Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which term describes the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity?
Which term describes the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity?
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Ribonucleic acid
- Genes (correct)
- Alleles
Which scientific field investigates how traits are inherited?
Which scientific field investigates how traits are inherited?
- Biological engineering
- Pathology
- Genetics (correct)
- Heredity
What process involves using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism's genetic composition?
What process involves using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism's genetic composition?
- Biological engineering
- Genetic engineering (correct)
- Biological modification
- Genetic modification
In what year did Hindll first isolate a restriction enzyme?
In what year did Hindll first isolate a restriction enzyme?
Which organism was initially used in DNA technology experiments?
Which organism was initially used in DNA technology experiments?
What laboratory technique amplifies a single DNA segment into thousands or millions of copies?
What laboratory technique amplifies a single DNA segment into thousands or millions of copies?
Which enzymes cleave both strands of DNA at specific nucleotide sequences?
Which enzymes cleave both strands of DNA at specific nucleotide sequences?
Who is credited with the discovery of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
Who is credited with the discovery of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
In the context of genetic engineering, what is the primary role of plasmids?
In the context of genetic engineering, what is the primary role of plasmids?
What is the function of antibiotic resistance genes in plasmids used for creating transgenic organisms?
What is the function of antibiotic resistance genes in plasmids used for creating transgenic organisms?
In genetic engineering, what is the result of ligating a gene of interest with a plasmid?
In genetic engineering, what is the result of ligating a gene of interest with a plasmid?
Besides antibiotic resistance, what other systems are commonly used to identify transgenic organisms?
Besides antibiotic resistance, what other systems are commonly used to identify transgenic organisms?
Which of the following best describes the role of restriction enzymes in creating recombinant DNA?
Which of the following best describes the role of restriction enzymes in creating recombinant DNA?
What is a potential drawback of using viral DNA as a vector in genetic engineering, compared to using plasmids?
What is a potential drawback of using viral DNA as a vector in genetic engineering, compared to using plasmids?
If a scientist is trying to insert a large eukaryotic gene into a bacterial cell, which vector would be most appropriate?
If a scientist is trying to insert a large eukaryotic gene into a bacterial cell, which vector would be most appropriate?
A researcher successfully transforms E. coli with a plasmid containing a gene for ampicillin resistance. They then plate the transformed bacteria on media with and without ampicillin. What result would confirm successful transformation?
A researcher successfully transforms E. coli with a plasmid containing a gene for ampicillin resistance. They then plate the transformed bacteria on media with and without ampicillin. What result would confirm successful transformation?
Which of the following is NOT a primary application of recombinant DNA technology?
Which of the following is NOT a primary application of recombinant DNA technology?
In genetic engineering, what is the main role of restriction enzymes?
In genetic engineering, what is the main role of restriction enzymes?
What is the purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in genetic engineering?
What is the purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in genetic engineering?
Which of the following describes the role of gel electrophoresis in genetic engineering?
Which of the following describes the role of gel electrophoresis in genetic engineering?
What is a key ethical concern associated with human cloning?
What is a key ethical concern associated with human cloning?
Why is the use of appropriate vectors important in gene cloning?
Why is the use of appropriate vectors important in gene cloning?
In the context of genetic engineering, what does 'transformation' refer to?
In the context of genetic engineering, what does 'transformation' refer to?
Which of the following tools is LEAST likely to be directly involved in creating a genetically modified plant for increased drought resistance?
Which of the following tools is LEAST likely to be directly involved in creating a genetically modified plant for increased drought resistance?
Which of the following best describes the role of DNA ligase in genetic engineering?
Which of the following best describes the role of DNA ligase in genetic engineering?
A researcher aims to amplify a specific DNA sequence from a small sample. Which technique would be most appropriate?
A researcher aims to amplify a specific DNA sequence from a small sample. Which technique would be most appropriate?
In gel electrophoresis, what property of molecules is primarily used for their separation?
In gel electrophoresis, what property of molecules is primarily used for their separation?
