APSC 151 2024 Earth Systems Engineering Lecture PDF

APSC 151 APSC 151 2024 Earth Systems Engineering APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science ...

APSC 151 APSC 151 2024 Earth Systems Engineering APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 APSC 151 Hydrocarbons Oil, Gas and Coal APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Non-renewable Energy Resources Fossil fuels in Canada Large quantities of petroleum, gas and coal, most of which is exported –Petroleum produced in southern areas of the Prairie provinces –Offshore petroleum deposits – Newfoundland, Labrador, Yukon, NW Territories, Nunavut –Natural gas production in the prairies and southern Ontario (Lake Erie) –Coal is produced in B.C., Alberta, and Nova Scotia; much of it for steel production APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 CO2 Emissions by type, USA APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Coal APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Coal Formed from burial and decomposition of plant material in swamps Oxygen poor depositional environment in the Carboniferous Period APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Coal Seams APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Most of the World’s Coal formed at the same time Supercontinent Pangea Carboniferous Period APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Petroleum Forms by gradual “cooking” of simple aquatic organisms concentrated in source rocks – Organic sediments can produce biogenic gas - methane Some scientists promote the idea of abiotic hydrocarbons from deep mantle processes and subduction APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Formation sequence: –lithification –Kerogen forms first –Cracking – As Temperatures rise carbon-carbon bonds break producing oil and then wet gas –Dry gas (methane) above 150C APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 H Cracking of Hydrocarbons (into smaller hydrocarbons) C APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Crude Oil APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Oil Refining Distillation into components APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Petroleum migration Hydrocarbon fluids are mobile Less dense than water so migration is upward Will reach surface unless stopped by a “trap” APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 TRAPS From LAB 4 Domes or doubly plunging anticlines form excellent traps APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Petroleum Geology Structural Traps Premise: Oil in a multi-phase fluid (oil, water, gas) separates and migrates upwards with respect to more dense (heavier) water. 18 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Zagros Mountains Iran 19 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Petroleum traps An underground geologic environment that allows accumulation of oil and gas Must have two basic conditions: – A porous, permeable reservoir rock – A cap rock that is impermeable to oil & gas APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Types of Petroleum traps Stratigraphic traps – Pinch-out – Unconformity – Reef Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 20-21 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Types of Petroleum traps Structural traps – Anticlines – Fault traps – Salt Domes Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 20-22 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Turner Valley Anticline (Gallup, 1951) 23 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Salt Domes (Diapirs) http://www. utexas.edu/ research/beg/mm edia/AGL98- MM- 016/captions/142. html 24 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Traps Associated with Diapirs www.usask.ca/geology/classes/geol463/46305.pdf 25 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Oil Sands (no Trap) APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Conventional Oil and Gas in North America APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Seismic Exploration APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Offshore Exploration APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 energyandcapital.com APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 BP Oil Spill 2010 32 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 BP Oil Spill 1000 km 33 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Typical Oil Exploration Rig APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Pumping after Discovery EDWARD BURTYNSKY APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Enhanced Recovery - with Air, Water, Steam Injection APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Directional Drilling DownholeMudMotors.com APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 petroleumequipments.com APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Unconventional fossil fuel deposits Heavy oil sands (tar sands) –Mixtures of sediment, water, and bitumen (a viscous black tar-like material) –Alberta’s vast Athabasca tar sands provide 15% of Canada’s oil production –Refining oil from tar sands is costly –Will it play a major role as global petroleum supplies decrease? –Need pipelines to get to market APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Oil Sands 40 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 OIL SANDS 41 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Unconventional fossil fuel deposits Oil shale –Not shale at all but fine-grained limestones –Contains enormous amounts of kerogen –must be heated to release petroleum –Requires “fraccing” to extract from rock formations APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Unconventional fossil fuel deposits Shale Gas – Primarily methane trapped in pores and fracture of shale or other fine grained sedimentary rock APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Fracking APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Fracking involves permanently fracturing shale rocks (aquitards?) APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Directional drilling parallel to shale layer “Fracking” perpendicular to drill hole Fractures extend 300m away from hole. www.proactiveinvestors.com.au APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Oil transport TRAINS PIPELINES Which is safer? APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 TRAINS PIPELINES APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Global Oil Trade SHIPPING APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Millions of APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 World fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions – 1721 - 2018 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions#/media/File:Annual-CO2-emissions-by-region.png  APSC 151 Carbon dioxide (CO2) and global warming – Combustion of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide – Greenhouse effect – the atmosphere is transparent to incoming short- wavelength solar radiation, but the outgoing long-wave radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed, keeping the air near the ground warmer Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc. 20-54 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Temperature increase across the entire Earth, since the early 20th century, Global Warming Due to the increase in fossil fuel emissions since the industrial revolution. The average global surface temperature has gone up by about 0.8 °C, relative to the mid-20th-century baseline. APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 Signed in 2009 APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science  APSC 151 CANADA + 14% Canada is not keeping up with the much of the world APSC 151 The Earth’s Physical Environment Dr. Mark Diederichs Fall 2011 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science