Quizzes.pdf

Quiz 1: (lect 1+ 2) In which area(s) is agriculture believed to originate? Greece China ✅ Central America ✅ Australia Question 2 0 / 2 points Which of the following breeding events were instrumental in impro...

Quiz 1: (lect 1+ 2) In which area(s) is agriculture believed to originate? Greece China ✅ Central America ✅ Australia Question 2 0 / 2 points Which of the following breeding events were instrumental in improving agricultural output? Cross-breeding in tree species (e.g. the pluot) Development of hybrid corn ✅ Self-pollination of barley plants Development of dwarf wheat to reduce lodging ✅ Question 3 2 / 2 points Which of the following is/are example(s) of advantages of the green revolution? Reduced poverty and hunger ✅ Global use of improved seed and technologies, regardless of social or economic status Improved yields, regardless of changes in the weather ✅ Consistent and constant crop productivity ✅ Question 4 2 / 2 points Which current countries would be included in the Fertile Crescent? Jordan ✅ Syria✅ Israel✅  Lebanon ✅ Question 5 2 / 2 points Which of the following crops are part of the Three Sisters? Wheat Corn ✅ Barley Squash ✅ Question 6 2 / 2 points What events were part of the British Agricultural Revolution in the 1700 and 1800s? Increased crop rotation ✅ Cultivation of unused lands to increase productivity ✅ Introduction of new crops, such as turnips ✅ Use of recombinant DNA to improve breeding for superior varieties Question 7 2 / 2 points Natural pyrethrins come from which commonly grown plant? Tobacco Chrysanthemum ✅ Radish Mustard Question 8 2 / 2 points Which of the following would be considered cereal crops? Rice ✅ Wheat ✅ Barley ✅  Oats ✅ Question 9 1 / 2 points What are some sources of nitrogen for improved crop production Urea✅ Manure ✅ Legume cover crops Potash Question 10 2 / 2 points Which of the following "vegetables" are botanically considered fruits? Eggplant✅ Avocado ✅ Yams Onions Question 11 2 / 2 points What are some characteristics of simple fruits? They develop from a single flower ✅ They include raspberries, strawberries, and blackberries They can be fleshy or dry (e.g. certain nuts) ✅ They include plums and pears ✅ Question 12 2 / 2 points What is/are characteristic of forage crops? They are always dicots ✅ They are important in crop rotation They can be stored as hay or silage ✅  They are an important source of food for grazing animals ✅ Question 13 2 / 2 points What are some uses for oilseed crops? Pet foods ✅ Soaps ✅ Paints ✅ Fuel ✅ Question 14 2 / 2 points Which of the following are examples of crops grown for green manure? Alfalfa ✅ Sweet corn Mustards ✅ Winter rye ✅ Question 15 2 / 2 points Which of the following compounds found in plants are toxic to humans, even in small quantities? Flax Monkshood ✅ Ricin ✅ Neem Question 16 (Bonus) 1 / 2 points Which of the following are in the top 3 crops grown in Ontario? Potatoes Soybean ✅ Feed corn Hazelnuts  Question 17 2 / 2 points What nutritional value do we get from fruits (as defined in the culinary sense)? Antioxidants ✅ Protein Dietary fibre ✅ Omega-3 fatty acids Question 18 1 / 2 points What are some nutritional characteristics of plant-based oils? High in good cholesterol (LDLs) Low in saturated fats (compared to animal fats) ✅ High in protein ✅ Source of readily available sugars Question 19 2 / 2 points What are the main components we discussed in class within fibre crops that makes them useful for textile production? Lignin ✅ Proteins Fats Cellulose ✅ Question 20 2 / 2 points Which of the following medicinal products come from plants? Aspirin ✅ Acetaminophen Quinine ✅ Atorvastatin Question 21 (Bonus) 2 / 2 points Which of the following are differences between agronomic and horticultural crops? Water/moisture content ✅ Caloric content ✅ Vitamin content ✅ Cultivar variability ✅ Quiz 2 Question 1 2 / 2 points Which of the following would be a correct way to represent an organism using scientific naming (binomial nomenclature)? Solanum tuberosum L. ✅ Agrostis stolonifera Pseudomonas syringe pv. phaseolicola Ansiogramma anomala Question 2 1 / 2 points In which order would taxonomic classification of living organisms be correct? Kingdom - Class - Phylum - Family - Order - Genus - Species Kingdom - Domain - Phylum - Order - Family - Class - Genus - Species Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species ✅ Kingdom - Division - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species ✅ Question 3 2 / 2 points Differences between monocots and dicots would include: Monocots can be herbaceous or woody while dicots are always herbaceous Dicots have a taproot system while monocots have a fibrous one ✅ ✅ The vascular bundles of monocots are scattered within the plant while those of dicots are arranged in a ring  ✅ Monocots have leaves with parallel venation and dicots have leaves with netted venation Question 4 1 / 2 points The internal tissues of the plant include: Epidermis ✅ Ground tissue ✅ Meristems ✅ Trichomes Question 5 0 / 2 points What is true of the guard cells? They regulate gas exchange in the plant ✅ They are directly affected by levels of phosphorus in the soil solution They help cool off the plant by increasing transpiration ✅ They are only present in dicots as monocots have stomata instead Question 6 2 / 2 points What is special about the intercalary meristem? It is where top growth occurs and is the site of apical dominance It is primarily found in monocots ✅ It allows for species like turgrasses to be cut and regrow without extensive damage ✅ It allows for relatively slow by stable growth of the plant Question 7 2 / 2 points Which of the following are functions of plant roots? Anchoring of the plant in the soil ✅  Producing sugars for the leaves to aid in photosynthesis Reducing water loss through stomate closure Providing storage of energy reserves ✅ Question 8 1 / 2 points What are some characteristics of corn plants? ✅ They are monoecious or bisexual ✅ They have parallel leaf venation ✅ They have a fibrous root system They contain a higher lignin content than woody plant species Question 9 0 / 2 points Which of the following would be typical of flower parts found in a plant? Sepals✅ Ovary✅ Anther✅ Stigma✅ Question 10 1 / 2 points What