Biotechnology Tools Used in Genetic Engineering PDF - Grade 8
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2021
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This module introduces Grade 8 students to biotechnology and genetic engineering. It covers various tools and techniques used in the field of genetic engineering. The module explains processes like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the tools used for DNA manipulation.
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8 Biotechnology Quarter 3 – Module 1: Tools Used in Genetic Engineering DIVISION OF ANGELES CITY Biotechnology – Grade 8 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module 1-2: Tools Used in Genetic Engineering First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 stat...
8 Biotechnology Quarter 3 – Module 1: Tools Used in Genetic Engineering DIVISION OF ANGELES CITY Biotechnology – Grade 8 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module 1-2: Tools Used in Genetic Engineering First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Regional Director : May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V OIC Asst. Regional Director : Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V Development Team of the Module Writers: Marifar Santos, Lemuel Licup, Larissa Manalili Editors: Sherilyne L. Reyes, Jennifer Praza, Edgardo D. Cortez, Jenny S. Tongol, Edythe Hipolito Reviewers: Gemima A. Estrabillo, Emily F. Sarmiento, Hermes Vargas, Adrian Tamayo, Krislene Ida N. Mercado, Noel S. Reganit Mercedes Bactol, Billy Ray B. Manuel, Marvin R. Leano, Gemmarie G. Rivas Illustrator: Arnold Arceo Layout Artist: Maricon H. Rivera, Noel S. Reganit Management Team: May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V Ma. Irelyn P. Tamayo PhD, CESE Fernandina P. Otchengco, PhD, CESE Librada M. Rubio PhD Ma. Editha R. Caparas EdD Rochella C. David Emily F. Sarmiento PhD Gemima A. Estrabillo EdD Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region III – Schools Division of Angeles City Office Address: Jesus St., Pulungbulu, Angeles City Telephone: (045) 322-5722; 322-4702 888-0582; 887-6099 E-mail Address: [email protected] 8 Biotechnology Quarter 3 – Module 1: Tools Used in Genetic Engineering Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self- check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you. What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you familiarize the different tools used in genetic engineering. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module is summated into one lesson, namely: Lesson 1 – Tools Used in Genetic Engineering After going through this module, you are expected to describe the different tools used in genetic engineering. 1 What I Know Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. The term is defined as the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. a. alleles c. genes b. deoxyribonucleic acid d. ribonucleic acid 2. It is a branch of science that is concerned how various traits are inherited. a. biological engineering c. heredity b. genetics d. pathology 3. The process by which recombinant DNA technology is utilized to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. a. biological engineering c. genetic engineering b. biological modification d. genetic modification 4. When did Hindll isolate the first restriction enzyme? a. 1960 c. 1990 b. 1980 d. 1970 5. It is the first organism used in DNA technology experiments. a. E. coli c. S. cerevisiae b. E. faecalis d. S. typhimurium 6. This is a laboratory technique used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. a. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis c. Polymerase Chain Reaction b. Molecular Scissor d. Restriction Endonuclease 7. The enzymes that make one incision on each of the two strands of DNA at specific locations based on the nucleotide sequence are known as ______________. a. DNA Polymerase I c. Primase b. Helicase d. Restriction Endonuclease 8. He discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction. a. Hamilton Smith c. Kary Mullis b. Hindll d. Werner Abner 9. It is a branch of biotechnology that deals with the study and investigation of genomic information from trace evidence found at crime scenes. Agricultural a. biotechnology c. Industrial biotechnology b. Forensics biotechnology d. Medical biotechnology 10. It is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins according to their size. a. Gel Electrophoresis c. Polymerase Chain Reaction b. Molecular Scissor d. Selection of Prokaryotic Host 2 Lesson The Different Tools Used in 1 Genetic Engineering What’s In Our previous module learned that mutation could result from DNA copying mistakes during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses. The majority of mutations have neither negative nor positive effects on the organism in which they occur. These mutations are called neutral mutations. While there is a mutation