Pharmacy Education in the World and Philippines PDF

MODULE 3 Pharmacy Education in the World and Philippines PHARMACY EDUCATION Pharmacy education and practice varies from country to country. It is based on the needs, resources, regulations, policy, challenges, culture and expectations of th...

MODULE 3 Pharmacy Education in the World and Philippines PHARMACY EDUCATION Pharmacy education and practice varies from country to country. It is based on the needs, resources, regulations, policy, challenges, culture and expectations of the concerned country. LESSON 1: EVOLUTION OF PHARMACY EDUCATION IN THE WORLD AND IN THE PHILIPPINES The following discussions will show the different pharmacy practice in some countries. This will show some similarities and differences in the practice of pharmacy in the Philippines. In the United States of America: 1932 Four (4) years BS Pharmacy 1966 Five (5) years BS Pharmacy 2000 Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D) Program was initiated In Canada: Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (BScPharm) four years of undergraduate pharmacy education, plus a minimum prerequisite of one additional year of undergraduate pre-pharmacy education 2007 - Introduced Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) Program - Two (2) years of Pre-Pharmacy undergraduate education and Four (4) years of Pharmacy Education 2020 Most Canadian Pharmacy schools will changed their Entry-To-Practice programs with a Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Sciences to Entry-To-Practice Pharm D In Australia: Undergraduate degree (Bachelor of Pharmacy) for 4 years full-time Post-graduate degree (Master of Pharmacy) 2 years full-time In other countries have: Asian countries Japan BSPharmacy (4years) and PharmD(6 years) Korea BPharm (2+4 years) China (4+3years) Taiwan BPharm (4 years) and Pharm D (6 years) Hongkong BPharm (4 years) Thailand BS(5 years) and Pharm D (6 years) 18  Singapore BSPharm (4+1 years) Malaysia BPharm (4+1 years) In the Philippines: The first course offered was leading to the degree of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (3-year course) It was extended to 4 years, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy. 1965 the BS Pharmacy course could be finished after five years of study. 1984 the BS Pharmacy was reduced to four years. The different pharmacy programs offered in the Philippines are as follows: 4 4-year B.S. Pharmacy (BSP) 5 5-year B.S. Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy (CPS) 5-year B.S. Industrial Pharmacy (B.S. IP) 6-year Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D) 2 year post-baccalaureate degree leading to Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) 2-year Master of Science in Pharmacy (MS Pharm) 3-year Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy (Ph.D. in Pharm.) PHARMACY PROGRAM IN CEU LADDERIZED PHARMACY PROGRAM Four-year program leading to the degree Bachelor Of Science In Pharmacy Five-year Program leading to the degree Bachelor Of Science In Clinical Pharmacy Six-year Program leading to the degree of Doctor Of Science In Clinical Pharmacy Effective School Year 2020-2021 The Technical Committee on Pharmacy Education is composed of the following: 19  CHED TECHNICAL COMMITTEE FOR PHARMACY EDUCATION CHAIR - Dr. Aleth Therese L. Dacanay Representatives: ACADEME - Dr. Imelda G. Pena - Prof. COP UPM GOVERNMENT - Dr. Mildred B. Oliveros - OIC - PRBP (PRC) - Ms. Ma. Lourdes C. Santiago - Former Deputy Director FDA PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY - Dr. Yolanda R. Robles - President FAPA; - Atty. Jose Maria A. Ochave - VP and ECM of UNILAB - Ms. Rosario C. Barangan - VP for Manufacturing E.L. Laboratories Ma. Gilda Saljay Mr. Anthony Aldrin C. Dr. Aleth Therese L. President of PPHA Santiago Dacanay PRC Board of Pharmacy President of PACOP Officer-in-Charge LESSON 2: PHARMACY CURRICULUM CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER 25 Series of 2021 SUBJECT: POLICIES, STANDARDS, AND GUIDELINES FOR THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PHARMACY PROGRAM The curriculum was enhanced due to the implementation of the K-12 program of the government. The enhanced curriculum started in the Academic Year (A.Y.) 2018-2019. The enhanced curriculum is based on the following: Republic Act (RA) No. 7722: “Higher Education Act of 1994" RA No. 10918: "Philippine Pharmacy Act" (latest Pharmacy Law) RA No. 7796: “Technical Educational and Skills Development Act of 1994” or "TESDA Act," which pertains to the establishment and administration of the National Trade