are some of the characteristics of parenchyma cells found in ground tissue? They are important in photosynthesis in the leaf tissue They are important for energy storage in the stems and roots ✅ Unlike collenchyma cell, they are dead at maturity They maintain plant turgidity through fluid storage in the vacuoles✅ Question 11 0 / 2 points What are some advantages of plants that grow as clone formers (as opposed to crown formers)? They exhibit determinate growth They form new plants in the form of rhizomes and stolons ✅  They can only reproduce sexually They can exploit new environments due to their creeping growth habit ✅ Question 12 0 / 2 points What are some characteristics of xylem and phloem? Fluid in the xylem travels in both directions to allow sugars to flow downward and hormones to flow upward Phloem cells contain a nucleus while xylem cells do not ✅ Xylem is important in both primary and secondary growth while phloem tissue is only important in primary growth They both provide structural support for the plant✅ Question 13 0 / 2 points Which cells that we discussed in class contain multiple mitochondria to help transport sugars throughout the plant? Parenchyma cells Sclerenchyma cells Companion cells ✅ Guard cells Question 14 0 / 2 points What are some characteristics of plant stems? Main source of physical support for the plant ✅ Can conduct photosynthesis to produce sugars for the plant ✅ Can be modified as storage structures in the form of bulbs and tubers✅ Can be vertical or horizontal in their growth pattern ✅ Question 15 0 / 2 points Which flower parts do grasses lack and what class of flower would they have as a result?  Stamen and pistil - Imperfect Sepals and petals - Incomplete ✅ Ovaries and anther - Monoecious Grasses possess all of the flower parts and are considered Complete Question 16 2 / 2 points All growth in plants originates from meristems, which are regions capable of adding cells to the plant's body. In this regard, choose the correct option: The apical and lateral meristems of plants are involved, respectively, in the growth of these tissues. Primary and below-ground Primary and secondary ✅ Secondary and thickening Secondary and apical Question 17 2 / 2 points Which of the following are plant growth promoting hormones? Ethylene Cytokinins ✅ Auxin ✅ Abscisic acid Question 18 2 / 2 points Why is the second reaction of photosynthesis referred to as the dark reaction? Because it it not initiated until at least 4 hours or continuous darkness have occurred Because the storm is a darker organelle than the thylakoid Because light is not a necessary part of the reactions that occur in the Calvin Cycle ✅ Because the products of the light reaction must be moved to a dark, protected environment to reduce the risk of photolysis Question 19 0 / 2 points What are the differences between cool-season (C3) and warm-season (C4) plants? The organic carbon molecule resulting from the first reaction of the Calvin cycle differs between the two ✅ In C4 plants, there is an additional step that helps concentrate the carbon dioxide to reduce the risk of photorespiration ✅ Carbon dioxide is converted to an organic molecule in the dark when the stomata are closed C4 plants do not go through the Calvin cycle due to the potential competition for Rubisco during that series of steps Question 20 2 / 2 points Which of the statements below is true of imbibition as related to seed germination? Enzyme degradation is necessary for the cotyledon to break through the seed coat Imbibition leads to activation of metabolic processes that initiate seed germination ✅ Water absorption requires light in order for germination to proceed, leading to imbibition Once imbibition occurs, the seed must germinate or the seed will no longer be viable ✅ Question 21 (Bonus) 1 / 1 point BONUS: The three tissues of the plant root are: Answer for blank # 1: Vascular Cylinder ✅ Answer for blank # 2: Cortex ✅ Answer for blank # 3: Epidermis ✅ Quiz 3 Question 1 1 / 2 points Which of the following are functions of indole acetic acid (IAA)? Cell elongation and division ✅ Response to light ✅ Tryptophan synthesis Protein formation Question 2 1 / 2 points The photo above is a symptom of blossom end rot. What can we say about this issue on tomatoes? It is a result of poor disease resistance due to a deficiency in potassium It is the result of reduced chlorophyll production and therefore limited resource allocation to proper fruiting It is a result of weakened cell walls due to a weakened middle lamella ✅ It is a result of calcium deficiency ✅ 2 / 2 points Question 3 Which of the following would be examples of qualitative inheritance? Flower colour ✅ Plant height Leaf shape (e.g. lobed or entire) ✅ Sex of a plant (in dioecious species) ✅ Question 4 0 / 2 points Why is injection of organic fertilizers potentially more effective than broadcast application? Broadcasting the product is actually much more effective for availability of nutrients Phosphorus is more readily available to the plant if applied deeper in the soil The primary nitrogen source found in organic fertilizers is volatile ✅ Injection of the fertilizer will do a better job of reducing soil erosion Question 5 1 / 2 points Potassium deficiency is a key nutrient for which functions in the plant Root formation Disease resistance✅ Drought tolerance ✅ Cold tolerance ✅ Question 6 2 / 2 points What are some advantages of using genetically modified plants? Reduced fungicide use ✅ Known long-term safety of the crops Potential outcrossing which allows for improvement of multiple plant species Significantly shorter time to released varieties than with traditional breeding ✅ Question 7 2 / 2 points Some characteristics of organic fertilizers include: large proportion of nitrogen that is readily available relative to most inorganic products it is a source of many essential elements ✅ over-application of other nutrients such as phosphorus can easily occur ✅ relatively easy to transport Question 8 2 / 2 points Which statements below are true regarding short and long-day plants and flowering? Short-day plants require uninterrupted light that is under 10 hours per day to trigger flowering Long-day plants require uninterrupted light that is over 12 hours per