with positive effects, a mutation can develop resistance to some diseases like atherosclerosis. These mutations are called beneficial mutations. Lastly, a harmful mutation can cause genetic disorders and diseases such as cancer and cystic fibrosis. ACTIVITY 1 Direction: Match the types of mutation to their genetic codes and write the letter of the correct answer before each number. TYPES OF MUTATION GENETIC CODES 1. Duplication A. 2. Inversion B. 3. Normal Sequence C. 4. Deletion D. 5. Insertion E. 3 ACTIVITY 2 Direction: Fill in the diagram with the different types of mutation. (Note to the learners: You may draw the illustrated diagram on your answer sheet.) Mutation 4 What’s New Direction: Match each tool used in genetic engineering to its corresponding description. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Answer Genetic Tools Description 1. Molecular Scissor a. It multiplies the DNA exponentially for each of the 25 to 75 cycles. 2. Polymerase Chain b. It is the enzymes that cut DNA Reaction at specific locations based on the nucleotide sequence. 3. Gel Electrophoresis c. It monitors the changes in protein content in body fluids d. The utilization of multi-cell organisms to produce human 4. Polymerases proteins since these hosts with complex structures are more suitable for synthesizing complex 5. Eukaryotic Host proteins. e. The groups of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of nucleic acid molecules What do you think are these tools for in genetic engineering? What is It You may have heard about genetic engineering in newspapers, TV shows, and the Internet. Sci-fi movies like X-Men and Splice depict individuals with enhanced genetic modifications that give them special abilities. So, what exactly is Genetic Engineering? Genetic engineering involves manipulating genetic material (DNA) to achieve the desired goal in a pre- determined way. In history, one of genetic engineering’s breakthroughs was the 5 successful discovery of CRISPR/Cas9, which was used nowadays as an editing tool to modify genomes—a trailblazing development for medicinal purposes curing genetic disorders in the near future. Furthermore, genetic engineering also made cloning possible as it successfully cloned a mammal from an embryo cell, a sheep named “Dolly,” and Ian Wilmut and his colleagues executed the said cloning. However, what are the standard tools used in genetic engineering? Moreover, how does genetic engineering help in the detection of viruses? Figure 1: Genetically Modified Organisms and Tools Used in Genetic Engineering. Genetic Engineering Defined The term genetic Engineering is initially referred to various techniques used for the modification or alteration of organisms through the processes of heredity and reproduction. Increasing plant and animal food production, diagnosing and treating diseases through medical advancement, and producing useful drugs and vaccines for the Sars-Cov2, are the major focus on the importance of genetic engineering. 6 THE DIFFERENT TOOLS USED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING Here are tools that are commonly used in genetic engineering: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is efficient technique because it multiplies the DNA exponentially for 25 to 75 cycles. A cycle takes only a minute, and each new segment of DNA that is made can serve as a template for new ones. This technique is used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. Developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis, PCR is now a common technique used in clinical and research laboratories for various applications (Javed, 2017). Figure 2: Polymerase Chain Reaction Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/ Restriction Enzymes (Molecular Scissor) are enzymes that create one incision on each of the two strands of DNA at specific locations based on the nucleotide sequence. DNA cut with a restriction enzyme produces many smaller fragments of varying sizes. These can be separated using gel electrophoresis or chromatography. Furthermore, hundreds of different restriction enzymes isolated from many different bacteria strains are capable of cutting DNA at a distinct site. Restriction Enzymes was isolated in 1970 by Hindll. He also did the subsequent discovery and characterization of numerous restriction endonucleases (Hitendra, 2018). 