Skills Standards and training regulations for NC III Pharmacy Services RA No. 10647: “Ladderized Education Act of 2014” in pursuance of an outcome-based quality assurance system as advocated under CMO No. 46 s. 2012, and by virtue of Commission en Banc Resolution No. 340-2017 dated May 2, 2017 20  ARTICLE I INTRODUCTION SECTION 1: RATIONALE ○ Based on the Guidelines for the Implementation of CM0 No. 46 series of 2012, this PSG implements the "shift to learning competency-based standards/ outcomes-based education." ○ It specifies the 'core competencies’ expected of BS Pharmacy graduates "regardless of the type of Higher Education Institution (HEI) they graduated from." ○ However, in recognition of the spirit of outcomes-based education and of the typology of HEls, this PSG also provides "flexibility and ample space for HEls to innovate in the curriculum in line with the assessment of how best to achieve learning outcomes in their particular contexts and their respective missions ARTICLE II AUTHORITY TO OPERATE SECTION 2. GOVERNMENT RECOGNITION All private higher education institutions (PHEIs) intending to offer BS Pharmacy must first secure proper authority from the Commission in accordance with the Policies, standards, and guidelines (PSGs). All HEIs with an existing BS Pharmacy program are required to shift to an outcomes-based approach as mandated by this PSG. Autonomous and deregulated institutions, state universities and colleges (SUCs), and local colleges and universities (LUCs) should strictly adhere to this PSG's provisions as stipulated in CMO No.40s. 2008 “Manual of Regulations for Private Higher Education.” ARTICLE III GENERAL PROVISIONS Per Section 13 of RA No. 7722, the higher education institutions shall exercise academic freedom in its curricular offerings but must comply with the minimum requirements for specific academic programs, the general education distribution requirements and the specific professional courses. ARTICLE IV PROGRAM SPECIFICATIONS SECTION 5. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 5.1. DEGREE NAME: The degree program described herein shall be called Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (BSP) 21  5.2. NATURE OF THE FIELD OF STUDY Program BSPHARMACY Years 4 years Total Units 185 credit units Total Hours 1415 Hours of internship 1,200 hours Licensure Exam Pharmacy Licensure Exam 5.3. PROGRAM GOALS The program aims to produce graduates who can portray the following roles: Professional pharmacist Pharmaceutical care provider Researcher Manager and entrepreneur Educator 5.4. SPECIFIC PROFESSIONS/CAREERS/OCCUPATIONS FOR GRADUATES ○ Graduates of the BS Pharmacy program may pursue a career in any of the following areas of pharmacy practice: Pharmaceutical manufacturing/production Production planning and inventory control Quality assurance Hospital pharmacy Research and development Clinical pharmacy Regulatory affairs Community pharmacy Academe Cosmetics industry Clinical research Veterinary industry ○ Phase I – Healthy patient – Safety ○ Phase II – Patient with the disease – Safety and Efficacy (effectiveness of the drug) ○ Phase III – Patient with the disease – Safety, Efficacy (effectiveness of the drug), and the Dose (amount) Government service (Department of Health, Food and Drug Administration, PhilHealth, Professional Regulation Commission, Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, Dangerous Drugs Board, and others) Health publications Sales or marketing Institutional pharmacy (non-pharmaceutical establishments with pharmacy clinics, such as those in the Supreme Court, San Miguel Corp, GSIS, etc.) 22 SECTION 6. PROGRAM OUTCOMES 6.1 COMMON TO ALL PROGRAMS IN ALL TYPES OF SCHOOLS a) The ability to engage in lifelong learning and understanding of the need to keep abreast of the developments in the specific field of practice. b) The ability to effectively communicate orally and in writing using both English and Filipino c) The ability to work effectively and independently in multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural teams. d) A recognition of professional, social, and ethical responsibility e) An appreciation of “Filipino historical and cultural heritage” (based on RA No. 7722) 6.2 Based on HEI type (CHED implementation handbook for OBE and ISA, 2013) Graduates of professional institutions demonstrate a service orientation in one's profession Graduates of colleges participate in various type of employment, development activities, and public discourses, particularly in response to the needs of the communities one serves Graduates of universities participate in the generation of new knowledge or in research and development projects Graduates of State Universities and Colleges must, in addition, have the competencies to support "national, regional and local development plans" (RA No. 7722). 