day to trigger flowering ✅ Short-day plants require uninterrupted darkness that is greater than the critical a length period for that species to trigger flowering ✅ Long-day plants require cumulative darkness duration that is less than a critical night length period for that species to trigger flowering Question 9 2 / 2 points Which of the following is true of the pigment PHYTOCHROME in plants? This pigment is responsible for absorbing red and blue light to activate the photosynthetic pathway This pigment triggers various photoperiodic responses such as flowering and senescence when transformed to its active form ✅ This pigment is involved in initiating the respiration process which is triggered following absorption of blue light Question 10 2 / 2 points Why is potassium considered important for stress response in the plant? Potassium is responsible for thickening the cell wall and protecting the plant from herbivory It regulates the guard cells, which are responsible for opening and closing stomates ✅ It is believed to be involved in drought, cold and disease tolerance ✅ It is a key factor in chlorophyll formation and therefore essential in photosynthesis and sugar formation Question 11 2 / 2 points What proportion of yield gains over the past few decades can be attributed to breeding/genetic improvement? Less than 10% At least 50% ✅ Over 75% None - yield gains are solely due to increased fertility and better management practices  Question 12 2 / 2 points What might we look for when breeding for improved harvestability in a crop? Uniform maturity ✅ ✅ Increased stalk strength Reduced seed shattering✅ Pest resistance ✅ Question 13 1 / 2 points Which of the following traits of a plant would be quantitatively inherited? Growth rate ✅ Yield ✅ Nodule formation Pod colour Question 14 2 / 2 points What is true of Liebig's Law of the Minimum? The most important nutrient in any specific plant will be the one to predict yield, regardless of the level of the other nutrients ✅ The nutrient that is the most limited will predict relative yield, even if it is a nutrient that is needed only in micro-quantities As long as all nutrients are available, even at minimal levels below what is needed by the plant, yield will not be reduced It is the total value of the nutrients as a whole that predict plant yield and quality, not the presence of any individual nutrient. 0 / 2 points Question 15 Which of the following will determine the growth and development of plants? Light✅ Nutrients ✅ Temperature ✅ Water ✅ Question 16 2 / 2 points How do plants favour cross-pollination to increase genetic variability? Possessing reproductive organs on separate plants (dioecious). ✅ Having the pollen and the stigma mature at different times ✅ Possessing the ability to set seed without requiring another plant Pollen from a flower being capable of fertilizer an ovule from the same plant (incompatibility) ✅ Question 17 2 / 2 points Deficiency in which of the following nutrients leads to interveinal chlorosis? Iron ✅ Magnesium ✅ Phosphorus Calcium  Question 18 2 / 2 points Which of the following are laws of inheritance we discussed in class? When there are two different alleles present (a dominant and a recessive) there is a 50:50 chance as to which phenotype will be determined Genetic characters are controlled by one allele and one allele only During meiosis, one of the chromosomes is passed on randomly to each of the gametes ✅ The dominant phenotype will be determined only in the case of a dominant homozygous allele Question 19 1 / 2 points Which of the following are primary functions of nitrogen in the plant Important in protein formation ✅ Important in the process of photosynthesis ✅ Critical for enzymatic reactions ✅ A necessary component of several vitamins ✅ Question 20 0 / 2 points Which of the following would be considered macronutrients for plants? Phosphorus ✅ Manganese Sulfur ✅ Iron Quizz 4 Question 1 1 / 2 points What is true about soil structure? It creates micro-habitats for anaerobic microorganisms ✅ It improves soil porosity and water movement ✅ It discourages weed growth We see better soil structure in pure sand due to the increased pore space Question 2 2 / 2 points Which of the following are natural greenhouse gases? Carbon dioxide ✅ ✅ Ammonia Methane Hydrofluorocarbons Question 3 2 / 2 points Which nutrients are more available in acidic soils? Manganese ✅ Calcium Iron ✅ Nitrates Question 4 1 / 2 points What is true of the permanent wilting point? It is the point at which the soil can no longer hold water for the plant Symptoms in the plant will begin to appear between 30 and 40% above the permanent wilting point ✅ The difference between field capacity and the permanent wilting point is available water to the plants Once the wilting point is reached, if water is added, the plants can recover Question 5 2 / 2 points What are some of the advantages of using surface irrigation? ✅ ✅ It is relatively inexpensive It is easy to set up It uses water more efficiently than other methods It has the flexibility to allow for application to the parts of the plant that need it most Question 6 2 / 2 points What are some of the effects of prolonged water-logging on the plant? ✅ Increased photosynthesis ✅ Reduced respiration Production of methane, leading to plant death Improved root growth Question 7 Physical soil characteristics that act as Indicators of soil quality and soil health ✅ include: ✅ Soil aggregate stability ✅ Soil porosity Infiltration rate Soil pH Question 8 Earthworms are important for: ✅ ✅ improvement of soil porosity formation of soil aggregates ✅ improvement of CEC plant residue decomposition Question 9 Which of the following are examples of primary consumers in the soil food web? ✅ Plants and other photosynthesizers Pathogens Birds Smaller insects Question 10 What is/are potential advantages of increased microbial respiration in the soil? It means that there are an equal amount of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms in the ✅ soil. ✅ It is a potential indicator of higher microbial diversity Increased aggregate stability Improved soil texture Question 11 ✅ How does non-neutral soil pH affect soil quality and plant health? It reduces the potential for soil aggregation