7 Figure 2: Restriction Enzymes Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/ Gel Electrophoresis is used for various purposes, from viewing cut DNA to detecting DNA inserts and knockouts. It is also used to estimate the molecular weight of protein and nucleic acids, purification of isolated proteins, monitoring changes of protein content in body fluids, blotting application, and many more. Purifying DNA from cell culture or cutting it using restriction enzymes would not be of much use if we could not visualize the DNA that is, find a way to view whether or not your extract contains anything or what size fragments you have cut it into. One way to do this is by gel electrophoresis (Tapeshwar, 2015). Figure 3: Gel Electrophoresis Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/ 8 DNA Ligase are enzymes that can create covalent bonds between nucleotide chains. The enzymes DNA polymerase I and polynucleotide kinase are also crucial in filling in gaps, or phosphorylating the 5′ ends, respectively. The DNA ligase used in molecular cloning differs in their abilities to ligate noncanonical substrates, such as blunt-ended duplexes DNA: RNA hybrid or ss DNAs. In genetic research, DNA Ligase are often utilized to link two or more individual strands of DNA, to create a recombinant strand, or close a circular strand that has been cut with restriction enzymes (Faraza ,2017). Figure 4: DNA Ligation Process Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/ According to Faraza (2017), polymerases are collectively referred as the groups of enzymes that catalyze nucleic acid molecules’ synthesis. It is customary to use the name of the nucleic acid template on which the polymerase acts. The three critical polymerases are given below. Figure 5: Polymerizing and Proofreading Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/ 9 o DNA-dependent DNA polymerase that replicates DNA from DNA. o RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) that transcribes DNA from RNA. o DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that transcribes RNA from DNA Figure 6: Plasmid Map Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/ Prokaryotic Host are able to multiply their plasmids (along with foreign DNA) also multiply to produce millions of copies, referred to as a colony or in a short clone. The term ‘clone’ broadly refers to a mass of cells, organisms, or genes that results from the multiplication of a single cell, organism, or gene. Furthermore, the bacteria Escherichia coli, was the first organism used in the DNA technology experiments and continues to be the host of choice by many workers. Undoubtedly, E.coli, the simplest Gram-negative bacterium (a common bacterium of human and animal intestines), has played a key role in the development of present-day biotechnology. Under a suitable environment, the number of E. coli can double every 20 minutes (Faraza ,2017). Eukaryotic Host are preferred to produce human proteins since these hosts with complex structures (with distinct organelles) are more suitable to synthesize complex proteins. The most commonly used eukaryotic organism is the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a non-pathogenic organism routinely used in the brewing and baking industry. Certain fungi have also been used in gene cloning experiments (Faraza ,2017). 10 Selection of Small Self-Replicating DNA Small circular pieces of DNA that are not part of a bacterial genome, but are capable of self-replication, are known as plasmids. Plasmids are often used as vectors to transport genes between microorganisms. In biotechnology, once the gene of interest has been amplified and restriction enzymes cut both the gene and plasmid, they are ligated together, generating what is known as recombinant DNA. Viral (bacteriophage) DNA can also be used as a vector, as can cosmids, recombinant plasmids containing bacteriophage genes (Faraza ,2017). Figure 7: Plasmid Map Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/ Methods to Select Transgenic Organisms According to Faraza (2017), not all cells will take up DNA during transformation. Therefore, it is essential to identify the cells that transform and those that have not. Generally, plasmids carry genes for antibiotic resistance, and transgenic cells can be selected based on the expression of those genes and their ability to grow on media containing that antibiotic. Alternative selection methods depend on the presence of other reporter proteins such as the x-gal/lacZ system or green fluorescence protein, which allow selection based on color and fluorescence, respectively. 11 Figure 8: Selection of Transgenic Organisms Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/ What’s More Activity 1: Jumbled Letters! Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters to determine the tools used in genetic engineering and write a brief description about them. 1.DISPALM 6. ESEGN 2.GTECNIE GEGENINERIN 7. DAN SIGALE 3.EGL TECLOROPESERHIS 8. SAEMPLOYERS 4.ROLAMECUL CISSROSS 9. TASYE 5.SEPAROELMY CAHIN NEROCATI 10. OAREGAS 12 Assessment 1 1. What is DNA Ligase? And how is it used in genetic engineering? 2. How is the Polymerase chain reaction useful in the detection of viruses? 3. Why are genes functional in genetic engineering? Activity 2: Match Up! Direction: Identify what is asked for each item by choosing the letter of the correct answer in the box. a. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase f. Restriction Enzymes b. Hindll g. Kary Mullis c. PCR h. Saccharomyces cerevisiae d. Escherichia coli i. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase e. Plasmids j. Gel Electrophoresis 1. These are enzymes that can create covalent bonds between nucleotide chains. 2. It is the most commonly used eukaryotic organism. 3. It is considered as a common bacterium of the human and animal intestines. 4. It is the enzyme that transcribes RNA from DNA. 5. It is used to monitor the changes of protein content in body fluids. 6. These are enzymes used to cut DNA at specific locations based on the nucleotide sequence. 7. It is a genetic engineering tool used to multiply the DNA exponentially for each of the 25 to 75 cycles. 8. He discovered the PCR. 9. He isolated the first restriction enzyme in 1970. 10. These are enzymes that transcribe DNA from RNA Assessment 2 1. How were restriction enzymes discovered? 2. Why is yeast the most commonly eukaryotic organism used for gene cloning experiments? 3. How are the tools genetic engineering beneficial in medicine today? Justify your answer. Activity 3: Step Up! Direction: Using letters A, B, and C, arrange the stages/steps on how the different techniques/tools in genetic engineering work. 1. MAKING A RECOMBINANT DNA _____ Sticky ends are joined by DNA ligase _____ Restriction enzymes cut the desired DNA sequence _____ Study and determine the specific gene needed 13 2. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION / MAKING DNA COPIES _____ DNA polymerase starts making copies _____ “primers” provide a lace for DNA polymerase _____ DNA is heated to separate the strands and cooled to bind 3. TRANSFORMING BACTERIA _____ Insert a human gene into plasmid / bacterial DNA _____ The recombinant DNA is inserted in the bacterial cell _____ The bacteria can produce the human protein 4. TRANSFORMING PLANT CELLS ___The plasmid can be used to infect plant cells that take up DNA on its own ___ Insert a piece of foreign DNA into the plasmid ___ Inactivate the tumor-producing gene of a bacterium 5. TRANSFORMING ANIMAL CELLS ____ The host gene may lose (knocked out) sequences in between ____ DNA molecule is constructed with two ends that may recombine with specific sequences ____ The knocked-out gene is replaced with a new gene Assessment 3 1. What is PCR? And how is the process of making DNA copies performed? 2. How is human insulin produced by genetically modified bacteria? Describe the process and determine what tool in genetic engineering was used. 3. How is recombitant DNA generated? Activity 4: Let’s Investigate Direction: Read the case of Jesse Gelsinger and answer the questions. THE CASE OF JESSE GELSINGER For 9 years, gene therapy seemed to promise cures to incurable genetic disorders. Then in 1999, a gene therapy experiment failed. Jesse Geisinger, 18 years old, had ornithine transcarboxylase (OTC) deficiency, a rare metabolic disorder that causes a build-up of ammonia. He was able to control the disease with a low-protein diet and 32 pills per day. Although he was otherwise healthy at the time, he signed up for an experimental trial at the University of Pennsylvania that would benefit babies born with a fatal form of OTC. The experiment was to test the safety of treatment and to determine the maximum tolerated dose of an adenovirus vector with the OTC gene. Four days after he received an infusion into his liver of recombinant virus, he died from complications resulting from a clotting disorder and organ failure due to the adenovirus. Interestingly, three monkeys had died of the same problem after they received a stronger version of the adenovirus at a dose 20X higher than any of the doses later used in the human experiment. Nevertheless, the experiment proceeded. 14 In 2003 nearly 30 gene therapy trials were canceled after two children treated for ADA deficiency developed leukemia in a French trial. It was discovered that the retrovirus had inserted next to an oncogene in a white blood cell to grow uncontrollably, causing leukemia. The children were treated with chemotherapy. These cases raise issues about gene therapy safety, although some experts say the development of leukemia may have been specific to the SCID gene therapy trials. Guide Questions: 1. What is gene therapy? 2. Do you agree that gene therapy may be the best method to treat ailments such as cancer, AIDS, and genetic disorders? Explain. Assessment 4 1. One of your siblings has a genetic disorder, and you were offered to undergo clinical trials for free. Will you allow your sibling to undergo gene therapy? Explain. 2. If you were a biologist, how would you address gene therapy safety issues with possible patients? Activity 5: DNA Fingerprinting Analysis Case 1 Mr. Chan’s family consists of mom, dad and four kids. The parents have one daughter and one son together, another daughter is from the mother’s previous marriage, and the other son is adopted. Here are the DNA analysis results: 1. Which child is adopted? Why? 2. Which child is from the mother’s previous marriage? Why? 3. Who are the own children of Mr. and Mrs. Chan? Assessment 5 1. What is DNA Fingerprint Analysis? 