Biotechnology Chapter 20 PDF

DNA Tools and Biotechnology Chapter 20  DNA Technology  Techniques for sequencing and manipulating DNA  Biotechnology  Manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products  Genetic Engineering  Direct manipulation of genes for practical pu...

DNA Tools and Biotechnology Chapter 20  DNA Technology  Techniques for sequencing and manipulating DNA  Biotechnology  Manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products  Genetic Engineering  Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes  DNA Sequencing  Dideoxyribonucleotide chain termination sequencing  One strand of a DNA fragment is the template for synthesis of complementary fragments  Frederick Sanger  Nobel Prize - 1980  DNA Sequencing Sequencing by synthesis Yields enormous number of identical fragments Single strand  synthesize complementary strand one base at a time 1000s to 100,000s of fragments sequenced at once  DNA Cloning Plasmids Small, circular DNA molecule of bacterium Recombinant DNA Contains DNA from two different sources Recombinant organism  Gene Cloning  Produces multiple copies of single gene  Cloning vector  DNA molecule that carriers foreign DNA into host cell & replicate there  Uses:  Amplify gene of interest  Produce protein product from gene of interest  Making a Recombinant Plasmid  Restriction enzymes  Cut foreign DNA from other organisms  Restriction site Cuts DNA at precise points within restriction site  Restriction fragments  Fragments of DNA produced by restriction enzymes  Gel Electrophoresis  Polymer gel works as molecular sieve  Separates based on:  Size  Electrical charge  Polymerase Chain Reaction  Isolate desired gene from entire genome  Produces billions of copies of target DNA  Three step cycle:  Denaturation  Annealing  Extension CRISPR-Cas9 https://youtu.be/jAhjPd4uNFY Advances in DNA Technology Cloning Organisms  Cloning Organisms  Totipotent  Mature cells can “dedifferentiate” and give rise to all the specialized cell types of an organism  Cloning Organisms  Animals  Nuclear transplantation Reproductive Cloning of Mammals  Stem Cells of Animals  Stem Cells  Relatively unspecialized cells  Reproduce itself indefinitely  Differentiate into specialized cells of 1+ types  Types:  Embryonic  Adult Stem Cells  Stem Cells  Pluripotent  Capable of differentiating into many different cell types  Embryonic Sources Donated embryos from IVF treatments Long-term cell cultures originally established with embryonic cells  Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells Dedifferentiates a fully differentiated cell Reprograms cell to act like ES cell Restores pluripotency Uses: Models for studying disease Regenerative medicine  Human Skin Cells  Embryonic Stem Cells https://vimeo.com/66012007 Practical Applications of DNA Biotechnology  Human Gene Therapy Introduction of genes into an afflicted person for therapeutic purposes Used to treat disorders traced to a single defective gene  Pharmaceutical Products Protein Production in Cell Cultures Insulin Human Growth Hormone (HGH)  Pharmaceutical Products “Pharm” Animals Transgenic Animals  “Pharm” Animals http://www.sciencechannel.com/video-topics/sci-fi-supernatural/kapow- superhero-science-spider-silk-gene-goats/  Forensic Evidence & Genetic Profiles Genetic Profile Individuals unique set of genetic markers Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) 2-5 nucleotide sequences in specific regions Vary widely from person to person ACAT 30x @ 1 genome locus & 15x at same locus on homolog Another person may have same sequence, but repeated 18x on each homology Genotypes expressed as 30,15 & 18,18  Forensic Tests using STRs  Compares DNA samples from multiple sources  13 STR markers Agricultural Applications Safety & Ethical Questions Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Organism that has 1+ genes from another species acquired by artificial means