History of Planning Textbook PDF

Coming Up Today Chapter 4 History of Planning Part 2 Next Week Tuesday: Chapter 5 Legal Basis of Planning Thursday: Social Issues – Chapter 7 and “The Making of Ferguson” “Yonkers Housing Case” } History of US Cities & Planning Chapter 2 – Urbaniza...

Coming Up Today Chapter 4 History of Planning Part 2 Next Week Tuesday: Chapter 5 Legal Basis of Planning Thursday: Social Issues – Chapter 7 and “The Making of Ferguson” “Yonkers Housing Case” } History of US Cities & Planning Chapter 2 – Urbanization Chapter 3 and 4 - History of Planning Early Planning Theory: Garden Cities Ebenezer Howard Garden Cities of To-Morrow - 1902 Wants cities that are healthy and prosperous A balance of town and country On land owned by the city Early Planning Theory: Garden Cities Greenbelt (reserved greenspace) City Early Planning Theory: Garden Cities Ebenezer Howard Garden Cities of Tomorrow - 1902 Network of modest sized cities Greenbelts Self-contained cities Balance of Uses (industrial, commercial, residential) all in separate zones  Garden Cities and Their Impact Two Garden Cities Built in England by Ebenezer Howard Garden City of Letchworth Welwyn Garden Becomes the basis for England’s Post World War II rebuilding Garden Cities and Their Impact Radburn, New Jersey (1929) Garden Cities design ‘Town for the Motor Age’ Planned Community Utilizes Superblocks Balanced, contains all major land uses Garden Cities concept leads eventually to New Urbanism Garden Cities and Their Impact Superblock Radburn , NJ Designed by Clarence Wright and Henry Stein Superblock separates vehicles from bike and pedestrian travel Highly Influential Design Eventually leads to breakdown in street network Parks - Greenway Bike and Walking Paths Cul-de-Sacs – Low Volume Through Streets – High Volume - Superblocks  The Great Migration Read: Making of Ferguson and Yonkers Housing Case  The Great Migration African American Population - 1910 African American Population - 1970 25% 25% 75% 75% Rural Urban Rural Urban  The Great Migration African American Population - 1910 African American Population - 1970 10% 47% 53% 90% South North and West South North and West The Great Migration Promise of equal rights – housing, education, and employment Increasing Pull Economic Industrialization Factors Opportunity Declining Immigration Jim Crow Racial Laws Decreasing Violence Labor Needs in Agriculture Push Factors The Great Migration WW I WW II 5,000,000 total 12,200,000 enlistment total enlistment  Skyscrapers Dominate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NYC_Equitable_Building_Before_1919_postcard.jpg/187px-NYC_Equitable_Building_Before_1919_postcard.jpg Equitable Building - 1915 1.2 Million Square Feet 34 stories 1 acre of land Communities begin to regulate use and building size Washington DC and Boston limit heights Los Angeles limits uses Skyscrapers and spreading industrial uses force action in New York City Height of the original “skyscrapers”  Skyscrapers Dominate Birth of Zoning 1916 NYC Adopts Zoning* 1926 Euclid Decision: Supreme Court Decision affirms legality of Zoning Response to rise of skyscrapers and changing demographics of cities * Zoning is a local law that regulates the size and use of buildings Beginnings of Sub-Urbanization Richmond VA – 1888 First electric streetcar End of the walking city 1832 Streetcars introduced to NYC Doubles community radius 3 miles – 1 hour walking limit expanded Commuting Distance Expands Walking – 3 miles Street Car – 6 miles Manhattan - 1832 Beginnings of Sub-Urbanization Ford Model T – 1908 Price drops from $825 in 1908 to $295 in 1927 1908 Ford Model T 15 million sold Beginnings of Sub-Urbanization Beginnings of Sub-Urbanization File:Country Club Plaza 1 Kansas City MO.jpg Rise of the Suburbs Attracts Retail and Jobs Development of malls Creation of business parks Country Club Plaza – Kansas City 1921 First plaza accessible only by auto Beginnings of Sub-Urbanization Rise of the Suburbs Attracts Retail and Jobs Development of malls Creation of business parks Highland Park Shopping Village – Dallas 1931 Stores facing away from street Suburbanization Extends Planning New York City in 1920’s – Need for a Plan ▪ Population had doubled in previous 30 years ▪ Per