6.3 COMMON TO ALL HEALTH-RELATED PROFESSIONS Graduates of the BS Pharmacy program shall have the following attributes common to all health-related professions: a) Demonstrate competence in handling health problems of individuals, families, communities b) Demonstrate higher-order thinking skills, problem-solving, decision-making, logical and critical thinking skills c) Subscribe to professional, legal, and ethical practice d) Work collaboratively with inter- and multi-professional teams e) Communicate proficiently f) Engage in self-directed lifelong learning g) Promote the use of a health system approach in the delivery of service 23 SPECIFIC TO THE BS PHARMACY PROGRAM Program Outcomes Operational Definition of Program Outcomes Practice pharmacy Adhere to legal requirements, practice standards, and code in a professional of ethics for the pharmacy profession. and ethical manner Apply knowledge & skills of mathematics, health sciences, social sciences, psycho-social sciences, physical sciences, environmental sciences, natural sciences, information technology, and other advanced technologies to pharmacy practice. Apply suitable techniques and principles in compounding, storing, manufacturing, distributing, administering, and disposing of pharmaceutical (biological) products to ensure product quality, safety & efficacy of products. Provide Develop a drug therapy plan appropriate for the patient pharmaceutical based on evaluated patient's health and medication history care Provide relevant information in dispensing pharmaceutical products in accordance to practice standards. Monitor the patient's progress in achieving specific outcomes and optimize patient's health-related quality of life. Collaborate effectively with the patients and other members of the health care team in accordance with practice standards Conduct relevant Conduct or participate in research activities in accordance research and with scientific research guidelines and dissemination of disseminate findings for utilization. findings Apply managerial Demonstrate efficient and effective management skills in any and entrepreneurial organization. skills Demonstrate entrepreneurial skills while ensuring patient safety Communicate and Facilitate learning of selected learners for specific purposes facilitate (patients, students, peers, support staff, other health effectively professionals) Communicate effectively using culturally appropriate language SECTION 7. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS This section contains a list of competency standards or performance indicators that will measure the attainment of each of the identified program outcomes. These competency standards have been determined according to the roles expected to be performed by the graduates in their workplace. These performance indicators will serve as bases for the assessment of student achievement/performance in various courses in the curriculum. ARTICLE V 24  CURRICULUM Curriculum Description Program BSPHARMACY Years 4 years Total Units 169 credit units Total Hours 1415 Hours of internship 1,200 hours Licensure Exam Pharmacy Licensure Exam CURRICULUM DESIGN WAS BASED ON… ○ International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) (published in the 2012 FIP Global Pharmacy Workforce Report) ○ Philippine Pharmacy Act (RA 10918) ○ Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF), ○ Philippine Practice Standards for Pharmacists (PhilPSP) ○ other international professional competency standards. CURRICULUM CONTENT ○ Pharmacy Practice Perspectives in Pharmacy Dispensing I & II Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacotherapeutics Pharmacy Administration, Management and Leadership Pharmaceutical Marketing and Entrepreneurship Legal Pharmacy and Ethics Pharmaceutical Manufacturing & Quality Assurance Cosmetics Product Development Hospital Pharmacy Health Technology Assessment, Health Policy & Pharmacoeconomics Social & Administrative Pharmacy Public Health Pharmacy & Pharmacoepidemiology ○ Pharmacy Science Drug Discovery and Development Biological Sciences Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology Pharmaceutical Toxicology Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 25 TOPICS FOR INTEGRATION PROFESSIONAL PHARMACY COURSES Professionalism and Good x Practices (GxP) (Good Pharmacy Practices, Good Manufacturing Practices, Good