2. How does rep-PCR relate to DNA fingerprinting? 3. How does pulsed-field gel electrophoresis relate to DNA fingerprinting? 15 Activity 6: Crime Investigatory Direction: Read the short article about Grace Hayden and answer the following questions. A single fingerprint and the actions of an “above and beyond” deputy led investigators to arrest a man in North Carolina for allegedly murdering an elderly woman 31 years ago in California, according to officials. Grace Hayden, 79, was raped and killed in San Diego in May 1987, said Investigator Erich Hackney of the Robeson County, North Carolina, District Attorney’s Office. San Diego District Attorney Investigator Tony Johnson was reviewing Hayden’s brutal unsolved killing when he found a single fingerprint from a left ring finger on Hayden’s kitchen stove, Hackney said in a news release. “Johnson resubmitted the fingerprint through the national fingerprint database,” Hackney said, and found a match to 62-year-old Kevin Ford in Robeson County, North Carolina. When that warrant was served in 2015, Robeson County Sheriff’s Office Deputy John Blount happened to decide to fingerprint Ford -- “something rarely done on a charge of this nature,” according to Hackney. “It was this set of fingerprints that were taken by Blount that matched the print left by Ford at the crime scene,” Hackney said. A DNA sample was obtained from Ford to compare, and investigators found that it matched DNA collected from the victim, Hackney said. Source: abcnews.go.com Guide Questions: 1. Should fingerprints be used as evidence? Why? Assessment 6 1. How are fingerprints used to solve crimes? 2. In your perspective, are fingerprints valid enough to convict a person? Why? What I Have Learned Let’s sum up what you have learned. Read each item carefully. Complete its meaning by supplying the correct term. 1. Gel electrophoresis, molecular scissors, and polymerase chain reaction, are the common tools used in _____________. 2. The process by which recombinant DNA technology is utilized to alter the genetic makeup of an organism is called _____________. 3. It is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins according to their size, known as __________. 16 4. These are enzymes that make one incision on each of the two strands of DNA at specific locations based on the nucleotide sequence, namely __________. 5. It is a laboratory technique used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence, known as ____________. 6. The branch of biotechnology that deals with the study and investigation of genomic information from trace evidence found at crime scenes is called ____________. 7. Genes is the basic physical and functional unit of __________. 8. The branch of science that is concerned with how various traits are inherited is called ___________. 9. It is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger that serve as valid evidence in crime scenes, known as __________. 10. The genetic tool used to detect people with COVID-19 virus is ___________. What I Can Do Practical Use of Genetic Engineering During the COVID-19 Pandemic During the 2020 Pandemic, COVID-19 affects the lives of many people and slows down the global economy. This pandemic has killed almost 1.79 million worldwide. The most common symptoms of this viral infection are fever, cold, cough, bone pain, and breathing problems, which will lead to pneumonia. In response, the health department utilized COVID-19 rRT-PCR test as a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test for the qualitative detection of nucleic acid from Retrieved from: https://images.app.goo.gl/miNE5 SARS-CoV-2 in upper and lower respiratory BWtqcovJkU99 specimens (such as nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs, sputum, lower respiratory tract aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage, and nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate) collected from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider (HCP), as well as upper respiratory specimens (such as nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs, nasal swabs, or mid- turbinate swabs) collected from any individual, including for testing of individuals without symptoms or other reasons to suspect COVID-19 infection. 