capita income was rising rapidly ▪ Trains and Autos were spreading development to outer boroughs and then to suburbs ▪ Subways and trains overcrowded ▪ Ports could not handle increased freight ▪ Increasing auto congestion Times Square near 42nd Street – 1920’s Need for a Regional Plan in NY ‘Committee for a Regional Plan’ ▪ Business and professional leaders 1st True ▪ Self funded Regional ▪ $1.2 million spent on plan Plan ▪ Team of best minds of the time: Including Edward Bassett – Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr ▪ No single visionary leader – No Daniel Burnham ▪ 7 years to prepare plan ▪ Published plan in 1929  Defining the NY Region Regional Plan of New York and its Environs – Used commuting patterns to define its region “No plan of New York will command recognition unless it includes all areas in which all New Yorkers earn their Defining the livelihood and make their homes.” region is the Covered: 5,527 square miles key problem 22 Counties in NY and NJ 2 Hour Commute  Great Depression 1929 Dow Jones Industrial Average Stock Market Crash of 1929 1920’s – Rapid growth in credit, people borrowed heavily 1920 Individual investors considered the stock market a ‘sure bet’, bought stocks ‘on margin’ By 1932 stock prices dropped 90% - people had borrowed money to buy stocks that were worthless 1933  Great Depression Hoovervilles  Great Depression Roosevelt's Alphabet Agencies AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act FWA Federal Works Agency CCC Civilian Conservation Corps FWP Federal Writers' Project CCC Commodity Credit Corporation HOLC Home Owners' Loan Corporation CWA Civil Works Administration NIRA National Industrial Recovery Act DRS Drought Relief Service NLRA National Labor Relations Act DSH Subsistence Homesteads Division NLRB National Labor Relations Board EBA Emergency Banking Act NRA National Recovery Administration FAA Federal Aviation Administration NYA National Youth Administration FAP Federal Art Project PRRA Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration FCA Farm Credit Administration PWA Public Works Administration FCC Federal Communications Commission RA Resettlement Administration FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation REA Rural Electrification Administration FERA Federal Emergency Relief Administration SEC Securities and Exchange Commission FHA Federal Housing Administration SSA Social Security Administration FLSA Fair Labor Standards Act SSB Social Security Board FMP Federal Music Project TVA Tennessee Valley Authority FSA Farm Security Administration USHA United States Housing Authority FSRC Federal Surplus Relief Corporation USMC United States Maritime Commission Dramatic FTP expansion Federal Theatreof Federal government Project WPA Works Progress Administration involvement in many aspects of society  Great Depression Resettlement Administration (RA) Greenbelt, Maryland Green Hills, Ohio Greendale, Wisconsin Federal Government even built cities! Greenbelt Maryland under construction - 1937  Great Depression The Problem: 2 million construction workers unemployed Banks required 50% down payment – repayment in 3 to 5 years 75% of American’s rented Federal Housing Administration (FHA) FHA set building standards The Making Provided mortgage insurance Regulated interest rates and terms of Ferguson Stabilized housing market Grows to become largest insurer of mortgages in world Fuels the post war home buying boom  Great Depression Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Agricultural was depleted Region was flood prone Built dams to control floods – produce electricity Served as regional economic development agency First and largest regional agency “A corporation clothed with the power of government but This power and flexibility possessed of the flexibility and initiative of a private enterprise.” Franklin Roosevelt will be abused later  How Authorities Function File:NYS Thruway Sign.png Quasi-governmental Established by State Legislatures Given a specific, defined task (or group of tasks) Builds and controls major, revenue generating infrastructure Limited accountability – Limited Public Input Will be discussed more in Chapter 15 Planning in the Post WW II Era http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Legendary_kiss_V%E2%80%93J_day_in_Times_Square_Alfred_Eisenstaedt.jpg/250px-Legendary_kiss_V%E2%80%93J_day_in_Times_Square_Alfred_Eisenstaedt.jpg Tremendous pent-up demand Consumer goods Housing Cars GI Bill 1944 – mortgages, business loans and subsidized education Baby Boom Planning in the Post WW II Era Planning in the Post WW II Era Soldiers returning to cramped housing Suburbanization Accelerates Ford Model T Plant – 1913  Suburbanization Accelerates Ford Highland Park Plant Causes of Suburbanization Changes in factory layouts Large horizontal layouts Clear span space High bay space  Suburbanization Accelerates Brownfields Sites where the presence of real or perceived contamination hampers development or redevelopment 59 Lester Ave – Johnson City Abandoned Factories Become Brownfields Brownfields + Racially Biased Zoning = Environmental Justice Issues Suburbanization Accelerates Rise of the Suburbs Attracts Retail and Jobs Development of malls Creation of business parks Southdale Center – Edina MN 1956 First fully enclosed mall (1 of 10 Buildings that Changed America) Suburbanization Accelerates Growth of Malls Year Number of malls Percent of Retail Sales 1960 4,500 14% 1975 16,400 33% 1987 30,000 50% Suburbanization Accelerates Suburbanization Accelerates Changing Street Patterns to Accommodate Automobile Travel Suburbanization Accelerates Binghamton West Side Suburbanization Accelerates Vestal Suburbanization Accelerates Newport Coast, California Suburbanization Accelerates Urban Population Suburban Population Rural Population 1790 1940 2010 Suburbanization Accelerates Suburbanization Accelerates Birth of the Boomburb (or Boomburg) Mesa, Arizona 100,000 or more population Double digit growth each decade for past 30 years Not a central city Dominated by office parks and car-oriented development No downtown, no skyline, no national identity Greatly impacted by the housing foreclosure crisis Planning in the Post WW II Era File:Hell Gate and Triborough Bridges New York City Queens.jpg File:Robert Moses with Battery Bridge model.jpg When you operate in an overbuilt metropolis, you have to hack your way through with a meat ax. Triborough Bridge (now Robert F. Kennedy) Southern State Parkway Jones Beach First section opened 1927– 1929 State Park Completed 1936 Robert Moses - ‘Master Builder’ Complete command of law, engineering, and politics Initially rises through New Deal public works projects Creates and controls numerous ‘Authorities’ in New York Sees urban problem primarily as how to accommodate the automobile Planning in the Post WW II Era radiant city Death to the street! Le Corbusier French Swiss Architect Brings technological revolution to building design The Radiant City – 1935 Envisions high rise towers in The Radiant City park like settings Linked by roadways Planning in the Post WW II Era File:The United Nations Building.jpg File:Cabrini Green Housing Project.jpg Urban Renewal Reshapes Cities Housing Act of 1949 Title 1 - Creates Urban Renewal Title 2 - Expands FHA Title 3 - Introduces Public Housing Planning in the Post WW II Era Federal Aid Highway Act - 1956 Championed by President Eisenhower Completed in 1970’s Construction of 47,000 miles of highway Planning in the Post WW II Era Federal Aid Highway Act - 1956 Cements automobile and truck traffic as dominant mode of travel Highway access roads cut cities, taking out the lowest income neighborhoods Rise of Activism Urban renewal demolishes Penn Station Robert Moses proposes Lower Manhattan Expressway through Greenwich Village Neighborhood activists lead by Jane Jacobs ultimately stops expressway project Penn Station, New York City Rise of Activism “Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.” – Jane Jacobs  Rise of Activism File:DeathAndLife.JPG Jane Jacobs Death and Life of Great American Cities 1961 Observes how cities and neighborhoods function at the street level Sees Cities as complex ecosystems that you can’t hack your way through Streets must be walkable Successful neighborhoods have mixed uses End of Urban Renewal End of Urban Renewal - 1973 600,000 housing units demolished 2,000,000 people displaced 250,000 housing units constructed Birth of the Environmental Movement Who is this best-selling author credited