Evolution Of Housing PDF

## L'Évolution Historique De L'Habitat ### TCA 2 EPAU 2024/2025 TAMANI-DJEBRA. F **L'ÉVOLUTION HISTORIQUE DE L'HABITAT** THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING ### Reasons for Locating Towns **Before the Industrial and Technological Revolutions** * **Rich Hydrographic Network:** presence of water...

## L'Évolution Historique De L'Habitat ### TCA 2 EPAU 2024/2025 TAMANI-DJEBRA. F **L'ÉVOLUTION HISTORIQUE DE L'HABITAT** THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING ### Reasons for Locating Towns **Before the Industrial and Technological Revolutions** * **Rich Hydrographic Network:** presence of water (rivers, confluences, oceans, etc) * **First Human Groupings:** * **Wealth Natural Resources:** Availability of building materials (wood, stone, raw earth and terracotta, etc.) * **Land Fertility:** * **Landforms (Safety)**: ### Reasons for Locating Towns **With/After the Industrial and Technological Revolutions** * **Accessibility:** * **Network and Means of Transport:** * **Maritime Networks (Ports):** * **Rail Transport:** * **Motorway Network:** * **Aérodromes:** * **Walkability:** * **Productivity:** * **Industries/Economic Activities:** * **Availability of Resources:** * **Soil Quality:** * **Water Supply:** * **Building Materials (Wood, Stone, Glass, Steel, Etc):** * **Natural Resources (Iron, Coal, Etc):** * **Manpower:** ### Characteristics of Habitat | Characteristics | Predator | Producteur | Producteur | |----------------|--------------------------------------|----------------------------------|------------------------------------| | Exigences | Installation temporaire | Sédentarisation | Sédentarisation | | | * Des points d'eau * | * Points d'eau * * Terre fertiles * | * Accessibilité * * Production * | | | * De la nourriture * | * Aires permettant la chasse, la pêche et la cueillette * | | | Habitat | Protection: des intempéries, des animaux sauvages | * Regroupement * * Naissance des villages * | * Stables * | | | | | * Plus durables * | | Matériaux | * Branchages, ossements, peaux d'animaux. * | * Bois, la terre, du feuillage * | * Solides: la pierre, la terre, le bois, verre, acier..... * | ### I. Shelter, Safety and Protection **La Préhistoire - 1.8 Millions à - 3200 Ans** * **Ere Paléolithique:** de - 1.8 millions d'années à - 12000 ans * **Habitat of the Nomadic Man:** * The nomadic man was a gatherer and hunter. * The nomadic man settled temporarily near water sources and food sources. * **Habitat:** a quickly set up shelter to protect from bad weather and wild animals. * A shelter at the entrance of caves. * A hut made of branches, bones, and animal skins. ### II. Production and Activities **The man passed from the status of predator to that of producer by choosing locations that guaranteed the main resources necessary for his survival:** * The presence of water. * The proximity of areas that allow for hunting, fishing and gathering. * The proximity of fertile lands for agriculture. ### La Préhistoire **Ere Néolithique: de -12000 à - 3200 ans** * **Habitat of the Sedentary Man:** * The sedentary lifestyle of man. * The development of agriculture and livestock farming. * They came together and inhabited villages. * **Habitat:** Having a shelter that lasts for a long time to protect against bad weather and wild animals and to group together. * **Materials used:** wood, earth, foliage. * A fire in the center of the room to illuminate and heat the interior. ### III. Stability and Durability **With the sedentary lifestyle and the use of agricultural and livestock activities and in order to build more stable and durable constructions, man appealed to new construction techniques and materials that were more solid: stone, earth, wood.** ### l'Antiquité – 3 200 Ans à 746 Ans After JC * **Evolution of Habitat:** This evolution is strong in countries that border the Mediterranean: Egypt, Mesopotamia. * **Formation of Cities:** Houses are mainly rectangular shaped. They are placed one against the other to form streets. This is the birth of the cities. * **Materials Used:** Wood and earth constitute the basic materials for construction ### l'Antiquité **Roman Houses of the Rich: Domus** * **Villas with Peristyle:** The peristyle is a porch that rests on columns. * **Multiple Rooms:** bathrooms, baths, etc. * **Generalization of the Use of Stone, Brick and Tile** in construction, in the countryside as in the cities. * **Heating by the floor (hypocauste)** ### l'Antiquité **The Birth of Collective Housing: The Roman Apartment Building Insulae** * **Development in Height:** * **Multi-apartment buildings:** "cenaculae" * **Purpose:** Houses for multiple families * **Period of Growth for the Roman Population:** * **Materials used:** wood, brick, tile. ### Le Moyen Age 746 Ans à 1492 **Appearance of a New Fortified Habitat with a Defensive Character:** * **Motte Féodales:** Platform of strong houses, then castles, which will mark the feudal society as a whole. * To ward off invasions. * To honor the church. ### Le Moyen Age 746 Ans à 1492 **The Peasant's Habitat:** * **Construction:** The structure of the house is made out of wood, supplemented by wattle and daub, with a thatched roof.. * **Three Types of Habitat:** According to archaeological research, the three types of habitat include: * **Farmhouses:** Composed of a rectangular house, equipped with a large room with a central fireplace, a small room and a stable around a courtyard * **Home with one Building:** A single rectangular building, the longa domus, with the living room and the stable together in the same space and under the same roof. * **Home with one room:** Single rectangular building, but in small dimensions, consisting of a single room with a central fireplace. ### Le Moyen Age 746 Ans à 1492 **Urban Habitat:** * **Narrow houses built in height:** * **Stone:** Limited to buildings, religious edifices and to some "rich" homes at the beginning of the Middle Ages. ### Le Moyen Age 746 Ans à 1492 **Urban Habitat:** * **Emergence of the jettied technique:** * Additional living space on the upper floor. * Protection of the timber-framed facades from rain. * **Glass windows (cross-shaped small windows):** Limited to churches, palaces and homes of the rich. * **Rich Homes:** Homes are made out of stone, well furnished and decorated. ### Le Moyen Age 746 Ans à 1492 **The Fortified Habitat (Castles):**** * **A Symbol of Power:** The castle is a defensive fortress, but also the residence of the lord. * **Construction:** It is first built of wood at the end of the 10th century, then later built of stone. * **Location Choice:** The site is often chosen for its defensive qualities. * **fortifications:** are surrounded by moats. ### Les Temps Modernes 1492 Au 19ème Siècle **Needs:** * To protect from bad weather. * To build larger buildings with more comfort. * To show power, wealth. * To follow the fashions of the era influenced by Renaissance architecture. * ### Les Temps Modernes 1492 Au 19ème Siècle **Renaissance (14th-16th Centuries):** * **Châteaux:** They lose their military function to become residences of pleasure and prestige. * **Rich Homes:** They reference Roman architecture in their shapes, columns, and proportions. ### Les Temps Modernes 1492 Au 19ème Siècle **Renaissance (14th-16th Centuries):** * **House of the Renaissance:** * Houses made of stone. * Cellar, basement, more diverse furnishings. * High emphasis on decor and prestige. ### A PARTIR DU XVIII SIÈCLE * **Slow Evolution:** This evolution happens first among the rich. * **Materials:** Buildings are made more often out of solid materials, glass becomes more widespread, and furniture is more diversified. * **The Corridor:** Its emergence, "The search for intimacy and isolation gave rise to this passage specifically associated with circulation". L. Mumford * **This Comodity:** This feature, typically aristocratic, will only be adopted by the middle classes in the 20th century. ### A PARTIR DU XIX SIÈCLE * **时代:** Characterized by the Industrial Revolution, progress and the machine, and the transportation revolution. * **Urban Population Growth:** Due to rural exodus, resulting in cities multiplying and housing multiplying to absorb this population. * **Seeking Better Living Conditions:** Less unhealthy living conditions and more comfort. ### A PARTIR DU XIX SIÈCLE **The Phalansteré: CHARLES FOURIER (1822)** * **Theoretical Project:** This project is a building that is both a place of life and work, symbolizing industrial progress. * **Organization:** It is made up of apartments organized around a covered central courtyard, a place of community life that allows for a harmonious life for a phalange. * **The Phalange:** It is a community of individuals pooling their skills and work for the benefit of all. * **Ideal Community:** * Proximity of buildings to each other. * "Street-galleries": covered and heated thoroughfares to make movement easier. * Courtyards: are planted with gardens. ### LE FALMILISTÈRE DE GUISE: ANDRÉ GODIN (1858-1883) * **Location:** Built in the suburbs of a city, near the factory where the workers are employed. * **Ideal City:** Factory workers are able to enjoy a fulfilling life. ### LES CITÉS OUVRIÈRES (SECOND HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY) * **Industrial Revolution:** The need for profitability and large-scale production forces workers to be closer to their place of work, while improving the living conditions of the working class. * **Amenities:** In addition to houses, a central space is provided for commercial activities. * **Worker Home Ownership Policies:** This innovation is put in place for workers. ### CITE JARDIN" EBENEZER HOWARD" 1898 ** **A Contrasting Concept:** A way of thinking about cities that contrasts: * Industrial Cities: Polluted and out of control as a result of the Industrial Revolution. * The Countryside: Too far from cities. ### Key Points of Interest: * **Public Ownership of Land:** * **Agricultural Belt:** Surrounding the city to provide food. * **Public Spaces:** In the center of the city (parks, shopping arcades, cultural centers). * **Combination of City and Country:** Combining the benefits of the city and the countryside without the drawbacks of either. * **Healthy Living and Working Conditions:** Guaranteed for the population. <start_of_image> Cities * Raymond Unwin puts the garden city concept in the context of the construction cities: Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, north of London. ### Les Grandes VILLES * **Industrialization and Transportation Revolution:** Population growth. * **Increased Urbanization:** modernization