BIOL2100 LEC Introduction to Biotechnology Lecture Notes PDF

BIOL2100 LEC Introduction to Biotechnology  Scope Definitions of Biotechnology Conventional and Modern Biotechnology History of Biotechnology Types and Applications of Biotechnology  Definitions of Biotechnology Oxford Karl Ereky,...

BIOL2100 LEC Introduction to Biotechnology  Scope Definitions of Biotechnology Conventional and Modern Biotechnology History of Biotechnology Types and Applications of Biotechnology  Definitions of Biotechnology Oxford Karl Ereky, 1919 the exploitation of biological the science and methods that processes for industrial and permit products to be produced other purposes, especially the from raw materials with the aid genetic manipulation of microor of living organisms. ganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.  Definitions of Biotechnology The manipulation of living Deals with the manipulation of organisms or parts of living the genes of organisms to alter organisms to make products their behavior, characteristics useful to humans or value  Conventional Modern Conventional Modern biotechnology biotechnology is began to develop when the biotechnology that uses structure and function of microorganisms to DNA were discovered. In its change the shape or use, microbes are only nutritional content of certain products, such as used as agents but using enzyme content. modern tools and techniques. Conventional: Tempeh Rhyzopus oryzae Tempeh  HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 8000 BCE 4000 BCE 2000 BCE Domestication Egyptians Egyptians used of plants and mastered the art yeast to make animals of wine making bread 2000 BCE 500 BCE 300 BCE Egyptians and Greeks developed Sumerians learned Mouldy soybean brewing and cheese curds used to grafting making treat boils techniques  HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 1663 1675 1797 Anton Van Robert Hooke Leeuwenhoek Edward Jenner described the discovers protozoa created the cell and bacteria cowpox vaccine 1830 1855 1857 Proteins are E. coli was Fermentation discovered by discovered Theodor and Germ Escherich Theory  HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 1859 1861 1865 Charles Darwin published the Louis Pasteur Gregor Mendel Theory of develops and Laws of Evolution by the Natural Selection pasteurization Inheritance 1888 1915 1919 Heinrich Wilhelm Bacteriophages Biotechnology Gottfried Waldeyer named the were discovered was introduced chromosome by Karoly Ereky  HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 1922 1944-1973 1975 Dr. Frederick Discovery of DNA George Kohler and and Stanly Cohen Cesar Milstein Banting and and Herbert Boyer developed Charles Best perfected genetic monoclonal discovered engineering antibodies insulin techniques 1982 1981 1983 First FDA First transgenic Polymerase Chain approved human Reaction (PCR) by insulin was animals are produced Karl Mullis produced  HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 1987 1994 1997 Virus resistant First GMO First cloned tomatoes product was sold animal: Dolly in the US 1998 1999 Human Embryonic The Human Present Stem Cell Lines Genome Project are established was launched  Types of Biotechnology and Its Applications Aquatic Microbial Biotechnology Biotechnology Forensic Biotechnology Agricultural Biotechnology Bioremediation Animal Medical Biotechnology Biotechnology  Microbial Biotechnology Manipulation of organisms such as yeast and bacteria Create better enzymes More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine  Microbial Biotechnology Manipulation of organisms such as yeast and bacteria Create better enzymes More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine  Microbial Biotechnology Manipulation of organisms such as yeast and bacteria Create better enzymes More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine  Microbial Biotechnology Manipulation of organisms such as yeast and bacteria Create better enzymes More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine  Agricultural Biotechnology Genetically engineered plants Resistance to diseases and insects Foods with higher protein or vitamin content Drugs developed and grown as plant products Reduced plant production costs to help feed the growing world population  Agricultural Biotechnology Genetically engineered plants Resistance to diseases and insects Foods with higher protein or vitamin content Drugs developed and grown as plant products Reduced plant production costs to help feed the growing world population  Agricultural Biotechnology Genetically engineered plants Resistance to diseases and insects Foods with higher protein or vitamin content Drugs developed and grown as plant products Reduced plant production costs to help feed the growing world population  Agricultural Biotechnology  Agricultural Biotechnology Genetically engineered plants Resistance to diseases and insects Foods with higher protein or vitamin content Drugs developed and grown as plant products Reduced plant production costs to help feed the growing world population Agricultural Biotechnology  Animal Biotechnology Source of medically valuable proteins -antibodies and transgenic animals Animals as important models in basic research -gene “knockout” experiments -design and test drugs and genetic therapies Animal cloning  Animal Biotechnology Source of medically valuable proteins -antibodies and transgenic animals Animals as important models in basic research -gene “knockout” experiments -design and test drugs and genetic therapies Animal cloning  Forensic Biotechnology DNA Fingerprinting Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion Paternity cases Identification of human remains Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease  Bioremediation The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of Bacterial natural and manmade substances Bioremediation Particularly those that contribute Mycoremediation to pollution Phycoremediation Stimulated growth of bacteria that degrade component in crude oil Phytoremediation e.g. Alcanivorax borkumensis Aquatic Biotechnology Aquaculture Genetic engineering Bioprospecting  Medical Biotechnology Involved in the whole spectrum of human medicine - preventive, diagnosis, treatment New information from Human Genome Project -gene therapy -stem cell technologies Medical Biotechnology  Medical Biotechnology Medical Biotechnology: Gene Therapy Medical Biotechnology: Stem Cell  Medical Biotechnology: Stem Cell Stem Cell Type Description Examples Totipotent Each cell can Cells from early develop in toa (1-3 days) new individual embryos Pluripotent Cell can form any Some cells of (over 200) cell blastocyst (5 -14 types days) Multipotent Cell differentiated Fetal tissue, cord but can form a blood and adult number of other stem cells tissues