Public Administration PDF

# Chapter - 6 Public Administration - An Introduction In this chapter we will learn the following topics. - Meaning Scope and importance of Public Administration. - Meaning and methods of recruitment. - Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service Commissions. - Karnataka Public Servic...

# Chapter - 6 Public Administration - An Introduction In this chapter we will learn the following topics. - Meaning Scope and importance of Public Administration. - Meaning and methods of recruitment. - Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service Commissions. - Karnataka Public Service Commission. - Law and Order. ## Public Administration - Meaning and Definition: As modern society is undergoing complex and rapid changes, public administration occupies an important place. Awareness and importance of the benefits of public administration to society is increasing day by day. Administrative experiments are as old as human society itself. But the development of the study of public administration began especially in America. Former President of America Woodrow Wilson has been called as the "Father of Public Administration". Presently public administration is emerging as an important subject in all world nations. ## Meaning of Word: The word Administration is a combination of two Latin words Ad- and ministraire. The word ministraire give meaning of "To care", to look after, to serve and manage the affairs, so administration means serving the people. It is the process of caring and managing affairs related to people. Public Administration is definite part of the broad field of Administration. The word public also refers to 'Government' The word public administration was first used in 1812 by Alexander Hamilton. Later many thinkers defined public administration in their own way. ## Definitions: 1. According to Woodrow Wilson public administration is the comprehensive enforcement of the law. 2. According to Piffner Public administration is the combination of collective effort and coordination to implement Public policy. 3. According to Luther Guillick Public administration is concerned with the executive branch that carries out the functions of government. 4. According to FM Marx, Public administration is the systematic co-ordination of persons things and methods. Over all, Public administration as a whole is concerned with integrated functioning of Government which runs the day-to-day affairs of the state. ## The importance of Public administration: The importance of Public administration is increasing as the present states are changing from police state to welfare states All round development of human beings and survival of human society depends upon Public administration. It is the heart of the state system. The idea of a state without Public administration is impossible. Therefore the modern states are considered as administrative states. The following aspects indicate the importance of Public administration. 1. Public administration is the pillar of the government: One can imagine a government without legislature and judiciary in a state, but it is impossible to imagine a government or state without administration (executive). 2. Striving to protect public interests: The public administration provides services to the people from birth to death. Maintenance of law and order, protection of life and property, providing justice, education, employment, necessities of life and other services. Its responsible for national defence, and bringing economic equality. 3. Implementation of the law and policies: Public administration enforce or implement laws and policies to regulate the activities of people in society and maintain law and order. If public administration does not function properly or effectively the policies of government remain mere declarations on paper. ## Strength and Social Security: Society consist of people who belong to various social and economic classes. The welfare of poor and weak in the society is also the responsibility of States and other state administered institutions (Government). Social and economic support of government is essential for the many people like poor, women, children, tribals, disabled, senior citizens, orphans and destitutes etc. The policies implemented for the upliftment of these are called social security policies for example pension schemes for widows, senior citizens, physically disabled people, providing youth fund to overcome unemployment problem. National food security mission (NFSM) has started for providing food security to people below poverty line (BPL) are the examples for social security policies. The public administration implements above policies to ensure strengthens social security to the needy people of the society. ## Assist the legislature as well as executive: Public administration implements clause enacted by legislature and policies and plans of executive. The public administration provides the necessary statistical data and information, thus public administration plays an important role in formulation and implementation of public policies. The administration provides necessary details of legislation in drafting the law. ## Scope of the Public Administration: There are differences of opinion among the thinkers about the scope of public administration Woodrow Wilson, LD White etc. Have advocated and integrated view of public administration. According to them the study of the three organs of government namely the Legislature, executive and judiciary comes in the scope of public administration. Luther Gullick, Herbert, A. Simon etc., advocated narrow view of public administration. According to them the scope of public administration is limited only to the activities of the executive organ of the government. ## View of POSDCORB: Luther Gullick has shown the scope of public administration in the word POSDCORB each letter of the word stands for a function of public administration. 