It increases nutrient release into the soil solution, making nutrients more plant-available It reduces the break-down of potentially toxic pollutants✅ it potentially reduces the decomposition of soil organic matter✅ Question 12 What are some functions of soil bacteria? ✅ Wood decay ✅ Development of endophytic relationship with plants ✅ Triggering plant defence response Antagonism of plant pathogenic agents Question 13 ✅ Characteristics of non-filamentous soil bacteria include: Production of various antibiotics Slow reproduction rate ✅ Present in the soil in the greatest biomass Very high diversity Question 14 ✅ What are some functions of soil fungi? ✅ Wood decay ✅ Development of endophytic relationship with plants ✅ Triggering plant defence response Antagonism of plant pathogenic agents Question 15 ✅ What is the potential value of adding amendments to the soil? Increased nutrient retention ✅ Improved soil textural analysis ✅ Increased water-holding capacity Improved soil structure Question 16 What are some of the characteristics of sandy soils as opposed to soils with high clay ✅ content? ✅ Increased bulk density and stability ✅ Reduced microbial activity Increased water percolation Increased nutrient availability Question 17 Water logging can be caused by: A large proportion of sand particles in the soil ✅ High soil porosity ✅ High salts A very low water table Question 18 ✅ Which of the following can lead to excess water loss in the plant? ✅ Low relatively humidity Very low potassium levels in the soil Excessive shade Reduced microbial activity in the stomates Question 19 What conditions can lead to compacted soils? ✅ ✅ A higher mineral content within the soil Excess use of machinery on wet soils Textural analysis of greater than 60% sand Reduced phosphorus in the soil Question 20 ✅ Examples of soil conditioners that improve CEC in the soil include: ✅ Biosolids Composts ✅ Sand topdressing Increased soil organic matter Quiz 5 Question 1 2 / 2 points How do physical and cultural pest management practices differ? Physical practices are always more invasive to the plant Cultural practices can often be done even in the absence of pests ✅ ✅ Cultural practices have an indirect effect on pests rather than a direct one Cultural practices are aimed at reducing pathogen populations rather than eradicating them Question 2 1 / 2 points Why are fungal sclerotia often darkened? To blend in with the soil thus avoiding antagonism from other microorganisms Due to melanization ✅ For long-term protection from environmental extremes and UV light ✅ To attract herbivores that will eat them and spread them long distances Question 3 0 / 2 points Which of the following practices could fall under cultural or physical, depending on the reason for implementing them? Tillage✅ Pruning of branches ✅ Pre-plant solarization Irrigation✅ Question 4 2 / 2 points What are some characteristics of the pest triangle? It can be used to show the importance of integrating various pest management practices ✅ Growers can potentially alter each side of the triangle with a variety of strategies ✅ The ultimate goal for a grower is to reduce the volume of the triangle in the hopes of reducing the potential for pest pressure/damage ✅ The host susceptibility side is the most important and can lead to disease even in the absence of the other sides Question 5 2 / 2 points  How do fungicides and insecticides generally affect humans? Insecticides are rarely toxic to humans because we are in a different Phylum from insects Fungicide use may lead to increased risk of certain types of cancers ✅ We tend to see more acute toxicity with fungicides Many insecticides are nerve poisons and can lead to tremors over years of use ✅ Question 6 6 / 6 points For the examples listed below, choose whether they are indicative of an injury, a disorder or a disease, or whether the example does not fit into any of those categories. Bacterial organism that enters plant cells and utilizes nutrients, 3 ultimately reducing yield in the plant Endophytic fungus that grows inside plant and makes use of 4 plant metabolites in exchange for providing access to more nutrients 1 Injury Parasitic nematode that creates 2 Disorder giant cell in plant root to divert 3 plant nutrients (e.g. root-knot 3. Disease nematode) None of the above - not Leaf spots resulting from 4 detrimental to plant cell-breakdown from a parasitic 3 fungus that enters plant with an appressorium Anaerobic soil bacteria that 2 produce methane and reduce plant growth Japanese beetle chewing on plant 1 leaves of a variety of plants Question 7 5 / 6 points Choose under which of the pest management strategies that we discussed the following examples would fall Applying a synthesized form of Bacillus thuringiensis to 1 corn to reduce feeding by European corn borer Removing infected 2 plants in a field Planting a cultivar bred for pest 1 Chemical 5. resistance 2 Physical Applying a. 3 Cultural formulation of. 4 pest-antagonistic 4 Biological organisms to a. crop 5 Genetic resistance. Altering practices to encourage rhizobacteria 4 which can potentially trigger plant defense response; Reducing row spacing to 3 increase airflow within a field 2 / 2 points Question 8 What are characteristics of an exoskeleton in insects? ✅ The waxy covering reduces the potential for drying out and allows the insects to more easily move through soil It allows for changes in mouthparts during pupation It makes the insects quite resistant to various environmental factors✅ Insects are able to easily expand in size as the exoskeleton is quite soft and malleable Question 9 0 / 2 points Which if the following would result from chilling injury in plants? Collapse and breakdown of cell tissue leading to a mush texture ✅ Reduced starch content of grains Etiolation (rapid, extended growth to escape stress) Surface pitting ✅ Question 10 0 / 2 points Heat stress may lead to which of the following symptoms? Protein denaturation ✅ Reduced pollen viability ✅ Increased flower number Reduced seed weight ✅ Question 11 2 / 2 points What type of issues might the presence of weeds suggest? Soils that are compacted ✅ ✅ Excess soil potassium Inadequate sunlight✅ Overly wet soils✅ Question 12 1 / 2 points What is the difference