In the case of Grace Hayden's murder, what crucial role did Deputy John Blount play that went 'above and beyond' standard procedure?
In the case of Grace Hayden's murder, what crucial role did Deputy John Blount play that went 'above and beyond' standard procedure?
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of genetic engineering?
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of genetic engineering?
What is the primary purpose of gel electrophoresis in DNA analysis?
What is the primary purpose of gel electrophoresis in DNA analysis?
Imagine a scenario where a DNA sample at a crime scene is highly degraded. Which technique would be MOST useful for generating enough DNA for analysis?
Imagine a scenario where a DNA sample at a crime scene is highly degraded. Which technique would be MOST useful for generating enough DNA for analysis?
What is the primary role of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the primary role of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?
Which of the following describes a plasmid's function in the context of genetic engineering?
Which of the following describes a plasmid's function in the context of genetic engineering?
How do restriction enzymes contribute to the process of creating DNA fingerprints?
How do restriction enzymes contribute to the process of creating DNA fingerprints?
In the context of DNA fingerprinting, what does RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) refer to?
In the context of DNA fingerprinting, what does RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) refer to?
How does yeast contribute to the process of fermentation?
How does yeast contribute to the process of fermentation?
In gel electrophoresis, agarose serves as the:
In gel electrophoresis, agarose serves as the:
What characteristic of DNA is exploited in gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments?
What characteristic of DNA is exploited in gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments?
Which of the following is a key difference between standard gel electrophoresis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)?
Which of the following is a key difference between standard gel electrophoresis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)?
How does the analysis of DNA STRs (Short Tandem Repeats) contribute to modern DNA fingerprinting techniques?
How does the analysis of DNA STRs (Short Tandem Repeats) contribute to modern DNA fingerprinting techniques?
How does genetic engineering contribute to improved crop production?
How does genetic engineering contribute to improved crop production?
What potential ethical concern arises from using genome sequencing data at the individual level?
What potential ethical concern arises from using genome sequencing data at the individual level?
Which tool is essential for transferring a specific gene into a bacterial cell to create a transgenic organism?
Which tool is essential for transferring a specific gene into a bacterial cell to create a transgenic organism?
What is a key advantage of using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) over traditional cloning methods when analyzing crime scene DNA?
What is a key advantage of using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) over traditional cloning methods when analyzing crime scene DNA?
What is a significant challenge associated with inserting genes into animal cells compared to bacterial or plant cells?
What is a significant challenge associated with inserting genes into animal cells compared to bacterial or plant cells?
In a genetic engineering experiment, what is the purpose of including an antibiotic resistance gene in a plasmid?
In a genetic engineering experiment, what is the purpose of including an antibiotic resistance gene in a plasmid?
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, what is the primary implication of this achievement?
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, what is the primary implication of this achievement?
Which best describes how DNA is separated during gel electrophoresis?
Which best describes how DNA is separated during gel electrophoresis?
Flashcards
Gene
Gene
The basic physical and functional unit of heredity, carrying genetic information.
Genetics
Genetics
The branch of science concerned with how traits are inherited from parents to offspring.
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
A process that alters an organism’s genetic makeup using recombinant DNA technology.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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Restriction Endonuclease
Restriction Endonuclease
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Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis
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Forensic Biotechnology
Forensic Biotechnology
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Kary Mullis
Kary Mullis
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Plasmids
Plasmids
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Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA
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Bacteriophage DNA (as vector)
Bacteriophage DNA (as vector)
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Cosmids
Cosmids
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Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Organisms
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Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Antibiotic Resistance Genes
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Reporter Proteins
Reporter Proteins
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DNA Ligase
DNA Ligase
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DNA Fingerprinting & Gel Electrophoresis
DNA Fingerprinting & Gel Electrophoresis
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Molecular Scissors (Restriction Enzymes)
Molecular Scissors (Restriction Enzymes)
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Restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes
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Challenge Facing Genome Sequencing
Challenge Facing Genome Sequencing
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Gene therapy
Gene therapy
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DNA as a Forensic Tool Began in the 1980s?
DNA as a Forensic Tool Began in the 1980s?
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Genes into cells
Genes into cells
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Cloning
Cloning
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Gene Cloning
Gene Cloning
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology
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Yeast
Yeast
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Agarose
Agarose
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Study Notes
- Biotechnology is covered
- Quarter 3 Module 1 focuses on the tools used in genetic engineering
Genetic Engineering Tools
- Genetic engineering involves manipulating DNA to achieve a goal
- Standard tools used in genetic engineering help in virus detection
- Genetic Engineering is defined as techniques used for modification of organisms through heredity/reproduction
- It increases plant/animal food production, diagnoses/treats disease through medicine and produces useful drugs and vaccines for viruses like Sars-Cov2
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- PCR is efficient and multiplies DNA exponentially, taking only a minute per 25-75 cycles
- Each new DNA segment serves as a template
- Molecular biology uses this technique to amplify a single DNA copy or a few copies of a DNA segment
- This generates thousands to millions of copies of a DNA sequence
- Kary Mullis developed PCR in 1983, and it is used in clinical/research labs for several applications
Restriction Enzymes (Molecular Scissor)
- Enzymes create an incision on DNA strands at nucleotide sequence-specific locations
- DNA cut with these enzymes produces smaller fragments of varying sizes, separable via gel electrophoresis or chromatography
- Hundreds of restriction enzymes were in bacteria strains capable of cutting DNA at a distinct site
- Hindll isolated Restriction Enzymes in 1970
- He discovered/characterized numerous restriction endonucleases
Gel Electrophoresis
- Used to view cut DNA, detect DNA inserts/knockouts
- It can estimate the molecular weight of proteins/nucleic acids, purify proteins, monitor changes in body fluid protein content
- Visualizing DNA shows if the extract contains anything or what size cut fragments it contains
DNA Ligase
- These are often utilized to link two or more individual strands of DNA, to create a recombinant strand, or close a circular strand that has been cut with restriction enzymes
Polymerases
- Polymerases catalyze the synthesis of nucleic acid molecules and is customized to the nucleic acid template name on which the polymerase acts
- Three critical polymerases are:
- DNA-dependent DNA polymerase replicates DNA from DNA
- RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) transcribes DNA from RNA
- DNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribes RNA from DNA
Prokaryotic Host
- These can multiply plasmids with foreign DNA and produce millions of copies, referred to as a colony/clone
- The term ‘clone' refers to a mass of cells, organisms, or genes from the multiplication of a single cell, bacterium, or gene
- Escherichia coli, the bacteria first used, remains worker's choice
- E. coli has a key role in modern biotechnology and Gram-negative bacterium is common to human and animal intestines
- Environmentally, numbers of E. coli can double every 20 minutes
Eukaryotic Host
- These produce human proteins since these hosts are more suitable to synthesize proteins than the other hosts
- The most commonly used eukaryotic organism is Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)
- It’s a non-pathogenic organism routinely used in the brewing and baking industry
- Certain fungi are also used in gene cloning.
Small Self-Replicating DNA Selection
- Small circular DNA pieces that are not part of a bacteria genome but are capable of self-replication, are plasmids
- Plasmids transport genes between microorganisms
- In biotechnology, once the gene of interest is amplified and restriction enzymes cut both the gene and plasmid, they are ligated together, generating recombinant DNA
- Viral (bacteriophage) DNA can also be used as a vector, as can recombinant plasmids containing bacteriophage genes.
Transgenic Organism Selection Methods
- Not all cells take up DNA during transformation for it to be essential to identify the cells that transform and those who have not
- Generally, plasmids carry genes for antibiotic resistance and transgenic cells can be selected based on the gene's expression and the ability to grow in media containing that antibiotic
- Alternative selection methods depend on the presence of other reporter proteins, x-gal/lacZ or green fluorescence protein. allows selection based on color/fluorescence
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Description
Explore genetics, heredity, and DNA technology. Questions cover genetic units, DNA modification, restriction enzymes, PCR, and plasmids. Test your knowledge with this quiz.