Clinical Practices, Good Storage Practices, All professional pharmacy courses Good Distribution Practices, Good Compounding Practices, Good Regulatory Practices, Good Pharmacovigilance Practices) Patient Safety (Rational use of Introduction to the Health System medicines. Antimicrobial resistance Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, and antimicrobial stowardship, Dispensing I & II; Public Health Pharmacy & Immunization Techniques and Safe Pharmacoepidemiology, Clinical Pharmacy and Administration of Vaccines, as well as Pharmacotherapeutics Pharmacology, Advorse Evonts Following immunization Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Quality Safety Assessment of Cosmetics) and Assurance; Human Physiology & Pathophysiology, Quality Risk Managoment Cosmetics Product Development Disaster Risk Reduction and Introduction to the Health System; Management Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology; Dispensing I & Il; Public Health Pharmacy & Pharmacoepidemiology: Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics Leadership and Management (including Introduction to Pharmacy Administration, development of nontechnical skills or Management and Leadership; Pharmaceutical soft skills) Administration and Management; Pharmaceutical Marketing and Entrepreneurship Interprofessional Education (PE) Hospital Pharmacy, Public Health Pharmacy as an effective approach in & Pharmacoepidemiology: Pharmaceutical collaboration Manufacturing and Quality Assurance; Social & Administrative Pharmacy: Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacotherapeutics, Internsnip courses Counterfeit Medicines and SSFFC Public Health Pharmacy & Pharmacoepidemiology: (Substandard, Spurious, Falsely Dispensing I and II; Introduction to the Health labeled, Falsified and Counterfeit System; Clinical Pharmacy & medical products) Pharmacotherapeutics: Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Quality Assurance Pharmaceutical Promotion & Ethics Pharmaceutical Marketing & Entrepreneurship Philippine Practice Standards for All professional pharmacy courses Pharmacists (PhiPSP) Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Public Health Pharmacy & Pharmacoepidemiology: Management Dispensing I & II; Introduction to the Health System; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics, Legal 26  Hospital Pharmacy; Health Technology Assessments, Health Policy & Pharmacoeconomics: Legal Pharmacy and Ethics: Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Quality Assurance 8.5. THE CURRICULUM SHOULD INCLUDE 36 UNITS OF REVISED GE COURSES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH CHED CM0 NO. 20 SERIES OF 2013, 36 Units Revised GE ○ 24 units of core courses, ○ 9 units electives and ○ 3 units Life & Works of Rizal (mandatory), 14 units additional ○ 8 units of Physical Education (PE) and ○ 6 units of NSTP, ○ Total of 50 units of non-professional courses. SUMMARY OF GENERAL EDUCATION (G.E.) COURSES + MANDATED COURSES Total Number of Units (GE+ Mandated): 50 UNITS G.E Core: No. of Units Understanding the Self 3 Purposive Communication 3 Mathematics in the Modern World 3 Science, Technology & Society 3 Ethics 3 Art Appreciation 3 Readings in Philippine History 3 The Contemporary World 3 TOTAL 24 G.E. Electives: Math, Science & Technology 3 Social Sciences & Philosophy 3 Math, Science & Technology 3 TOTAL 9 G.E. Mandated Life & Works of Rizal 3 Physical Education 8 NSTP 6 TOTAL NUMBER OF UNITS FOR G.E. COURSES: 50 TOTAL NUMBER OF UNITS FOR PROFESSIONAL COURSES: 135 27 SUMMARY OF CREDIT UNITS IN THE BS PHARMACY PROGRAM Total Number of Units: 169 units YEAR LEVEL 1st SEMESTER 2nd SEMESTER TOTAL LEC LAB TOTAL LEC LAB First 24 21 3 24 21 3 Second 24 17 7 25 21 4 Third 24 20 4 24 20 4 Fourth (Internship) 12 12 TOTAL 84 58 14 85 62 11 BREAKDOWN SUMMARY UNITS HOURS Lecture courses (1 unit = 17 hrs) 120 2,040 Laboratory courses (1 unit = 51 hrs) 25 1,275 Internship courses (1 unit = 50 hrs) 24 1,200 Total Number of Units (4-yr BSP) 169 4515 ○ Pharmacy Practice/Internship Public Health and Regulatory Pharmacy Hospital Pharmacy Industrial Pharmacy Community Pharmacy Institutional Pharmacy PHILIPPINE QUALIFICATION FRAMEWORK 28 SECTION 11. THE PHILIPPINE QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORK (LEVEL 6) Domains Descriptors Knowledge, Skills Graduates at this level have broad and coherent knowledge and and Values skills in their field of study for professional work and lifelong learning Application Application in professional work or research in a specialized field of discipline and/or for further study Degree of