between conidia and ascospores Conidia are long-lasting and often produced by a fungus for overseasoning/dormancy The formation of ascospores is more likely to lead to genetic mutations such as fungicide resistance ✅ All bacterial produced conidia while only a select Phylum of them produce ascospores Ascospores allow fungi to directly penetrate the plant cell rather than having to enter through natural openings Question 13 2 / 2 points What is allelopathy? Overgrowth of a weed plant leading to reduced photosynthesis and ultimately death of the desirable plant Chemical inhibition of one plant to another ✅ Harboring of pathogens during dormancy of a particular crop Genetic dominance of an organism to parasitize plants Question 14 1 / 2 points What are the various way in which weeds can reduce plant growth? Direct effect on growth through binding ✅ Physical shearing of roots in the soil Competition for resources such as light, water, and nutrients ✅ Penetration into host (desirable) plant and siphoning of nutrients ✅  Question 15 2 / 2 points What are symptoms resulting from bacterial plant infection? Powdery spots on leaf bald Galling ✅ Blighting✅ Wilting✅ Question 16 1 / 2 points Stomatal closure resulting from prolonged drought stress will lead to which of the following symptoms in the plant? Increased turgor pressure Overheating of leaf tissue ✅ Activation of plant defense system ✅ Increased nutrient acquisition resulting in thinner cell walls from excess nitrogen Quiz 6 Question 1 3 / 3 points Which of the following will improve radiation use efficiency at the canopy scale? Select all that are TRUE? ✅ In canopy photosynthesis, upper leaves should be made larger and lower leaves smaller to improve canoly radiation use efficiency. In corn, more vertical leaf angles contribute to reduced radiation load on leaves. ✅ Radiation use efficiency is greater in oilseeds like soybean compared to cereals like corn because oilseeds have greater oil content. Stay-green reduces radiation use efficiency because leaves stay greener for longer, prolonging photoperiod. ✅ RUE is positively correlated with the magnitude of daily temperature fluctuations (warm days and cool nights). RUE is positively correlated with the magnitude of daily temperature fluctuations (cold days and warm nights). Question 2 2 / 2 points What happens to light quality (i.e. radiation spectrum) as it passes through a plant canopy? ✅ It becomes depleted in both red photons and blue photons relative to far-red photons It becomes depleted of photons used in photosynthesis (PPFD is reduced) ✅ It becomes enriched in blue photons Nothing changes Question 3 0.5 / 2.5 points What is TRUE about temperature effects on crops? ✅ In Ontario, soils are typically colder than optimum for germination, emergence and seedling growth ✅ All biological processes have a temperature range in which they can operate As temperature increases, actual vapor pressure increases Respiration increases as temperature decreases As temperature increases, saturated vapour pressure increases ✅ Question 4 2 / 3 points What is true about crop development and growth? Crop development proceeds based on thermal time, not calendar time ✅ ✅ The rate of leaf appearance, flowering, stem elongation, and pollination are examples of plant development. ✅ The duration of growth at each developmental stage affects total biomass accumulation Development in some crop species depends on photoperiod, meaning the angle of the sun in the sky at solar noon By law, when farmers buy seed, the bag must state the exact date that flowering will occur (e.g. July 15) to ensure crop development is matched to the local area. Development is measured in terms of kg/ha/day (rate of accumulation) Question 5 3.5 / 3.5 points What is true about VPD and relative humidity? As VPD increases the air's drying capacity increases ✅ The smaller VPD is, the more transpiration that occurs VPD stands for Vapor Pressure Deficit ✅ As VPD increases the air's drying capacity decreases Air with a RH of 70% at 20°C holds more water than air with a RH of 70% at 10°C. ✅ VPD stands for Vapor Pressure Density VPD is directly related to transpiration while relative humidity is not. ✅ Question 6 3 / 3 points Which statements are correct about photons and electromagnetic radiation? ✅ Wavelength of a photon is directly related to the energy it contains Wavelength informs us about the color of light in photosynthesis. ✅ All wavelengths in solar radiation are equally effective for photosynthesis. A photon is a light particle that has a wavelength. ✅ Soils and plant re-emit radiation at smaller wavelengths (e.g. gamma rays and x-rays) than the wavelengths they absorb. Infra-red radiation is used for photosynthesis in tropical and desert environments. Question 7 3.5 / 3.5 points Which of the following fates can electromagnetic radiation take upon interacting with matter? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Re-phased Reflected ✅ Vaporized Transmitted ✅ Alberized Absorbed ✅ Re-emitted ✅ Question 8 3 / 3 points What is true about Solar Energy incident (hitting) the soil surface? Solar radiation is either direct, diffuse or di-phased ✅ Solar radiation is either direct or diffuse ✅ Solar energy increases as the thickness of the atmosphere that it must pass through decreases In Canada, solar energy is greatest in the summer and lowest in the winter. ✅ Solar energy is greatest during the winter solstice. Solar energy is greatest at noon ✅ Question 9 2 / 3 points Which of the following statements are true about light signalling? The shade avoidance response is initiated in plants when they sense a change in the blue/far-blue light ratio Plants absorb red light more than far-red light, light becomes enriched in far-red light after it reflects through a leaf Plants absorb and reflect specific wavelengths of light (400-700 nm) more than others ✅ ✅ Photons with a wavelength of 700 nm can be used for photosynthesis but photons with a wavelength of 701 nm cannot be used for photosynthesis. Photons with a wavelength of 701 nm can be used for photosynthesis but photons with a wavelength of 700 nm cannot be used for photosynthesis. ✅ The shade avoidance response is initiated in plants when they sense a change in