History of Architecture PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE which prevails at a certain place GEOLOGICAL - the science and and time.” study of physical matter that HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BUILDING...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE which prevails at a certain place GEOLOGICAL - the science and and time.” study of physical matter that HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BUILDING constitutes the earth - “It is a record of man's effort to - A basic need CLIMATIC - encompasses the build beautifully. It traces the - A social act statistics of temperature, origin, growth and decline of ARKI-TEKTON (GREEK) humidity, atmospheric pressure, architectural styles which have - master builder wind, rainfall, atmospheric prevailed lands and ages.” ARCHITECTURE particle count and other - “A systematic, often - had a simple origin in the meteorological elements in a chronological narrative of primitive efforts of mankind to given region over long periods of significant events as relating to a provide protection against time particular people, country, or inclement weather, wild beasts, Religious period, often including an and human enemies. Socio-political explanation of their causes.” Influences of the Development of Historical HISTORIC STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE Architecture - “The particular method, the Geographical - the study of the characteristics, manner of design Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE ❖ PREHISTORIC c. NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE - Existing or excavated caves MEGALITHIC SITES IN EUROPE AGE) - domestication of - Megalithic, most evident in - describes structures made of plants and animals. France, England and Ireland large stones, utilizing an development of pottery, DECORATION interlocking system without the polished stone tools are more - Caves paintings use of mortar or cement. complex, larger settlements - Sculpture - Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of such as Çatal Hüyük and PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS hunting & food gathering. Jericho Hunters and fishermen - rock caves, - The success of the human race 2. BRONZEAGE - Innovation of the (manifestly the earliest form of was largely due to the technique of smelting ore. A human dwellings) development of tools – made of period of human history that Tillers of the soil - arbours of stone, wood, bone. began c. 4000-3000 BCE, trees, and from them fashioned - By 9000 BC, farming and following the Stone age and huts of wattle and daub agriculture was practiced - fertile preceding the Iron age. WIGWAM - An American Indian soil and plentiful food 3. IRON AGE - -prevalent use of dwelling, usually of round or oval 3 CULTURAL STAGES iron. Introduction of alphabetic shape, formed of poles overlaid 1. STONEAGE characters, and the consequent with bark, rush mats, or animal a. PALEOLITHIC (OLD STONE development of written skins. AGE) language which enabled b. MESOLITHIC (MIDDLE STONE literature and historic record. AGE) - gradual domestication ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS: of plants and animals and the MATERIALS formation of settled - Animal skins & bones, trees & communities at various times plants, stones & rocks and places. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 1|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Shepherds - coverings of skins which DOLMEN - tomb of standing only had to be raised on posts to form stone usually consisting of three tents. or more upright stones capped TIPI/TEPEE/TEEPEE - A tent of with a large flat horizontal American Indians, made of capstone. animal skins laid on a conical frame of long poles and having an opening at the top for ventilation and a flap door. CROMLECH - enclosure formed TUMULUS - Treasury of Atreus, by huge stones planted on the Greece ground in circular form. - Ice Age to the Neolithic Age; the Stonehenge, Salsburry, England earth’s climate warmed up. - As settlements became more TRULLO – A traditional rendered permanent, hunters started stone dwelling in Apulia, farming communities. southern Italy, in which square - New architecture was also chambers are roofed with developed to represent conical vaulted roofs. communal and spiritual values. EARLY CITIES JERICHO - One of the world's oldest continually-inhabited city. RECONSTRUCTED PLAN OF - A hilltop city; citizens lived in STONEHENGE, ENGLAND - made up stone houses with plaster floors, of concentric rings with the surrounded by high