17 In addition, the technological advancement of genetic engineering gave us the pathway for the availability of vaccines with different efficiency in some countries, yet there are still side effects once you are vaccinated. As a student, what is your greatest learning from this module? And how can you respond to the COVID- 19 outbreak? Retrieved from: https://images.app.goo.gl/iLR i8ZwkNv4tFkUv9 Assessment Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. What do you call an organism that contains genes from two different organisms? a. Altered genome organism b. Mutant organism c. Modified organism d. Transgenic organism 2. Which of the following best describes the use of genetic engineering? a. alter the genetic makeup of an organism b. generate new hybrid strains c. improve disease resistance d. all of the above 3. sWhich of the following is the most challenging issue facing genome sequencing or organism modification? a. the availability and stability of DNA b. the ethics of using information from genomes at the individual level c. the inability to develop fast and accurate sequencing or modifying techniques. d. all of the above 4. What carries a gene from one organism into a bacterial cell? a. a plasmid b. a restriction enzyme c. electrophoresis gel d. polymerase chain reaction 5. When was the Polymerase Chain Reaction discovered? a. 1963 b. 1973 c. 1983 d. 1993 18 True or False. Write the word “True” if the statement is correct and write “False” if the statement is incorrect. 1. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an embryo cell. 2. Generally, it is easier to insert genes into plant, yeast, and bacteria cells, rather than animal cells, rather than animal cells. 3. Criminology is another term for forensic science. 4. The use of DNA as a forensic tool began in the 1980s. 5. Gene therapy is a medical technique to treat or prevent disease. Additional Activities Directions: Make an editorial cartoon showing how the tools are used in genetic engineering which are beneficial to humans in terms of health, agriculture, and technology. Use the rubric below as your guide in your illustration. EDITORIAL CARTOON RUBRICS CATEGORY 4 3 2 Required The cartoon All required elements All but one (1) of the Elements includes all are included in the required elements required elements cartoon. are included in the as well as cartoon. additional information. Labels All items of Almost all items of Many items of importance on the importance on the importance on the cartoon are clearly cartoon are clearly cartoon are clearly labeled. labeled. labeled. Graphics- All graphics are All graphics are All graphics relate to Relevance related to the topic related to the topic the topic and make it easier and most make it to understand. easier to understand. Attractiveness The cartoon is The cartoon is The cartoon is exceptionally attractive, in terms of acceptably attractive attractive, in terms design, layout, and though it may be a of design, layout, neatness. bit messy. and neatness. Grammar There are no There 1-2 There 3-4 grammatical/mech grammatical/mechan grammatical/mechan anical mistakes in ical mistakes in the ical mistakes in the the cartoon. cartoon. cartoon. 19 20 What I know 6. GENES - The term is defined as the basic 1. c 6. c physical and functional unit of heredity. 2. b 7. d 3. c 8. c 7. DNA LIGASE- is a specific type of enzyme, 4. d 9. b that facilitates the joining of DNA strands 5. a 10. A together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. What’s In Activity 1 8. POLYMERASES – are enzymes that catalyze 1. c 4. c the synthesis of DNA from 2. e 5. b deoxyribonucleotides, which are the building 3. a blocks of DNA. Activity 2 Somatic 9. YEAST – a unicellular organism that converts Chromosomal Alterations its food sugar and starch through Point fermentation, into carbon dioxide and Frameshift alcohol. Germline 10. AGAROSE – is a polysaccharide, which is What’s New generally extracted from certain red 1. b 4. e seaweed. It is frequently used in Gel 2. a 5. d Electrophoresis. 3. c What’s More Assessment 1 Activity 1 1. PLASMID- a genetic structure in a cell that 1. DNA Ligase is a DNA-joining enzyme. And it can replicate independently of the is used to link two or more individual chromosomes, typically a small circular strands of DNA, to create a recombinant DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium strand, or close a circular strand that has or protozoan. been cut with restriction enzymes. 2. GENETIC ENGINEERING- The process by 2. It can identify and detect the viral nucleic which recombinant DNA technology is acids. utilized to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. 3. Genes are the material that genetic engineering aims to modify for 3. Gel Electrophoresis- is a technique enhancement the capabilities of an organism commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins according to their size. Activity 2 1. e 6. f 2. h 7. c 4. MOLECULAR SCISSORS also known as 3. d 8. g Restriction enzyme as they cleave DNA at or 4. a 9. b near specific recognition sequences known 5. j 10.i as restriction sites. 5. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION- Polymerase chain reaction is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail. Answer Key 21 Assessment 2 Assessment 4 1. Werner Abner observed a dramatic 1. Answer may vary change in the bacteriophage DNA after 2. Answer may vary it invaded these resistant strains of bacteria degraded and cut into pieces. Activity 5 2. Yeast and human cells have little in common, they both have a nucleus. 