Biotechnology and Its Applications 2024 PDF

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GARIMA GOEL GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA NEET BIOLOGY GOEL EDUCATOR ...

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GARIMA GOEL GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA NEET BIOLOGY GOEL EDUCATOR  INTRODUCTION ◘BIOTECHNOLOGY - Essentially deals with industrial scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biological using GM microbes,fungi,plants and animals https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL ◘Applications of biotechnology include: Therapeutics Diagnostics processed food Waste treatment Energy production Bioremediation Genetically modified crops for agriculture https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL  ◘Three critical research areas of biotechnology: providing best catalyst in the form of improved microbes or pure enzymes creating optimal conditions through genetic engineering Downstream processing technologies for purification https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL  Biotechnological Application in Agriculture Organic farming : Not using any sort of chemicals Yield is less 1960 Green revolution- India by (M.S. Swaminathan) 1. High yield variety seeds ◘Food production could 2. Fertilizers add nutritive value to soil possibly be increased in 3. Insecticides + pesticides To protect crop three ways: 4. Better irrigation I. Agrochemical based 5. Yield increased by 3 times agriculture II. Organic agriculture Drawbacks: III. Genetically engineered Soil becomes infertile Food chain disturbed crop-based agriculture https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL  INSECT RESISTANT PLANTS ◘provides resistance to insects without the need for insecticides(bio-pesticides) ◘Examples of biopesticides are Bt cotton,Bt corn, rice,tomato,potato and soyabean etc. Bt cotton Bacillus thuringiensis (A bacterium) source of the cry gene Choice of gene depends on : Codes for Bt toxin i) target pest ii) crop Inactive protoxins (protein crystals) Endotoxin Produced during a particular phase of their growth https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL GMO- GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM Ideal Plant:- High yielding Disease resistant Tolerant to abiotic stress Less post harvest loss High nutritive value Less dependency on minerals Bt toxins are insect group specific: Lepidoptera : tobacco budworm, armyworm, cotton bollworm Coleoptera : beetles Diptera : flies and mosquitos https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL  PEST RESISTANT PLANT Method of cellular defense seen in all eukaryotes against pest infestation technique responsible: RNA interference(RNAi) Based on post transcriptional silencing of mRNA Translation of mRNA coded from pest specific genes is silenced due to formation of complementary dsRNA https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL The case of nematode resistant transgenic tobacco: Pest causing roots knot disease in tobacco plant: Meloidogyne incognita (Nematode/helminth) Nematode specific gene is introduced in host plant (tobacco), by using Ti plasmid (vector) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, in such a manner that it produces both sense and antisense RNA in the host cells. ↓ Sense RNA and antisense RNA being complementary form dsRNA that initiates RNAI. ↓ Parasite could not survive in a transgenic host expressing specific interfering RNA. ↓ Host plant generated dsRNA triggers protection against nematode infestation. https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL  MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS METHODS ◘AUTORADIOGRAPHY: PARAMETERS CONVENTIONAL MODERN Probe : radioactives DNA or EARLY Notpossible Not ssRNA that hybridises with Not possible DETECTION possible possible complementary DNA Serum and urine Probe will not hybridise with EXAMPLES analysis RDT,PCR,ELISA mutated gene,hence mutated gene will not appear on the photographic film due to lack of complementarity ◘PCR(POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION): ◘ELISA (ENZYME LINKED IMMUNO-SORBENT ASSAY) BASIS: nucleic acid amplification Advantage : detection of very low concentration of a bacteria or virus Basis: Antigen- antibody interaction Uses : detection of HIV infection. Mutations in genes in cancer patients, genetic disorders Uses : detect the presence of antigens or https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 antibodies synthesized against pathogens GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL  APPLICATION OF BIOTECH IN MEDICINES A. Humulin/Human Insulin Function of insulin:- 1. Hypoglycemic hormone decrement of blood sugar Chromosome II β-CELLS OF PANCREAS 2. Convert glucose into glycogen 3. Adiposis fat deposition 4. Protein anabolism Formation Insulin prohormone HISTORY: Eli lily - 1989(America) Peptide A B C A. Slaughter pigs and cattles Remove peptide active pancreas Allergies A insulin insulin mature B B. Oral insulin digest in mouth https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL C. To synthesize this artificially Biotech  GENE THERAPY Transgenic animals 1990,4 year old girl suffering from ADA deficiency Normal physiology Proliferation Adenosine Study of disease of lymphocytes deaminase 95% mice Biological products Body suffers from SCID Vaccine safety [severe combined Chemical testing immuno deficiency] Tracy→ sheep → ‘α-1-Antitrypsin’ Treatment:- ↓ Treatment of emphysema a) Enzyme replacement therapy [ERI] - injection after every 90 days b) In vitro introduction of ADA gene in Rosie → cow → 2.4 gm α-lactalbumin WBC using retrovirus c) correcting at embryonic stages 1) Possess manipulated DNA and express foreign gene d) Bone marrow transplant 2)Transgenic rats,rabbits.pigs,sheep,cows and fish have https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 been produced GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL  ETHICAL ISSUES Genetic modification of organisms(GMO) can have unpredictable results when such organisms are introduced into the ecosystem GEAC - (GENETIC ENGINEERING APPROVAL COMMITTEE) - Evaluate the morality of all human activities that help/harm living organism https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL  BIOPIRACY ( 2,00,000 variety of rice in India) Basmati rice - 27 varieties Basmati rice semi- dwarf variety of rice Taxmati - chori India - WTO - to take right back New variety of basmati rice When multinational companies steal without compensation given to developed countries https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL