in any organization to enable the implementation of the policies drawn at the lowest possible cost. The government affects the behavior of individuals and the private sector also through its regulatory tools, as it sets standards for practicing various activities, to serve the policies of the state. regulatory reform measures have become important considering the spread of the private sector, and its participation in various government processes in providing goods and services, and the so-called privatization policies, and among those forms and images of regulatory procedures: Performance standards, indicative procedures and controls, and conditions for joining or exiting the markets. the role of governments in organization as a function concerned with controlling the work of individuals and private institutions to prevent any harm to the public interest and ensure that they benefit society. The most famous of these functions is the implementation of criminal laws, the execution of Court rulings and the issuance of licenses and the implementation of regulations and various laws that regulate activities within the state, and these functions that I referred to in a previous place in the book in detail, and only here with a brief reference to them: 2-1- Regulation of Economic Competition 2-2 Safety, Wellbeing and Ethics 2-3 Issuance of licenses 2-4. Adjudication of disputes  3- Key functions in policy implementation There are a set of key tasks to be undertaken to implement public policies, namely: 1- Organization 2- Planning 3- Employment 4- Funding - Planning executive plan for a project or policy in the country, planning for the implementation of public policies. basic stages that are followed when developing an executive plan for a policy or a set of programs or projects within the framework of a public policy of the state : 1 – Access to the policy or project, and the elements of implementation can also be participants who have been allowed to express opinions when making the policy. 2 – Collect facts and information about the policy or project. 3 – Tabulation and analysis of information. 4 – Develop some assumptions necessary for implementation. 5 – Develop several alternative plans to achieve policy goals. 6 – Choose a plan from among the previous plans. 7 – Develop the implementation program, whether by setting priorities, or by setting limits for the beginning and ending of different parts of the plan 3- Key functions in policy implementation executive ( action plan) plan, several stages: 1 – Preparation of the executive plan. 2 – Approval of the plan. 3 – Dividing the main executive plan into a set of sub-plans, determining the time required for the implementation of each of them, and determining the roles of partners in the implementation process. 4- Develop indicators to measure the different stages of the executive plan based on three axes: quality specifications, timelines, costs and financial spending. 5 – Implementation phase. 6 – The stage of follow-up to the plan and evaluation of its results - Recruitment and provision of human resources development of the work team responsible for implementing the policies different work teams can be recruited to develop a coordinating body between the programs that are implemented within the framework of one plan or policy, to avoid confusion and repetition of efforts, and loss of resources, teams are divided on the different tasks in the program, tasks and objectives are clarified accurately to the workers, selected so that they contribute positively to the implementation of the project Selected, have the appropriate capabilities for the tasks assigned to them. do not increase the burden on a specific group, many tasks are placed on it under the pretext that it is the most efficient, negatively affect the quality of its performance implementing criteria for selection, evaluation, and familiarization of employees  -Funding public budget determines the policies and programs that are financed during a specific time the main tool in financing projects and programs that the state intends to implement budget is approved at a specific time each year as determined by each country, for spending from it after its approval, is distributed to various sectors such as health, defense, security, education, housing, and other sectors of the state through that budget the interests of the state are determined, and how to compare between Public policies, through the distribution of allocations for each sector countries of the South in general are blamed for increasing military spending at the expense of development spending, which represents a threat to the legitimacy of the political system if this spending is not necessary, what happened in Eastern European countries of revolutions at the end of the eighties of 20th century Spending is allocated either on wages and bonuses to those working in the implementation, or the requirements and requirements of the implementation processes, and I will not go into financial details as they vary from one country to another and from one project to another. Countries usually divide the budget and financial allocations into periods of time that may be three months or in a quarterly form, with full allocations for programs and projects on an annual basis, and some programs may extend over years, and are included in the annual budget according to the stages of implementation, according to the proposed cost tables for the program or project included in the state policies. 3-Problems of implementing public policies and ways to succeed public policy-making processes, for several reasons: - Lack of participation of executives in some stages of policy development, according to the role that will be entrusted to them, and at stages it may be useful to take their consultations seriously. - Policymakers sought rapid successes without considering the possibilities of policy implementation. - Lack of precise determination of the costs of implementing public policies leads to the failure to provide the necessary government funds to complete the implementation of all policy programs and projects of interest. 3-Problems of implementing public policies and ways to succeed Means of success and guarantees of good policy implementation: 1- The absence of restrictions and limits imposed by the external environment. 2. Existence of appropriate timing of implementation and adequate resources. 3- The existence of correlations and interaction between the implementing authorities. 4- Reducing relations of dependence, and ensuring a kind of independence with follow-up. 5. Agree on clear and consistent objectives for the policy implementation process. 6- Identify tasks and distribute them correctly. 7- Strong and specific communication relationships. 8. Work in accordance with the specified rules and procedures. efforts to build theories and hypotheses for the public policy implementation process still face deficiencies with reference to the stages of development of studies in this regard, despite the presence of a new generation of researchers who have clarified this shortcoming, - although the importance of policy implementation and the need to integrate it into policy analysis processes were recognized, as policy implementation was a key issue in the success or failure of such policies.