Biomimicry, Biomechanics, Nano Biotechnology PDF

BT1161 Biology for Engineers Biomimicry Biomechanics Nanobiotechnology Biomimicry Biomimicry ▪ Emulating or adopting biological Design, Natural Forms, Shapes, Properties, Compositions for various applications ▪ Biologically inspired engineering solutions for th...

BT1161 Biology for Engineers Biomimicry Biomechanics Nanobiotechnology Biomimicry Biomimicry ▪ Emulating or adopting biological Design, Natural Forms, Shapes, Properties, Compositions for various applications ▪ Biologically inspired engineering solutions for the benefit of humans ▪ Emerging Interdisciplinary Domain ▪ Examples ▪ Termite mound cooling systems for buildings ▪ Humpback whale bump inspired wind turbines ▪ Aircrafts designed based on bird flight ▪ Japanese bullet trains designed based on Kingfisher beak ▪ Modified spider silk for medical application e.g suture/ tissue engineering scaffolds  Beatle Water Collection from Thin Air ▪ Namib Desert beetle(Stenocara gracilipes) harvests water from thin air ▪ To Survive in southwestern Africa ▪ The microscopic texture of the surface—how smooth or rough it was on the micrometer level—also influenced the behavior of the droplets Ref: doi: 10.1126/science.aba3775 ▪ Build tents with similar structure to capture water  Spider Web Glass ▪ Spiders weave UV reflective Silks which birds can see and do not fly through the web ▪ Ornilux included UV strands in glass to create bird friendly glass ▪ Reflects UV light  Functional surfaces ▪ Natural nano composites ▪ Super hydrophobic surfaces ▪ Biomimetic artificial surfaces, Paints, Coating ▪ Self assembly – simple design principles ▪ Self cleaning, low adhesion, and drag reduction  Gecko ▪ Gecko Feet adhesives, extremely clean ▪ Conventional pressure sensitive adhesives ▪ Gecko feet nano structure Autumn K, Gravish N. 2008. Phil Trans Royal Soc A  Solar Panels ▪ Solar Flower/ Smart Flower Technology www.caseysolar.com Biomimicry: Prof Neri Oxman, MIT ▪ Philosophy: Design with Nature for Sustainable Future ▪ Structures Grown ▪ Materials Ecology ▪ Biomimicry, Unique biomaterials & Composites, 3D printing, Artificial Intelligence based Computational Design suggestions, Synthetic biology to create sustainable bio based products ▪ 3D printed bioluminescent wearables, furniture and living structures ▪ Silk worm was utilized to make a structure called the silk pavilion The Mediated Matter group “In nature, there is no separation between design, engineering, and fabrication; the bone does it all.” – Neri Oxman The Gemini Acoustic Chaise was 3D printed on a Stratasys Aguahoja: Biopolymer based structures designed for Objet500 Connex3 3D printer and mounted on a CNC milled sustainable and biodegradable structures; chitosan, wood back (Le Laboratoire). Designed by Dr. Neri Oxman in cellulose, pectin, and water. collaboration with Stratasys and Dr. W. Craig Carter (MIT). The Mediated Matter group Watch Termites Inspired a Building: https://youtu.be/620omdSZzBs Design at the Intersection of Technology and Biology by Neri Oxman: https://youtu.be/CVa_IZVzUoc 12 sustainable design ideas from nature by Janine Benyus: https://youtu.be/n77BfxnVlyc https://youtu.be/XbPHojL_61U?si=TiLZc3dHkIpnnots https://youtu.be/UGpQKtAO0qU?si=usIyhkmzPnc_550N Reference https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/aguahoja/overview/ Biomechanics  Biomechanics ▪ Study of mechanical aspects of biological systems ▪ Mechanics (Physics) + Biology ▪ Interdisciplinary Field ▪ Artificial Limbs ▪ Biological Fluid Dynamics ▪ Biological Bone Functional Dynamics ▪ Kinesthetics ▪ Locomotion ▪ Involves both computational Exploration and experimental studies ▪ Finds application in Sports training, Ref: Pamies-Vila Et al., 2012 Exercise mechanics & Rehabilitation  Components of Biomechanics ▪ Both at the Organism and Cellular level ▪ Deals with the following mechanical aspects and their impact on biological function ▪ Motion (Angular and Linear) ▪ Force (time, spatial aspects) ▪ Momentum during walking and running ▪ Balance during dynamic (walking, running) and steady state (sitting) ▪ Stability due to balance of forces external and internal ▪ Velocity of various fluid flow ▪ Effort: Sports ▪ Shear stress during breathing and blood flow  Mechanobiology at Cell