Independent and/or in teams of related field with minimal Dependence supervision guided by set procedures that frequently require judgment. Qualification Type Baccalaureate Degree ARTICLE VI REQUIRED RESOURCES SECTION 14. PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION Dean/Program Head Faculty Licensed pharmacist Licensed pharmacist At least MS degree in Has at least a Master’s degree in Pharmacy (Clinical pharmacy Pharmacy, Social & Administrative Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical 5years teaching experience Regulatory Science, Public Health Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management, Health 2 years of administrative Technologies Assessment & Pharmacoeconomics, experience and other related pharmacy courses SECTION 15. LIBRARY Library personnel, facilities and holdings should conform to existing CHED requirements for libraries which are embodied in a separate issuance. CEU Library personnel, facilities, and holdings conform to existing CHED requirements for libraries. SECTION 16. LABORATORY AND PHYSICAL FACILITIES Classroom requirements The school/college/department of pharmacy must provide lecture and laboratory rooms, facilities, materials, and equipment that are adequate for instruction, laboratory work, and research Laboratory requirements The school/college/department of pharmacy should have a laboratory coordinator/manager, who is a graduate of pharmacy, to oversee the operations of pharmacy laboratories. 29  Separate laboratory rooms for the animal, microbiology, and pharmaceutical sciences and research should be provided. Audio-visual equipment There should be separate multimedia facilities consisting of USB-enabled TVs, LCDs, computers with internet access, and other relevant equipment to enhance instruction of professional pharmacy courses. ARTICLE VII INTERNSHIP SECTION 17. GENERAL GUIDELINES Site Accredited sites Hours Institutional Airline, BSP, San Miguel Corp, PLDT, Meralco, Supreme Court (120 hours) 300 Public health and regulatory FDA, DOH, RITM, PDEA (180 hours) Hospital Hospitals (private/public) 300 Community Drugstore (chain drugstore) 300 Industry Manufacturing firm, distributor 300 TOTAL 1200 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the school and the internship facility is required An affiliation fee will be paid by the school to the internship facility. The internship may be scheduled any day of the week, including holidays, during business hours for as long as the supervising licensed pharmacist permits. The intern should have one day off a week. ANNEX F: List of Laboratory Equipment/Facilities/Supplies List of basic glassware/supplies: II. List of Laboratory Equipment A. Beakers (50, 100, 250, 500 and 1. Balances: 1,000 ml) a. Analytical balances (at least four) B. Buret (acid and alkali) b. Top loading balance (at least two) C. Erlenmeyer flask (100, 250, c. Double beam balance (at least two) 500 ml) d. Weighing scales (at least three) D. Florence Flask (50, 100, 250, 2. HPLC 500 ml) 3. FTIR E. Graduated cylinder (50, 100, 4. pH meter (at least two) 250, 500 and 1,000 ml) 5. Refractometer F. Conical flask 6. Polarimeter 7. Melting point apparatus 30 G. Volumetric flask (10, 50, 100, 8. UV/Vis spectrometer 250, 500 and 1,000 ml) 9. Dissolution Apparatus (atleast 6 H. Evaporating dish baskets/paddles) I. Spot plate 10. Disintegration Apparatus J. Watch glass 11. Furnace K. Test tubes 12. Rotary evaporator L. Test tube rack 13. Microscopes, compound with LED light (at M. Test tube Holders least 1 for every 5 students) N. Test tube brush 14. Fume hood (at least 1 in the Pharmaceutical O. Stirring rod/glass rods Chemistry laboratory) P. Glass funnels 15. Lyophilizer/ freeze drier Q. Percolators 16. Vortex mixer (at least two) R. Porcelain crucibles 17. Autoclave / Sterilizer with pressure gauge S. Pipets (transfer and 18. Ovens measuring)/Micropipets a. Drying ovens (at least two) T. Separatory funnels b. Circulating oven U. Spatula, steel, and porcelain c. Stability oven (with temperature & RH V. Wire gauze gauge) W. Iron stand d. Microwave X. Clay triangle/crucible 19. Viscometer tong/holders 20. Moisture Analyzer / Moisture Y. Buret holder determination instrument Z. Distillation set up (simple, 21. Distilling apparatus steam and fractional) 22. Pump (suction/vacuum) AA. Mortar and pestle 23. Ultrasonic bath (porcelain and glass) 24. Waterbath BB. Petri dish (glass) 25. Oil bath 26. Refrigerator 27. Microplate reader 28. Filtration assembly with pump 29. Centrifuge a. Centrifuge, ordinary b. Refrigerated centrifuge 31  CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY ***Manila ***Makati * Malolos SCHOOL OF PHARMACY LADDERIZED PHARMACY PROGRAM *FOUR-YEAR PROGRAM LEADING TO THE DEGREE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PHARMACY **FIVE-YEAR PROGRAM LEADING TO THE DEGREE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PHARMACY SPECIALIZED IN CLINICAL PHARMACY ***SIX-YEAR PROGRAM LEADING TO THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHARMACY Date of Approval by the University Council: March 19, 2018 Effective First Year School Year 2018 – 2019 May 8, 2018 32 FIRST YEAR LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Demonstrate appreciation of pharmacy as a health profession and the scope of practice. 2. Demonstrate understanding of chemical, physical, and biological processes relevant to pharmaceutical sciences. 3. Recognize the importance of the healthcare system and its components, including the importance of pharmacovigilance. 4. Perform pharmaceutical calculations and appropriate laboratory techniques 5. Demonstrate understanding of morphology, anatomy, physiology, taxonomy, and distinct features of plant species of pharmaceutical importance. 6. Relates ethical practices to administration, management and leadership in pharmacy 7. Identify the different elements or components in a pharmacy operation while practicing good management skills. 8. Demonstrate understanding of the relationship among different levels of body functions from molecular to systemic level in normal conditions and diseased states, including the impact of immunization in vaccine-preventable diseases. 9. Demonstrate proper adult vaccine administration techniques. 10. Practice good housekeeping in the laboratory and other working areas. 11. Manifest a sound understanding of oneself in relation to others and the society. 12. Communicate effectively to appropriate audience. 13. Demonstrate an appreciation of mathematics and its relevance to science. 33  LESSON 3: PHARMACY RESEARCH EDUCATION Research is necessary to drive pharmacy practice forward. Research on the quality, outcomes, and cost of pharmacy services is essential for pharmacy practice to evolve in response to changing healthcare needs and marketplace competition, says the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. The Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPhA) defines pharmacy practice research as a component of health services research that focuses on assessing and evaluating pharmacy practice. Pharmacy Research Education develops strategies, improves outcomes, and implements evaluation plans. Clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice ➳ Clinical pharmacy research concerns the science and practice of rational medication use and medication management therapies. Pharmacy practice research deals with assessing and evaluating pharmacy practice while addressing the role(s) of the pharmacist, utilizing a system-based, patient-centered approach. Both areas are concerned with optimal patient outcomes. Pharmaceutical sciences ➳ The pharmaceutical sciences combine a broad range of scientific disciplines critical to discovering and development of new drugs and therapies. Research can involve aspects of chemistry, biology, statistics, mathematics, physics, and chemical engineering. Pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacoeconomics ➳ The field of pharmacoepidemiology applies methods and clinical pharmacology to investigate medications' use, effectiveness, and safety in human populations. ➳ Pharmacoeconomics seeks to identify, measure, and compare the costs and consequences of pharmaceutical products and services, often with the goal of optimizing the allocation of healthcare resources. 34  LESSON 4: POST-GRADUATE TRAINING Post graduate residency training and specialty is being practiced in the USA and other ASIAN countries. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) accredits postgraduate residency training programs for pharmacists. Postgraduate training is elective, though this yearlong experience allows you to apply the knowledge and skills learned in pharmacy school to real patients, situations and settings In the Philippines, there is no post-graduate training yet named PGY-1 and PGY 2. It is only in other countries, such as the United States. In the US, post-graduate training is a 2-year training as follows: POST-GRADUATE TRAINING A postgraduate year one (PGY-1) residency prepares graduate pharmacists for clinical practice ○ advantage in the job market, networking contacts and professional mentors, and direction for future career opportunities. A postgraduate year