with beginning the environmental movement? Birth of the Environmental Movement File:Silent Spring First Ed.png Rachel Carson Silent Spring, 1962 Impacts of pesticides (namely DDT) on food chain The book appealed to a general audience by connecting the issue to people’s lives Popularity rallies environmental movement Birth of the Environmental Movement Federal Response to the Environmental Movement National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) - 1969 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - 1970 Birth of the Environmental Movement Love Canal – Niagara Falls, New York Hooker Chemical dumps various toxic chemicals – sells land to City and School district Home and school developed on site Contamination and health impacts discovered Federal Reaction to Love Canal Superfund Act (CERCLA) – 1980 The polluter pays for clean up  Reactions to Sprawl Neo Traditional or New Urbanism – 1980’s Looks back to the Garden Cities Movement Focus on compact, urban development Distinct city center with civic buildings Mix of housing types Andres Duany Mix of income levels New Urbanism and Walkable Form Based Codes Connected street network Buildings at front lot line Parking is de-emphasized Reactions to Sprawl New Urbanism Example: Georgetown Safeway Reactions to Sprawl New Urbanism Example: Georgetown Safeway  Reactions to Sprawl Smart Growth Maryland adopts ‘Economic Growth, Resource Protection, and Planning Act’ - 1992 Key Principles: Direct development towards urban core Preserve open space Mixed land uses Compact development Range of housing choices Walkable neighborhoods Strong sense of place Provide transportation choices  Planning Theory and the Automobile Planning for the Automobile Total Accommodation Integration/Acceptance Rejection/Reduction Le Corbusier Neo Traditional/ Foster and Partners Plan for a Robert Moses New Urbanism Carless City Ch 10 Broad Acre City Ch 10 Smart Growth Edge City Ch 10 File:Robert Moses with Battery Bridge model.jpg Andres Duany Masdar – “Carless” City Robert Moses Jane Jacobs Le Corbusier  Age of Re-Urbanization? Causes of the Home Foreclosure Crisis Lenders begin securitizing mortgages Selling mortgages means risk is borne by investors, not lenders Lenders lower underwriting standards on mortgages to generate more loans As more loans are made, housing prices rise to meet demand Home buyers perceive real estate to be guaranteed investment ‘Great Recession’ - Housing bubble bursts 2009 Foreclosure Rates  Age of Re-Urbanization? Recession and housing mortgage crisis: Demographic Reversal: Cities Thrive, Suburbs Sputter – Brookings Institute Greater impact on ‘Boomburbs’ and other suburbs Now more difficult to get a mortgage Home ownership is less desirable – ‘underwater’ homes Millennials and Seniors seeking homes in walkable communities ‘Rise of the Creative Class’ Richard Florida – The amenities of cities are now desirable and attractive  Age of Re-Urbanization? Are We Driving Less? Boomers are getting older and driving less Millennials are less interested in driving, and are now the largest generation in the US The trend toward living near the urban core reduces the need for driving Higher gas prices discourage driving Mass transit is winning over more consumers Source: Behind the Numbers and Fortune Magazine Source: Federal Highway Administration https://s.yimg.com/pw/images/spaceout.gif Age of Re-Urbanization? Greyfields Shannon Mall to be demolished for new office park Obsolete, outdated mall or retail center that has failed or is struggling. Malls in Decline Looking Forward Climate Change Area of Fill Climate Change  Climate Change Superstorm Sandy - 2012  Climate Change Superstorm Sandy - 2012  Climate Change https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Hugh_L._Carey_Tunnel_during_Hurricane_Sandy_vc.jpg Superstorm Sandy - 2012  Climate Change Hurricane Harvey - 2017 Climate Change Hurricane Irma - 2017 Response to Climate Change Adaptation: Both are necessary Climate Action: Changing cities Reducing greenhouse gases in and regions to be the atmosphere to limit climate more resilient. change  Next Week Tuesday: Chapter 5 Legal Basis of Planning Thursday: Social Issues – Chapter 7 and } “The Making of Ferguson” “Yonkers Housing Case”