1. **P (Planning):** Prepare plan for the task to be performed by the government missionary and procedure for their implementation 2. **O (Organising):** Creation of administrative system like departments, corporations, divisions, subdivisions etc., to achieve the prescribed goal organising and distributing the tasks to be performed by various departments. 3. **S (Staffing):** Recruitment, training and determining the terms of service of the staff required to perform administrative functions. 4. **D (Directing):** Issuing orders and directions to various departments from time to time in carrying out the decisions of government. 5. **CO (Coordinating):** To eliminate conflicts, differences among different departments of Government and coordinate their actions. 6. **R (Reporting):** subordinates need to give report to the superiors on documentation, research and the working activities of various departments also reports to the legislature through investigation. 7. **B (Budgeting):** Management of scope Planning budget calculation, auditing etc. The above functions shows of public administration. ## Recruitment: Successful public administration requires efficient staff. These personnel need to be selected in a systematic manner, so that recruitment is the process of selecting suitable persons for suitable posts (placement). Good and efficient public administration depends on recruitment of good officials when qualified, efficient and honest people are appointed to the administration through proper methods, they will try to develop administration by activeness, intelligence and efficient manner. Recruitment plays a very important role in personnel management O Glenn Stahl defines "recruitment as the cornerstone of administrative structure". ## Methods of recruitment: * **a) Direct recruitment:** Direct recruitment is a scientific and popular method. The qualified candidates are selected through competitive examinations in a definite method is referred as direct recruitment. The candidates seeking appointment through direct recruitment must possess some special and required qualifications. For example recruitment of civil servants. * **b) Indirect recruitment:** It is also called as internal recruitment. The appointment of personal already in government services to higher post on the basis of their qualification and seniority (service) this is also the procedure of promotion and giving increment. This method is practiced generally in all countries of the world. This method is also practiced in India. ## UPSC: Union Public Service Commission is a constitutional body established according to the Article 315 of the constitution. The commission consists of one chairman and 10 members. They're appointed by the President of India. Their term of office is 6 years or 65 years of age whichever is earlier. The president of India is having powers to remove them on grounds of misconduct and incompetence. The commission functions independently without interference from legislature and executive. The commission will have a secretary. The union public service commission headquarter is at in New Delhi. ### Functions: 1) To conduct competitive examinations for recruitment of group A and B posts of union government. 2) Conducting tests personally for direct recruitment. 3) To advise the government on guidelines to be followed in promotions and transfers of various posts. 4) To advise the government to take disciplinary actions against the inappropriate behaviour of the officials in Central and State Governments. 5) To advise the government on any matter on the instructions of the President of India. The commission conducts competitive exams and personality tests for the Civil services, Engineering service, Medical services and Defence service at National level. Among these the exams conducted for Indian Civil Service is the most important. IAS (Indian Administrative service) IPS (Indian police service) IFOS (Indian Forest service) IFS (Indian Foreign service) IRS (Indian revenue service) IAAS (Indian audit and account service) are important civil services. For recruitment of above services the tests are conducted in three phases namely 1) Preliminary exams 2) Mains and 3) Personality test (interview). ## State Public service commission: According to Article 315 of the constitution there is a provision for state Public service commission. They are constitutional bodies. There is provision for joint Public service commissions for two or more states (JSPSC). But they are not constitutional bodies, these are statutory bodies. ## Karnataka Public Service Commission (KPSC): According to Article 315 of the Indian constitution on 18th May 1951 KPSC has been established. The commission presently consists of one chairman and 11 members. They are appointed by the governor, the term of office is 6 years or 62 years of age which ever is earlier. The head office of KPSC is in Bengaluru. It has regional offices in Mysuru, Belgavi, Kalaburagi and Shivamogga etc. There is a secretary to look after day to day administrative affairs of the commission and controller of exams to look after examination functions. ### FUNCTIONS: 1. Recruitment of Gazzetted Officers to the State Government services through competitive exams and personality tests and non Gazzetted Officers through competitive exams as per law. For example Sub Divisional Officers, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Tahasildar, Commercial Tax Officers etc. 2. Conducting personality tests for candidates to be appointed to certain posts. 3. Conducting departmental exams twice a year for government employees. 4. To advise the government on disciplinary and promotion cases. 