two (PGY-2) is an additional yearlong training program that builds on the skills from a PGY-1 residency. The PGY-2 residency is often referred to as a "specialty" residency due to the training focus — such as critical care, oncology, or infectious diseases and may be offered in combination with other programs, such as a master's degree or a fellowship THE BOARD OF PHARMACY SPECIALTIES® ESTABLISHED IN 1976 The principal responsibilities of BPS include: To grant recognition of appropriate pharmacy practice specialties based on criteria established by BPS. To establish standards for certification and recertification of pharmacists in recognized pharmacy practice specialties. To grant qualified pharmacists certification and recertification in recognized pharmacy practice specialties. To serve as a coordinating agency and information clearinghouse for organizations and pharmacists in recognized pharmacy practice specialties. To enhance public/consumer protection by developing effective certification programs for specialty practices in pharmacy. 35 THE AREA OF SPECIALTY FOLLOWS: Specialty Council on ❧ Ambulatory Care Pharmacy ❧ Nuclear Pharmacy ❧ Cardiology Pharmacy ❧ Nutrition Support Pharmacy ❧ Critical Care Pharmacy ❧ Oncology Pharmacy ❧ Geriatric Pharmacy ❧ Pediatric Pharmacy ❧ Infectious Diseases Pharmacy ❧ Pharmacotherapy ❧ Psychiatric Pharmacy MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR THIS SPECIALTY CERTIFICATION Graduation from a pharmacy program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) or a program outside the U.S. that qualifies the individual to practice in the jurisdiction. A current, active license to practice pharmacy in the U.S. or another jurisdiction. Completion of four (4) years of practice experience** (post-pharmacist licensure) with at least 50% of time spent in specialty area Completion of a PGY-1 residency * plus one (1) additional year of practice experience** (post- pharmacist licensure) with at least 50% of time spent in specialty area Completion of a specialty (PGY-2) residency* in specialty area; and Achieving a passing score on the Specialty Certification Examination. LESSON 5: CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT (CPD) CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION RA 10912 is known as the Continuing Professional Development Act of 2016”. An act mandating and strengthening the continuing professional development program for all regulated professions, creating the continuing professional development council, and appropriating funds for other related purposes. Continuing Professional Development or CPD - refers to the inculcation of advanced knowledge, skills, and ethical values in a post-licensure specialization or an inter- or multidisciplinary field of study for assimilation into professional practice, self-directed research, and/or lifelong learning. ↦ Previously, the Pharmacy profession was required to have 45 credit units (cu) every three years to renew the PRC license. There were complaints about the number of units implemented. Resolution no. 1032 changed that to 15 credit units every three (3) years. At present, it is still implemented. 36  ↦ Every Professional Regulatory Board (PRB) shall create a CPD Council composed of a Chairperson and 2 members: The BOP Chair served as the chairperson. Dr. Mildred B. Oliveros (OIC) The members of the Pharmacy CPD council are the: ○ Presidents of the Philippine Pharmacists Association (PPhA) (Dr. Aleth ○ Therese Dacanay) ○ President of the Philippine Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Inc. (PACOP) (Prof. Perlita Crucis) CPD COUNCIL ACCREDITS, the provider of CPD Local CPD Providers - Individual/ Sole Proprietor - Firm/Partnership/ Corporation - Government Institutions/ Agencies Foreign CPD Providers CPD PROGRAMS 1. Formal learning refers to educational arrangements such as curricular qualifications and teaching-learning requirements in education and training institutions recognized by relevant national authorities, leading to diplomas and qualifications 2. Non-formal learning refers to learning acquired in addition or alternatively to formal learning, which may be structured and made more flexible according to educational and training arrangements. 3. Informal learning is the recognition, validation, and accreditation process, which can contribute to a qualification. 4. Self-directed learning refers to learning activities such as online training, local/ international seminars, non-degree courses, institution/ company-sponsored training programs, and the like, which did not undergo CPD accreditation but may be applied for and awarded CPD units by the respective CPD Council. 