the red/far-red light ratio Question 10 1.5 / 2.5 points Which of the following statements about thermal time are correct? Thermal time works for crops with base temperatures of 00C Thermal time is only applicable to cereal crops Thermal time is less accurate than calendar date for predicting crop development Thermal time to reach a give development stage is highly genetically controlled ✅ Thermal time is not affected by temperature Question 11 2.5 / 2.5 points Which of the following are true regarding crop development and growth? Duration of growth is inversely proportional to temperature ✅ Development examples include rate of leaf appearance and flowering ✅ The longer a crop stays at a specific developmental stage, the shorter time it has to grow Growth is not affected by temperature Development and growth always occur simultaneously Question 12 0.5 / 2.5 points Which of the following statements about temperature effects on crops are correct? (Select two) ✅ Temperature-dependent biological processes include gene expression and enzyme activity Plants can distinguish between 5 days at 20°C and 10 days at 10°C in terms of timing development ✅ Farmers select crops that will reach physiological maturity before the first frost in the Fall All crops have the same base temperature for development Temperature has no impact on crop development rates Question 13 1.5 / 2.5 points Which of the following statements about photoperiod effects on crops are correct? Photoperiod sensitivity is the same for all crop species Photoperiod effects are strongest at the equator Photoperiod has no effect on crop development ✅ Photoperiod can influence the thermal time accumulation needed to reach a given developmental stage Soybean is highly sensitive to photoperiod ✅ Question 14 2 / 2 points Which of the following statements about cropping systems are correct? The components of a cropping system can be represented as G x E x M ✅ Cropping systems are not normally adapted to their environment. Cropping systems refers only to the types of crops grown Cropping systems include crops, their sequence, and their management ✅ Question 15 2.5 / 2.5 points Which of the following statements about crop rotations are correct? (Select two) A three-crop rotation example is corn-corn-soybean Crop rotation can help manage pests like corn rootworm ✅ Crop rotation was only discovered in modern times, but is now used by farmers worldwide Continuous crop rotations (monocultures) are common in Ontario A two-crop rotation example is corn-soybean-corn-soybean ✅ Question 16 2.5 / 2.5 points Which of the following statements about the G x E x M framework are correct? (Select two) M refers to marketing decisions G represents geography in the framework ✅ Understanding G x E x M interactions is crucial for determining cropping system productivity E stands for environment, including climate and soil ✅ The framework ignores interactions between components Question 17 2.5 / 3.5 points What of the following is true about electro-magnetic radiation including photosynthetically active radiation?  ✅ Reflected or emitted radiation from plants and soil can be captured for remote sensing applications in agriculture Irradiance is primarily measured in grams MJ-1 Irradiance varies with time and space, but photosynthetic photon flux density is much more constant Diffuse radiation is caused by clouds and aerosols ✅ Infrared radiation is not absorbed by leaves PPFD measures the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit that falls within a given angle. Infrared radiation is used in photosynthesis and contributes to increasing the temperature of crops. Quiz 7 Q1 What was a key factor in the Green Revolution's success at improving wheat yields across the globe? Select the two correct answers. A change in the G and M components of the cropping system ✅ Increase in pesticide use Increased use of organic farming methods ✅ Interaction between new 'dwarf' wheat varieties and increased nitrogen fertilizer use Development of new shorter ('dwarf') wheat varieties Question 2 2 / 2 points What are two (2) effects of livestock on cropping systems? Increased use of synthetic fertilizers Greater crop rotational diversity due to inclusion of forages (e.g. hay) ✅ Reduced pesticide use ✅ Potential for buildup of certain soil nutrients (e.g. P) to levels which can result in nutrient loss Reduction in field sizes Question 3 2 / 2 points Which of the following is NOT a change in cropping systems from the 1920s to today? Increased use of synthetic fertilizers and herbicides Simplification of crop rotations Reduction in capital costs requirements (e.g. machinery, land) ✅ Greater integration of livestock into crop production ✅ Increased field sizes Question 4 1.2 / 2 points Which of the following is NOT a major secular trend in Canadian agriculture since the 1930s? Decline in forage production in eastern Canada Increase in small grain production in eastern Canada Elimination of summerfallow in the Prairies Increase in cherry tree acreage in the Fraiser River Valley ✅ Dominance of corn and soybeans in western Canada ✅ Question 5 1.333 / 2 points Which of the following are NOT one of Canada's main agricultural regions (select all that apply)? The mid-west ✅ The St. Lawrence river valley ✅ The Peace river valley The Fraiser river valley The Prairies The southern corn belt ✅ Question 6 1.2 / 2 points What is the change in summer fallow over time in the Prairies an example of? ✅ How changes in crop management (M component) have reduced evaporation of soil moisture from fields. How climate change (E component) is making agriculture more difficult ✅ How interactions between the G, E and M components result in major changes to cropping systems How identification and integration of drought-tolerant genes (G component) in crops such as lentils have resulted in major changes to cropping systems How changes in crop management (M component) have increased evapotranspiration over time from cropping systems Question 7 0.667 / 2 points What is the definition of an agronomic measurement? Select the two most correct answers. A measurement made as a percentage (%), such as nutrient use efficiency A measurement made on an area basis ✅ A measurement made on a per-plant