Biotechnology Lecture Notes PDF

# Biotechnology - The science use a living things to make or developer a product that Serves humanty. ## Types of Biotechnology ### 1. Red Biotechnology - Related to medical field. - Produce antibiotic depend on living organism. - Related to genetic engineering to treat diseases - Produce stem c...

# Biotechnology - The science use a living things to make or developer a product that Serves humanty. ## Types of Biotechnology ### 1. Red Biotechnology - Related to medical field. - Produce antibiotic depend on living organism. - Related to genetic engineering to treat diseases - Produce stem cells "tissue culture" - Produce vaccine ex Corona virus. ### 2. Green Biotechnology - Related to agriclatural field - Produce genetically modified plants and plant tissue - Improve crops and increasing their production - Manufacture of non-chemical pesticides and fertilizer from living organisms. - Producing of plants resistant to insects and disease. ### 3. White Biotechnology - Related to industrial field. - Use living organisms to produce chemical. - The process of manufacturing drugs and amino acid [Protein such as insulin and growth hormones]. ### 4. Blue Biotechnology - Related to marine world. - Improve fish wealth. - Extraction of active ingredients from marine organism to manufacture drugs. # Biotechnology - Application of science to achieve industrial of commercial objective. ## Stages of Biotechnology - **Ancient**: Related to food and shelter ex domestication. - **Classical**: Fermentation promoted food production and medicine. - **Modern**: Manipulated genetic imformated genetic engineering. DNA finger printing. Gentically modified food. # 1997: First animal cloned from diploids cells in Scotland (Dolly) # 1990-2000: Human cloning is outlaw in the as # Lecture 2 ## Molecular biological examination of any organism: 1. DNA extraction of RNA extraction 2. PCR [Ploymerase chain reaction] for amplification certain gene. 3. DNA sequencing - Prime 5: TGCATGCA 3 - Double strand 3 ACGTACGT5 - Each 3 nucleotide **TGC**. - Coden - **RNA** - **Amino acid** - **Amino acid** - **Paffein** - **(Poptid chain)** ## Two type of mutations: - 5 GTACAСАТ З - **indels + 1 GITACACAT** - **inserted or deleted pieces of DNA.** - 5 GIACACAT 3 - 5.GTGCACAT3 - **SNPs**: Single nucleotide polymorphism - single base differs from the unsed base in the same Position. ## 4. Use bioinformatic to analyze the result. ## Type of database ### 1. Based on content of biological database: - **Primary database (Archival database):** Experimental results submitted directly by researchers then given accession. - **Secondary database:** Comprise data derived from the result of analyzing primary data. Faligment predict protein. - **Ex:** Gen Bank. Interpro. ### 2. Structure: - **Sequance database** - **structure database.** ## Lecture 3 - **DNA and RNA extraction:** 1. **Cell lysis** for protein and lipid dissolving: - **DNA** lysis buffer - **RNA** trizol 2. **Protein removal**: by adding chloroform then centrifuge for lo min: - **DNA (Supernant)** ppt of protein and tissue residue - **RNA** 3. **DNA Precipitation**: by adding iced ethanol 80% then centrifuge: - **DNA** - **RNA** 4. **Washing and resuspension**: by using DNAase and RNAase water 5. **Store**: - **DNA -20** - **RNA -80** ## Replication in Vivo (inside the cell) 1. **Helicase enzyme:** break hydrogen bond 2. **Single standed protein (S.S-B)** 3. **Primase form primar (18-20 nucleotide)** - Leading complementary to the origin strand 4. **DNA polymerase dNTP (Nucleotide)** - complementary to primar to form a new strand. 5. **Ligase**: Ligation of lagging strand ## PCR [Polymerase chain reaction] - **Replication in Vitro (in lab)** - **DNA sample** - **Primer** - **Tag DNA polymerase** - **dNTP** - **20-20 cycle**: Each cycle 3 step 1. **Denaturation**: - **DNA** (double strand) - 95°C to separate DNA chains. 2. **Annealing**: - **Primer attached to template strand** 62°-65°C. 3. **Elongation**: - **DNA polymerase starts copying the template DNA strand with dNTP** 72°C ## Lecture 4 - **Cell culture technology** - Growing cells in containers or large bioreactors. - **Plant cell culture**: Grow genetically engineered plant that useful traits such as resistance to insects Pests. - **Animal cell culture**: Used to breading live stock - **Human cell culture**: Embryonic stem cells - undifferentiated cells have the potential to develop into any cells in human body. Take from inner cells mass present in blast to cyst give rise to E.S. lines # Tissue Engeneering - Combination of cell biology and material sciense. - Semi-synthetic tissue in lab. - Natural+ synthetic= artificial. - Collagen+ polymer= skin. # Genetic Engeneering Technology - Make recombinant DNA (Bio Processing) - Insulin # Cloning - Produce genetically identical copies of biological entity -atoms, tissue, organism - **Molecular cloning** - The inserted/ target gene - vector # Gene cloning - Recombinant DNA - DNA - Recombinant - Fermentator bacterial protein. - Bacteria cell culture can be isolated from cultured cells using biochemistry techniques.