1. The adopted is the child #3 because he did 3. Answers may vary. not match to the fingerprints of both Mr. and Mrs. Chan Activity 3: Step Up 2. The child from the previous marriage is 1. C- B- A child #2 because they are match base on 2. A- B- C the fingerprinting 3. B- A- C 4. A- B- C 3. The child #1 and #4 are the children of Mr. 5. B- A- C and Mrs. Chan 6. Assessment 3 Assessment 5 1. It is a technique used in molecular 1. It is a genetic engineering technology used biology to amplify a single copy or a to establish a link between biological few copies of a segment of DNA across evidence and a suspect in a criminal several orders of magnitude, investigation. generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. 2. Rep-PCR is used to generate unique DNA And the process of making DNA are profiles or fingerprints of individual the following: microbial strains. DNA polymerase starts making copies. “primers” provide a lace for DNA 3. PFGE is used to produce a DNA fingerprint polymerase. for a bacterial isolate, wherein the electric DNA is heated to separate the strands charge will run through the DNA. and cooled to bind. 2. The process of production of Humulin Activity 6 by bacteria follows the steps: 1. Fingerprint evidence is used in The recombinant DNA is inserted in the bacterial cell investigations for criminal cases often, and Insert a human gene into plasmid / the findings are frequently used to bacterial DNA determine if someone is connected to the The bacteria can produce the human crime or was naturally part of the scene. protein 3. The process of generating recombinant Assessment 6 DNA follows the steps: 1. Fingerprints collected at a crime scene, or Study and determine the specific gene needed on items of evidence from a crime, have Restriction enzymes cut the desired been used in forensic science to identify DNA sequence suspects, victims and other persons who Sticky ends are joined by DNA ligase touched a surface. 2. Fingerprints Can Identify, But Not Necessarily Convict. Activity 4: Let’s Investigate *Answer may also vary 1. Gene therapy is a medical field which focuses on the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acids into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. 2. Gene therapy replaces a faulty gene or adds a new gene in an attempt to cure disease or improve your body's ability to fight disease. 22 What I Have Learned Assessment Multiple choice 1. Genetic Engineering 1.D 2. Genetic Engineering 2.D 3. Gel electrophoresis 3.B 4. Molecular scissors 5. Polymerase chain reaction 4.A 6. Forensics biotechnology 5.C 7. Heredity True or false 8. Genetics 1. True 9. Fingerprint 2. True 10. rt-PCR 3. False 4. True 5. True Additional Activities *Illustrate an editorial cartoon showing how the tools used in genetic engineering are beneficial to human in terms of health, agriculture and technology. References Aryal, Sagar. 2018. Recombinant DNA Technology- Steps, Applications, and Limitations Retrieved from https://microbenotes.com/recombinant-dna- technology-steps-applications-and-limitations/ Explorebiotect,genetic-engennering ,Retrieved October 18,2020 https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/ Geib, Claudia. 2018. “We’re Getting Closer to Cloning Humans. Here’s What’s Stopping Us.” Center for Genetics and Society. 2018. https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article/were-getting-closer-cloning- humans-heres-whats-stopping-us. Hitendra. 2018. Gene Cloning. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/gohilsanjay3/gene-cloning-principles-an- technique Human Cloning. n.d. Human Cloning | Center for Genetics and Society. Accessed January 11, 2021. https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/topics/human- cloning. Javed Follow, Faraza. 2017. “Polymerase Chain Reaction.” SlideShare. 2017. https://www.slideshare.net/FarazaJaved/pcr-76618045. Shapiro, Emily. 2018. How a single fingerprint led to arrest in cold case murder of elderly woman 31 years later: Officials. Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com/US/single-fingerprint-led-arrest-cold-case-murder- elderly/story?id=56535934 Steve Minchin in Facts, Genetics,Retrieved October 18,2020 Tapeshwar, Yadav. 2015. Lecturer of Medical Biochemistry retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/TapeshwarYadav1/gel-electrophoresis- 53828963 Tapeshwar,Lecture Medical Biochemistry ,Retrieved October 18,2020 Trustees of Boston University. 1993. Guided practice restriction enzyme worksheet #1. Retrieved from http://jennifergriffin.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/6/5/25655361/restriction_e nzymes.pdf 23 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Region III – Schools Division of Angeles City Jesus St. Pulungbulu, Angeles City, Pampanga, Philippines 2009 Telefax: (045) 322-5722;322-472; 888-0582; 887-6099 Email Address: [email protected] [email protected]