Level ▪ Deals with the physical forces acting on the overall behavior of the cell ▪ Molecular systems involved: cytoskeleton, actin polymers ( recall from inside the cell); ECM ▪ Myosin in muscle interactions ▪ Force generation ▪ Cell-cell, Cell-Matrix interactions ▪ Biochemical + Mechano signal transduction and conversion ▪ Cell stiffness and associated sensing: E.g: Cancer cells are 10 fold stiffer than normal cells Phuyal and Baschieri, 2020  Regulation of Cell Shape ▪ Cell shape is the product of a cell's material and active properties balanced by external forces (Paluch and Heisenberg, 2009) ▪ Mechanical determinants of cell shapes ▪ Internal Forces by cytoskeleton, protein filaments which support the structure etc. ▪ External Forces by surrounding cell and extracellular matrix ▪ Delicate Balance of Internal and external forces Cell Interactions Mierke , 2021 Cell-Cell, Cell-Matrix Interaction  Why Study Mechanobiology? ▪ Understand cell stretching, migration, tissue development remodeling and the forces exerted by normal Vs tumour cells, force generated during cardiac muscle contraction in normal Vs disease state etc.. ▪ Suitable Biomaterials, Implant Design to interact optimally when implanted into the patient, Tissues engineering scaffold development and their impact ▪ Medical Field: Skeletal regeneration, stem cell mechanics during development and differentiation, Musculoskeletal interactions, Connection between Human movement and neurobiological activity etc.. ▪ Gait Analysis: Muscle, Bone, Tendon, Ligament forces leading to joint stability ▪ Sports Performance study and improvement: Injury free gait maintenance ▪ Rehabilitation Studies to improve joint health Activity ▪ Watch ▪ https://youtu.be/y7zh6Zk_ewQ?si=4mFRm5g2W8R0ib24 ▪ https://youtu.be/z6aByDPXW44?si=_wt8aAioWJVGHosr Bio nanotechnology Engineering Biology Physics Chemistry Nanoparticles ▪ Particles ranges between 1- 100nm in size ▪ Exhibit significantly unique chemical, physical properties ▪ High surface volume ratio ▪ Quantum Effects ▪ Deals with understanding the chemical, physical and biological properties ▪ Can cross biological membranes ▪ Biologically inert particles are Biocompatible ▪ Wide Array of Applications BioNanotechnology ▪ Drug delivery systems or Drug carrier ▪ Polymeric ▪ Liposome ▪ Carbon carrier ▪ Biosensors ▪ Enzyme based ▪ Antibody based ▪ Nucleic Acid based ▪ Drugs ▪ Silver nano particle ▪ Aerosol of Drugs ▪ Environment treatment  Drug Delivery Systems ▪ Transportation of pharmaceutical compounds for therapeutic purposes ▪ Increased efficacy, site specific delivery, reduced toxicity, better absorbance, prophylactic activity etc.. ▪ Drug delivery system comprises ▪ Drug formulation ▪ Medical device/dosage form/technology to carry the drug inside the body ▪ Mechanism for the release ▪ Current Trend ▪ Targeted release ▪ Sustained release formulation Advantages & Disadvantages (Shah et al., 2021) Therapeutic loading possibilities (Shah et al., 2021) Nano Particle Design & Application(Shah et al., 2021)  Drug Delivery Carriers ▪ Molecules that encapsulate the drugs ▪ Micelles ▪ Liposomes ▪ Cyclodextrins ▪ Metal Nanoparticles, Eg:. Au, Ag ▪ Nanopolymers ▪ Microspheares ▪ Dectrimers ▪ Alginate Beads ▪ Etc.. Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes ▪ Harold Kroto, 1996 Nobel in Chemistry ▪ Hallo cage like structure ▪ 1nm diameter C60 buckministerfullerene (bucky ball) ▪ Nano particle or Drug Carrier ▪ Single Wall Nanotubes (SWNT), MWNT: concentric Wikipedia cylinders 29  Gold Nano Shells ▪ Diagnostics and therapeutic purposes ▪ Deliver antitumor drugs (doxorubicin, paclitaxel) into cancer cells ▪ siRNA delivery ▪ AuroShell: Gold Shell and silica core ▪ AuroLase: Optical tuneable therapy Hu et al., 2020  Nanoscale Drug Eluting Stents ▪ To treat blockage in arteries along with slow release Stents of drugs ▪ Heparin coated : anti coagulant drug ▪ Limits coagulation, thrombosis and thrombosis related secondary cardiac complications ▪ Prevents fibrosis ▪ Paclitaxel coated: restenotic lesions in femoropopliteal artery ▪ There are also hormone releasing stends explored for other applications Summary ▪ Bioinspired design ▪ Everyday impact of mechanics on biology ▪ Bio nanotechnology and its wide applications THANK YOU ???????????????