5. Online learning activities refer to structured or unstructured learning initiatives that make use of the Internet and other web-based Information and Communications Technology solutions; 6. Professional work experience HOW TO EARN CPD PROGRAM/ACTIVITY CREDIT UNITS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS 1. Professional Track (Training Offered By Accredited CPD Providers, Face To Face/ Online) 37  1.1 Participant APPROVED CREDIT UNITS Certificate of attendance with FOR THE PROGRAM number of hours, seminar program and list of participants 1.2 Resource Speaker 3 CU PER HOUR Photocopy of a certificate, copy of papers and program invitation 1.3 Panelist/Reactor 2 CU PER HOUR Certification from sponsoring organization copy of program 1.4 Facilator/ Moderator 1 CU PER HOUR Certification from sponsoring organization copy of program 1.5 Monitor twice the number of approved Monitoring report, certificate of credit units for the program appearance and the authority to monitor 1.6 In-Service Training maximum of 20 CU for a Certificate of training & 12-month period or a fraction training description thereof upon completion 2. Academic Track 2.1 Master’s degree or FULL CREDIT UNITS for University certification/diploma equivalent compliance period upon and transcript of records completion of degree (authenticated copy) FULL CREDIT UNITS for 2.2 Doctorate degree or compliance period upon University certification/diploma equivalent completion of candidacy and transcript of records additional full credit (authenticated copy) units for compliance period upon completion of degree 2.3 Professorial chair 15 CU PER YEAR Certification of grant or appointment paper 2.4 Residency/ Hospital certification externship/ specialty/ 10 CU PER YEAR certificate of completion sub- specialty program 2.5 Fellowship grant 2.5.1 Participant 2 CU PER GRANT Certification from the granting institution 2.5.2 Resource speaker 4 CU PER GRANT and/or certificate of 2.5.3 Researcher 5 CU PER GRANT fellowship MAXIMUM OF 30 CU for an 2.6 Post graduate 18- month period or a Diploma/ certification diploma/certificate fraction thereof upon from the institution completion 38 3. SELF-DIRECTED (TRAINING OFFERED BY NON-ACCREDITED CPD PROVIDERS, Face to Face/ Online) 3.1 Participant credit units for the Certificate of attendance program as evaluated by the with number of hours, seminar CPd council program, and list of participants 3.2 Resource speaker 3 CU PER HOUR Photocopy of certificate, copy of papers and program invitation 3.3 Panelist/reactor 2 CU PER HOUR Certification from sponsoring organization copy of program 3.4 Facilator/ 1 CU PER HOUR Certification from sponsoring moderator organization copy of program 3.5 In-service training maximum of 20 CU for a Certificate of training & 12-month period or a fraction training description thereof upon completion 3.6 Program/training 10 CU per module Copy of module and evaluation module development 3.7 Technical paper 5 CU per technical paper for Certification of completion and published paper, see 3.8 approval for published paper, see 3.8 3.8 Article published in a refereed i peer reviewed professional journal LOCAL 10 CU INTERNATIONAL 10 CU 3.8.1 Author/s Copy of published article and for multiple authors, divide table of contents CU equally among them 3.8.2 Peer reviewer 2 CU PER ARTICLE 3.9 Pamphlet / book or monograph 20 CU for single author for pamphlet (less than 100 3.9.1 Author/s pages) Copy of published book 40 CU for single author for book or monograph (more than 100 pages) 3.9.2 Editor MAXIMUM OF 20 CU 3.10 Article in MAXIMUM OF 5 CU per magazine/ newspaper article for multiple authors, Proof of publication of article divide cu equally among them. 3.11 Inventions FULL CREDIT UNITS for Certified copy of patent 39  compliance period certificate 3.12 Study tours/visits 2 CU/ DAY (maximum of 20 Certification from sponsoring CU/tour institution 3.13 Consultancy (e.g. technical meetings/ accreditation and other 1 CU PER HOUR Certificate of appearance and activities as per request invitation of an institution, etc.) 3.14 Socio-civic Project proposal, report and activities (e.g.medical 1 CU PER HOUR photos missions, outreach programs, etc.) 3.15 Recognition/title (e.g. fellows, hall of fame award outstanding FULL CREDIT UNITS for Copy of certification from the professional, lifetime compliance period awarding body (duly notarized) achievement awardee, etc.) 4. SUCH OTHER ACTIVITIES TO BE RECOMMENDED BY THE CPD COUNCIL AND APPROVED BY THE BOARD AND THE COMMISSION 40