5. To carry out coordination work for various competitive exams conducted in various State, Centres on behalf of the Union Public Service Commission. ## Law and Order: Law and order is essential for the peace, happiness, unity and development of the nation. In today's fast growing society, maintaining law and order is an important task. Law and order are the two sides of same coin. The rule of law is essential for the protection of all. Law and order is mentioned in the 7th schedule of the constitution (state list). So maintaining law and order is one of the main duties of the state. The Central Government has the constitutional power to direct the states in maintaining the law and order. ## The Role of Central Government The responsibility of maintaining law and order by Central Government is mentioned in many articles of the constitution. For example, protecting the nation from external aggression is mentioned in the article 355 of the constitution. In case of failure of constitutional machinery in states the President of India can declare state emergency according to article 356. The Union Home Ministry has armed forces to provide security to the public and through them maintains law and order. Following are the important armed forces. 1. **CRPF (Central Reserve Police Force):** The force assist state police in suppressing riots and maintaining law and order and also undertakes relief work in any part of the country in case of natural calamities. 2. **Border Security Force (BSF):** This force is protecting the borders of India with Pakistan and Bangladesh and also prevents criminal activities along these borders. 3. **RPF (Railway Protection Force):** It prevents railway crimes and investigate them. They protect railway passengers and railway assets like railway tracks, work shops etc. 4. **CISF (Central Industrial Security Force):** It provides security to large scale industries in public sector, airports, harbours, provides security to institutions like note and coin minting centers. The Central Government plays an important role in maintaining law and order in the country by coordinating and carrying special responsibilities The government with its powers, expertise service and responsibility through its relevant departments continuously guides the state governments to maintain law and order. ## Role of State Police system: The primary responsibility of state government is to maintain law and order to discharge these responsibilities. The state government has a police administration consist of an executive class and advisory class. In the states the police department is under Home Minister. This ministery is responsible to look after police administration. The home secretary is the administrative head of the home department and he/she is an IAS officer. He/She advises and assists the home minister in discharge of his duties. The home department performs the task of supervision and coordination of police administration. ### The structure of police administration is as follows. - Home Minister - Home Secretary - Director General and Inspector General of Police (DG and IGP) (Head of the state police Department) - Director Genral of Police (DGP) - Additional Director Genral of Police (ADGP) - Inspector General of Police (IGP) - Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) (Head of Sub Zonal Office) - Superintendent of Police (SP) (District Police Officer) - Additional Superintendent of Police (ASP) (Additional District Superintendent of Police) - Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP) (Head of Sub Divisional Office) - Circle Police Inspector (CP/ED) (Head of Circle Office) - Subinspector of Police (PSI) (Head of the Police Station) - Assistant Subinspector (ASI) - Head Constable (HC) - Police Constable (PC) The police system is playing a very important role in the maintainance of law and order. ## Know this: In case of any untoward incident you can file a complaint at the nearest police station. After filling complaint FIR(first information report) will be recorded. (DG and IGP - Director General and Inspector General of Police) # Exercise ## I. Fill in the blanks in the following incomplete sentences 1. The father of public administration is _Woodrow Wilson_. 2. The word Public administration was first used by _Alexander Hamilton_. 3. The members of UPSC are appointed by _President of India_. 4. _article 315_ of Indian constitution mentions about state Public service commission. ## II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions 5. Public administration is very essential at present. Discuss: Public administration is essential for the smooth functioning of the government. It helps in implementing government policies, ensuring the welfare of citizens, maintaining law and order, and providing essential services. It plays a crucial role in modern society, especially since its functions are essential from birth to death. 6. Public administration functions from birth to death of a person. Justify the statement: From birth, public administration is involved in services like registration of births, providing education, health care, and social security benefits. As people grow older, they rely on public administration for employment, infrastructure, and other essential services. Even at death, public administration is involved in the process of death registration and burial, ensuring proper disposal of remains. 7. Explain about the types of recruitment. 8. What is the role of state in maintaining law and order? ## III. Project 1. Make a list of exams conducted by Union Public Service Commission for various services. 2. Write down the hierarchy of rank of state police administrative system. ## IV. Activity 1. Visit your nearest police station, discuss with a police officer, prepare a report about the role of police department in maintaining law and order. 2. Collect information about traffic rules from traffic police officer and prepare a report.