of the cities, with greater geographical size. * **Redevelopment:** Removal of old neighborhoods to be replaced with modern buildings and large streets. * **Building Codes:** Building of sewer systems, parks, and large avenues. * **Construction Materials:** Housing constructions made out of solid materials. * **Social Hierarchy:** * Upper Middle Class: First floor living. * Servants: Attics. * Traders and artisans: Ground Floors ### ÉPOQUE CONTEMPORAIN **20th and 21st Centuries:** Characterized by the emergence of the modern movement and the Athens Charter by Le Corbusier. ### The Modern Movement: * Employing new construction techniques and materials. * Use of pure geometric lines. * Houses that are standardized with simple facades (no decor). ### Charte d'Athènes * A Concrete Implementation of the reflections of the CIAM (International Congresses of Modern Architecture) (1928-1956) * Urban Living Conditions improvements. * Urban functions: * Living, * Working, * Getting around, * Relaxing ### l'unité d’habitation OU LA MACHINE À HABITER **The Radiant City: LE CORBUSIER (1947-1952)** * **Post War Collective Housing:** Brings together several activities. * **Type of Apartment:** Duplex apartments offering better living conditions and comfort. * **Amenities:** The complex has a shopping arcade, hotel, office buildings, library. * **Culture:** The complex has a theater and an outdoor swimming pool. ### The Large Housing Complexes (Mass Urbanization After World War II) * **Collective Living:** Built in large numbers to address the housing crisis for families and at the lowest possible cost. * **Density:** Dense housing to free up land, often on the outskirts of large cities. * **Architectural Style:** Consists of alternating blocks and towers. * **Industrialized Construction:** Quickly built using prefabricated elements and standardized housing. * **First Large Housing Complex in France:** Sarcelle Val d'oise ### Les Zone Habitat Urbaine Nouvelle ZHUN (1975): * **Emergency Action:** A process put in place to address a crisis situation. * **Purpose:** * To provide social housing. * To catch up on the backlog of housing needs since Algerian independence. ### Les Grande Ensembles: **Criticism:** * **Poor Quality:** Poor quality, lacking comfort and spatial qualities. * **Failure:** They show signs of failure, with isolation and segregation. * **Outside Spaces:** Poorly conceived, with leftover space that is not suitable for use. * **Lack of Amenities:** These cities generally lack amenities and green spaces. * **Crime:** The complexes are seen as breeding grounds for crime. ### Les Grands Ensembles: **Possible Solutions?** * **Demolition and Reconstruction:** * **Rehabilitation and Upgrading:** * Changing the design and function of empty spaces. * Improving the energy efficiency of buildings. * Use of rooftops and upgrading of public spaces. ### The Suburban Home * **The Suburb:** Beginning in 1975, the development of highway networks, the widespread adoption of the automobile, and the need to get away from busy cities, leads to the growth of suburban homes. * **Detached Homes:** Semi-detached one-story homes with a small yard in the back. * **Subdivision:** This phenomenon occurs during this period with the sale of land to private individuals. ### ÉPOQUE CONTEMPORaine * **21st Century:** Development of new individual homes and eco-friendly collective housing. ### Passive Houses * **Low Energy Consumption:** Very low energy consumption. * **New Heating and Electricity Supply Technologies** * **How is this accomplished?** * **Strong Insulation:** Insulation of walls, roof, and floor. * **Sealed Envelope:** Airtight envelope designed to reduce energy loss. * **Materials:** wood, brick, hemp, and cellular concrete. ### Cities That Reach for the Sky, Eco-neighborhoods, HOUSING OF TOMORROW * **A Combination of Towers:** Consists of several mega-towers grouped together. * **Sustainable:** Environmentally friendly, self-sufficient, and can be up to kilometer- and-a-half tall. ### Cities That Reach for the Sky, Eco-neighborhoods, HOUSING OF TOMORROW * **Sustainable Revolution:** "Agro-ecological revolution" to reconcile the city with agriculture and environmental protection and biodiversity. * **Vertical Eco-neighborhood:`** * **Multi-functional Building:** This vertical building will function as: A combination of homes, offices, commercial buildings, and services (hospitals, conciergerie, schools). * **Green Spaces:** * **Energy Independence:** The complex uses solar panels and wind power to produce warm water, lighting, and to charge electric vehicles. ### Cities That Reach for the Sky, Eco-neighborhoods, HOUSING OF TOMORROW * **A Greener City:** A massive green city that can feed its inhabitants using vertical gardens. * **Renewability:** It purifies the urban air and produces its own energy. ### Cities That Reach for the Sky, Eco-neighborhoods, HOUSING OF TOMORROW * **Sea Tree:** A floating construction that is shaped like a sea tree. * **Purpose:** It floats on the water along the coasts of major cities. * **Location:** Cities like New York or Rio de Janeiro. * **Design:** Developed by a Dutch architecture firm (Waterstudio). --- **Please note that the images that were not text were not converted to markdown. 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