basis A measurement related to plant productivity A measurement made on a per-hectare or per-acre basis ✅ A measurement made on a plant-adjusted basis Question 8 1.2 / 2 points Which of the following are key components of the light-based yield equation? Fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by crop canopy ✅ Soil temperature Radiation use efficiency (RUE) ✅ Crop rotation Leaf area index Question 9 0 / 2 points Which of the following are characteristics of Mitscherlich's Law of the Maximum? Aims for multiplicative effects on yield ✅ Focuses on severely limiting factors Applies to low-yielding environments Emphasizes single factor limitation Suggests improving multiple management practices together ✅ Valid in high-yielding environments ✅ Question 10 1.2 / 2 points In the context of nutrient management, which statements are true regarding on-farm nutrient reservoirs? Potassium reservoirs are almost closed systems and soil K levels can increase over time ✅ Nitrogen reservoirs are almost closed and soil N level can accumulate over time Potassium is highly vulnerable to loss Phosphorus reservoirs are almost closed systems and soil P levels can build up over time ✅ Most plant-available soil nitrogen is lost overwinter in eastern Canada Question 11 0 / 2 points Which of the following are true regarding crop cooperation in agricultural systems? Agriculture favors the collective performance of plant populations ✅ Taller crop varieties generally have higher harvest indices More tillers per plant always lead to higher yields Leafier plants in managed agricultural systems are always beneficial Evolution favors individual-plant competitiveness over cooperation among plant populations (i.e. a crop) ✅ Question 12 0.667 / 2 points Which statements correctly describe aspects of individual plant vs. population performance in crops? An LAI of 3 is optimal for all crop species ✅ Later-emerging plants have lower per-plant yields, and also lower average per-area yield in the crop population Taller plants in managed systems capture more light than shorter varieties Higher leaf area index (LAI) always results in better light interception Increasing tiller number always improves crop yield Even emergence helps reduce intra-crop competition ✅ Question 13 1 / 2 points Which of the following is/are NOT an example of the law of technology in agriculture? The introduction of automated milking systems has eliminated all labor needs on dairy farms, leading to widespread unemployment in rural communities The adoption of precision agriculture drones for crop monitoring has inadvertently created privacy concerns for neighboring residential areas The development of drought-resistant crop varieties has unexpectedly resulted in increased water consumption as farmers expand into previously unsuitable arid regions ✅ The implementation of vertical farming techniques in urban areas has solved all food security issues globally Question 14 1.2 / 2 points Which of the following are benefits of keeping residue on the soil surface after harvest? ✅ Enables greater soil organic matter accumulation compared to burying residue via tillage. Reduces pest issues such as slug damage Enables greater seed-to-soil contact when planting into the crop residue of previous years Reduces evaporation by acting as a mulch ✅ Reduces wind erosion but increases water erosion Question 15 0 / 2 points Calculate the mass of residue on a per-hectare basis from a soybean crop with a grain yield of 6 tonnes per hectare and a harvest index of 0.7. Round answer to the nearest whole number. 6 t/ha 4 t/ha 9 t/ha ✅ 0.7 t/ha Question 16 1.2 / 2 points What is true about manure use in eastern Ontario cropping systems? Manure is very cheap/free and much easy to truck/ship and deal with logistically, so virtually all Ontario farmers have access to manure for field applications ✅ Manure improves soil organic matter (%) over time, but can introduce weed seeds into fields ✅ When manure applications are made onto wet fields, there is a high risk of compaction. When manure applications are made onto wet fields, there is a high risk of weed seed dispersal and odor issues Manure is almost always applied in July and August when crop canopies are tall and growth rates are high, resulting in high nutrient demands at these periods of growth. Question 17 0 / 2 points What are TRUE reasons farmers conduct Fall tillage in Ontario that are not related to managing crop residue? Incorporate manure ✅ Manage weeds ✅ Improve the leaf area index of next year's crops Increase moisture availability to next year's crop  Quiz 9 Question 1 2 / 2 points For which group(s) of temperate fruit crops below are cultivars available that differ in their flowering response to photoperiod? Currant and Gooseberry Stone fruits (e.g., peach, cherry) Raspberry Strawberry Pome fruits (e.g., apple, pear) Question 2 0.4 / 2 points Which of the following are TRUE in relation to grape production and the grape industry in Canada and Ontario? The farm-gate value of grapes constitutes the major component of the total economic value of the grape industry in Canada. Grapes are the #1 crop in Ontario based on total area planted (2023 data). ✅ Grapes are the #1 crop in Canada based on farm-gate value (2022 data). Production of grapes occurs primarily in the Niagara region in Ontario owing to the cold hardiness of the widely grown Vitis vinifera cultivars. ✅ Changes in the farm-gate value of grapes in Ontario over time are proportional to changes in acreage. Question 3 0.4 / 2 points What has been the impact of dwarfing rootstocks in the apple industry? The cost to establish an apple orchard has decreased. Dwarfing rootstocks were responsible for the dramatic decrease in apple production in Ontario in 2012. A worldwide oversupply of apples has occurred. ✅ The incidence of the bacterial disease fire blight has increased in Ontario. ✅ Presently apple acreage is one half of the acreage found in the early 1990's in Ontario, but there has not been a proportional decrease in total production. ✅ Question 4 1.2 / 2 points Which of the following are FALSE regarding blueberries and blueberry production in Canada? The majority of blueberry acreage in Canada in 2022 was highbush blueberries