walls and HOGAN - A Navaho Indian following: towers. dwelling constructed usually of a) Outer ring – 106 ft. in diameter earth and logs and covered with b) Isolated blue stone mud and sod. c) Innermost circle d) Smaller blue stone KHIROKITIA – One of the earliest Neolithic village. - Utilized a complex architectural IGLOO - An Eskimo house, system built according to a usually built of blocks of hard preconceived plan, suggesting a snow or ice in the shape of a structured social organization. dome, or when permanent, of sod, wood, or stone. - Known in the 12th century as “DANCE OF THE GIANTS” - Known today as the “SARCEN CIRCLE” RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS - Druids celebrating summer solstice - Houses, built in limestone, had a MENHIR - single, large upright BURIAL MONUMENTS circular plan, the exterior monolith. - Arranged in parallel rows, TUMULUS (PASSAGE GRAVE)/ diameter of which varied from BARROW - mound of earth & about 2 to 9 meters. sometimes reaching several miles and consisting of stones raised over a grave or thousands of stones. graves of ordinary persons - Memorial of victory over one - dominant tomb type tribe - has corridor lined with large stone slabs leading to a circular ÇATAL HÜYÜK – Largest and chamber with corbelled vault. most well-preserved Neolithic - prototype of Egyptian pyramids village. 2|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - Consisted of rectangular flat- ASSYRIAN PERIOD (1250 TO 606 roofed houses packed together B.C.) into a single architectural mass BABYLONIAN PERIOD (606 TO - No streets or passageways. 538 B.C.) PERSIAN PERIOD ❖ PERSIA – Hard, colored o EANNADU - earliest Babylonian limestones (building of Susa and king mentioned in the cuneiform Persepolis) inscriptions who reigned ❖ NEAR EAST - 4000 BC to 4th Roof-timbers (obtained from B.C.4500 Elam) o SARGON (B.C. 722-705) - the century GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Persian tiles - world-famous for most celebrated Assyrian king; - Near East/ West Asiatic their beauty of texture and erected the great palace at colors Khorsabad Architecture flourished & developed in the Twin Rivers - Due to floods & heavy rains, it o REIGNS OF DARIUS (B.C. 521- resulted in the conversion of its 485); and XERXES (B.C. 485- 465) “Tigris & Euphrates”. - also known as “Mesopotamia” earthen into clay to produce - most interesting palaces were “bricks” in Assyria and Babylon erected at Susa and Persepolis. (refers to Persia, Assyria & Babylon) - Due to rare experience of rain in - The country remained under the GREEK: Persia, they used timber and rule of the Persians until the time MESOS = middle; coloured limestone. of Alexander the Great, B.C. 333, CLIMATIC INFLUENCE when it became a possession of POTAMOS = river - One of the earliest seats of ❖ Chaldea and Assyria the Greeks. The conquest of civilization, floods and heavy rains = Egypt by Cambyses, B.C. 525, “ZIGGURATS” and the dazzling impression left o great fertility o cradle and tomb of nations ❖ Persia - dry & hot climate = open by the marvelous buildings of columned type temples Memphis and Thebes, caused and empires - The plain of Mesopotamia, once - country of sunshine, gardens and the development of the use of deserts the column amongst the the seat of a high civilization, was irrigated by numerous canals RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Persians. ❖ BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA - In the seventh century A. D., the between the above-mentioned rivers, and was highly cultivated, POLYTHEISM - worship of Arabs overran the country and heavenly bodies, divisions of the settled there Bagdad becoming a supporting an immense universe, and local deities new capital of great population round Nineveh and CHIEF GODS: magnificence. Towards the close Babylon o ANU - sky god of the tenth century, the Turks, a GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE o BAAL - earth god barbarous people pouring in ❖ CHALDEA OR LOWER MESOPOTAMIA o EA – water god from the east, settled in the ❖ PERSIA - MONOTHEISM country, which is at the present ALLUVIAL - thick mud or clay system of ethical forces, moment in a desolate state usual building material - soil believers of good and evil. owing to Turkish misrule. made into bricks SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ordinary sundried bricks - ❖ ASSYRIANS - sturdy, warlike, but Massiveness general body of the walls cruel people Monumentality "kiln-burnt" and sometimes - conquering monarchs took Grandeur glazed or vitrified bricks of thousands of prisoners ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES different colors - used as a facing ❖ BABYLONIAN - among the three ❖ ASSYRIAN & BABYLONIAN - were considered extraordinary Arcuated type of construction; because achieved highest Arch, vault and flat strips, degree of civilization (e.g. buttresses with glazed tile irrigation, trade, cuneiform, Law adornment. of Hammurabi) ❖ ASSYRIA - followed Babylonians ❖ ASSYRIAN AND PERSIAN - in the use of glazed brick believed in military superiority - faced the walls internally and thus manifested in their externally with alabaster or buildings limestone slabs carved with low HISTORICAL INFLUENCE bas-reliefs and inscriptions. CHALDEAN PERIOD (4000 TO 1250 B.C.) 3|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - Colossal-winged bulls, carved HYPOSTYLE HALL OF XERXES alabaster slabs, sculptured bas- - probably used as a throne room reliefs - originally had seventy -two black ❖ PERSIAN - Columnar and marble columns, 67 feet in trabeated with flat timber roof height, arranged in a somewhat sometimes dome. novel manner supporting a flat roof. ❖ ASSYRIA Palace Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad - entrance portals flanked with statues of headed winged bulls & lions - contains 700 rooms PALACE PLATFORM, PERSEPOLIS EXAMPLES - with its various courts, ❖ BABYLON - Steps leading to the eastern chambers, and corridors is ZIGGURATS or “Holy Mountains” portico of the Apadana supposed to have occupied an (Audience Hall) of Persepolis. - chief building structure, area of 25 acres. - square or rectangle in plan w/ steeply battered sides - an open platform on top containing the “Fire Altar”. Winged bulls with Human head and Bas Relief PALACE PARTS: a) SERAGLIO – palace proper which includes the king’s residence, men’s apartment - The angles of these temples & reception courts for COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS were made to face the cardinal visitors PLAN points b) HAREM - private - surmounted by a richly - A special character was given to apartments of the prince the temples of the early, and the decorated temple chamber, and his family, women’s palaces of the later period, by which served as a shrine and apartment observatory from which raising them on terraces or c) KHAN - service chambers, a platforms some 30 feet to 50 astrological studies could be Moslem “inn” for travelers. made. feet in height. ❖ PERSIA - Angles of the Assyrian ziggurats DEVELOPMENT Palace face the cardinal points of the o ARCHAIC ZIGGURAT - PALACE PLATFORM, PERSEPOLIS compass usually have one flat top - occupies 1500 & 1000 ft. & is - Assyrian palaces were designed rectangular mound carrying elevated 40 ft. so as to be effective internally the upper temple. - one of the important capitals of and externally, being raised on Persia the platforms - contains the following: WALL a) Palace of Darius Assyrians - used stone only as a b) Palace of Xerxes o TWO OR THREE-STAGED facing to their brick walls ZIGGURAT - rectangular in c) Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes - the massive walls, which were of d) Hall of Hundred columns by cased brickwork, only remain, plan, design w/ several tiers Darius the columns being of wood or stages. e) PROPYLAEA – entrance to hall having perished. designed by Xerxes - In Persia - the walls which were HALL OF HUNDRED COLUMNS thin have disappeared, leaving - 225 feet square the massive stone or marble - probably used as an audience blocks forming the door and o SEVEN-STAGED ZIGGURAT and throne-hall window openings, immense during the Assyrian period columns, and broad stairways which alone have survived the ravages of time. - The slabs of alabaster with which the walls of the palaces were 4|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  faced reveal much of the social the capital were treated DIFFERENT EGYPTIAN GODS history of the people. with plain sinkings. AMUN-RA – chief god ORNAMENT RAH – symbol of the sun, hope - Assyrian sculptures in alabaster for eternal life exhibit considerable technical ATUM – world creator skill and refinement OSIRIS – god of the dead OPENINGS - Notable repousse pattern work ISIS – wife of Osiris - Lighting to the temples is on bronze bowls, shields, and HORUS – sky god, son of Osiris, gate fittings. also reincarnation of ”Ra” conjectural, but it appears to have been effected by means of himself a “clerestory” SET – dead god of evil, brother of - Use of the arch, both circular and pleasure pointed ❖ EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE - From THOT – ibis headed god of 3000 BC