grown in British Columbia. ✅ Like almond production in California, honeybee hives are transported to the blueberry growing regions in Canada to enhance pollination. They are Canada's major exported fruit crop. They are one of the few cultivated crops indigenous to Canada. Blueberries are the #1 crop both in acreage and total farm-gate value. Question 5 1.2 / 2 points What can be concluded both from the figure below and from the known biology of Japanese plum? None of the cultivars shown in the table can be relied upon to pollinate the cultivar 'Simka'. Most of the cultivars shown in the table are self-incompatible. ✅ Bees will be necessary for adequate pollination of all the plum cultivars in the table. ✅ The cultivars provided in the table are in the fruit species Prunus domestica L. None of the cultivars shown in the table should be grown as a solid planting. ✅ Question 6 2 / 2 points What are the two most valuable protected crops in Ontario? Forced vegetables Cannabis ✅ Mushrooms Ginseng Greenhouse vegetables ✅ Question 7 2 / 2 points Based on the course material, vegetable transplants are normally grown in: structures that exclude light ✅ structures that use natural light low tech protected structures ✅ facilities that use robotics high tech protected structures Question 8 2 / 2 points Low tech protected crops structures normally have: added carbon dioxide active cooling higher costs lower costs ✅ passive heating ✅ Question 9 2 / 2 points High tech structures normally involve: Hydroponics ✅ supplemental lighting ✅ lower costs control of water and plant nutrients ✅ higher costs ✅ Question 10 2 / 2 points The scientific name of the common button mushroom is: Bisporus agaricus Zea mays Agaricus bisporus ✅ Solanum tuberosum Triticum aestivum Question 11 1.2 / 2 points Identify the statements are correct about double polyethylene plastic for greenhouses. Results in greater condensation Most common for greenhouse vegetables ✅ Less energy efficient than glass Most common for greenhouse flowers More energy efficient than glass ✅ Question 12 2 / 2 points Sphagnum moss is: light weight ✅ high in porosity ✅ high in water holding capacity ✅ an important component of growing media for potted plants ✅ a replacement for rockwool Question 13 1.2 / 2 points The following are steps in mushroom production: Salmon run Spawn run Pasteurization ✅  Photoperiod modification Composting ✅ Question 14 2 / 2 points Important issues in mushroom production are: odours from composting ✅ lack of demand for mushrooms water recycling and disposal ✅ lack of uses for spent mushroom compost labour shortages ✅ Question 15 2 / 2 points Important issues in high tech greenhouse production are: light pollution ✅ air pollution scarcity of peat moss ✅ water treatment and reuse ✅ scarcity of rock wool Quiz 10 Question 1 2 / 2 points Choose the correct statements about banana and plantain Most are triploid ✅ Predominantly cultivar Cavendish ✅ The largest herbaceous plant in the world ✅ Originally from South America Predominantly cultivar Gros Michele Question 2 2 / 2 points Choose the correct statements about bananas and plantain Bananas are second to apples as the most important fruit sold in grocery stores They are mostly grown and consumed far from the area of origin ✅ They are eudicots They are monocots ✅ They are mostly grown and consumed near the area of origin Question 3 1.2 / 2 points Commercial bananas and plantain have: Hands ✅ Fingers✅ Flowers ✅ Pseudostem ✅ Bracts ✅ Question 4 0.4 / 2 points Bananas and plantain have: Corms Rhizomes ✅ Shoots ✅ Many varieties ✅ Seeds Question 5 2 / 2 points Bananas are: Insensitive to ethylene Non-climacteric fruit Insect pollinated Shipped frozen until they reach the retail store Climacteric fruit ✅ Question 6 1.2 / 2 points Black sigatoka is a disease that: Is caused by a bacterium Is managed by fungicides ✅ ✅ Is caused by a fungus Has airborne spores✅ Is soilborne Question 7 2 / 2 points Panama disease is one that: Is caused by a bacterium Has airborne spores Is managed by fungicides Is caused by a fungus ✅ Is soilborne ✅ Question 8 2 / 2 points Cavendish bananas are: Resistant to Panama disease TR4 Resistant to Sigatoka Tall Low yielding but high quality Short ✅ Question 9 2 / 2 points The order that coffee, tea, cacao and bananas were domesticated is (earliest to most recent): Bananas, tea, cacao, coffee ✅ Coffee, bananas, tea, cacao Coffee, tea, cacao, bananas Bananas, coffee, cacao, tea Coffee, tea, bananas, cacao Question 10 0.4 / 2 points Bananas, cocoa and coffee are all: trees producers of caffeine important to international trade ✅ Monocots Eudicots Question 11 2 / 2 points The scientific name that translates to ‘Food of the gods’ is Phytophthora Cacao Coffea Arabica Theobroma ✅ Question 12 1.2 / 2 points ✅ Plants in the family Malvaceae are Cacao Coffee Cotton ✅ Banana Okra ✅ Question 13 1.2 / 2 points Select the statements about cacao that are correct Not grown on hillsides ✅ Produces best in rainy and humid climates✅ Most is produced within 8 degrees of the equator ✅ Understory tree in nature ✅ Hand harvested ✅ Question 14 0 / 2 points Select the statements about Arabica coffee that are correct ✅ Understory tree in nature Grown mostly on hillsides✅ Produces best in rainy and humid climates Most is produced within 8 degrees of the equator Hand harvested ✅ Question 15 1.2 / 2 points A chocapocalyse is: The same as a sharknado ✅ The reduction of cacao production areas because of climate change Death by chocolate The end of affordable coffee The end of affordable chocolate ✅ Question 16 2 / 2 points Production of Theobroma cacao is threatened by Goats Black pod ✅ Black Sigatoka Fluctuating world prices ✅ Climate change ✅ Question 17 2 / 2 points Coffee fruit are called Berries Cherries ✅ Nibs Plums Chupons Question 18 0.4 / 2 points Similarities between coffee and cacao include: Both vegetatively propagated Both are eaten by civet cats Both grown from seed ✅ Fermentation is part of processing ✅ The seed is the economic portion of the plant ✅ Question 19 2 / 2 points Important features of cafetales in South America are: Shade trees ✅ Higher yields Higher inputs of fertilizer High diversity of wildlife including birds ✅ George Cluny is opposed to these