to 1st century AD wisdom GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE ANUBIS – jackal headed god of EGYPT - known as “The Land of death. Pharaohs” PTAH – god of craftsmen NILE RIVER - means of SERAPIS – bull god communication, trade route& SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE DOORWAYS - of great size, give lifeline MONARCHY – form of buildings a sufficient supply of light - Egypt’s greatest wealth was its government and air, and openings may also have fertile soil PHARAOH – King of Egypt, ruler, been formed in the upper parts of the GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE highest priest in Egypt walls STONE - abundant building VIZIER – King’s most powerful material official SAND DRIED BRICKS - made up of CHANCELOR - controls the royal clay & chopped stone for treasuries, granaries & pyramids & temples supervises the census ROOFS DATE PALM - for roofing CHIEF STEWARD - in charge of - The roofing appears to have PALM LEAVES - for roofing the King’s personal estate & been effected by means of materials household timber beams reaching from one ACACIA - boats SOCIAL RANKS column to the next, and resting SYCAMORE: mummy cases a) NOBLE FAMILIES on the backs of the "double-bull" Flat roofs without drainage (no b) SOLDIERS, VIZIERS, capitals. CHANCELLORS, CHIEFSTEWARDS downspout or gutters) due to - Halls of the palaces were c) FISHERMEN, FARMERS, absence of rain covered with brick tunnel vaults, CRAFTMENS, MERCHANTS - but in many cases the roof of ordinary Egyptians considerable thickness was flat, d) SLAVES - lowest form formed of very tough but plastic HISTORICAL INFLUENCE clay and debris, and kept in 30 DYNASTIES (started from 3rd condition by being occasionally Millennium BC to Roman Period. rolled - No windows to cut heat Egypt was part of Persian) COLUMNS penetration and sandstorm Empire for 2 Centuries, before - Primarily of wood, but in the - Unbroken massive walls the invasion of ALEXANDER the later period at Persepolis, built protected the interior from the Great them of the natural stone fierce heat of the sun I. ANCIENT KINGDOM (1ST – 10TH - Capitals were double-bull, RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Dynasty) double unicorn, double-horse, - Pyramids were built because Development of two types of double griffin type and the Ionic they believed in “Life after tombs scroll occurs in some examples. Death“ & for the preservation of a) MASTABA MOULDINGS the dead body b) PYRAMID II. o ASSYRIAN PALACES - - Pharaoh is not only king but also II. MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th – sculptured slabs and colored “god” both political & religious 17thDynasty) surfaces ruler, when hedies he becomes IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES o PERSEPOLIS - bead, hollow “Osiris”, god of dead a) MENTUHETEP II – developed the and ogee mouldings in the - “monotheistic” in theory &“ 3rd type of tomb: Rock–cut bases, while the volutes of polytheistic” in practice Tomb 5|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  b) SENUSRET – erected the earliest rectangular flat-topped funerary known Obelisk, Heliopolis. mound, with battered side c) AMENEMHAT I – founded Great (angled at 75 degrees), covering Temple of Ammon Kharnak a burial chamber below ground (grandest of all temples). III. NEW EMPIRE (18th – 30th Dynasty) PARTS OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES Elevated Causeway a) THOTMES I - began the additions Offering Chapel to the Temple of Ammon, Karnak PARTS: Mortuary through architect Ineni a. outer chamber Valley Building b. SERDAB: inner chamber with b) HATSHEPSUT – queen of Egypt, STELAE (stone with name of famous for her funerary temple deceased inscribed); contains at Mt. Deir el Bahari statue of deceased and offering c) AMENOPHIS III – erected the table Colossi of Memnon, one of the c. chamber containing the wonders of the ancient sarcophagus, reached by an d) RAMESES I – began the underground shaft. construction of the Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak e) RAMESES II – finished the 3. TOMBS - ROCK-HEWN OR ROCK- construction of the Hypostyle 2. ROYAL PYRAMIDS/PYRAMID - CUT - cut deep into the mountain Hall & erection of the Rock massive funerary structure of rock or hillsides Temple, Abu Simbel stone or brick - For nobility, not royalty IV. THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD - square plan and four sloping TOMBS AT BENI-HASSAN - Four IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES triangular sides meeting at the out of the 39 tombs are a) PTOLEMY II – built the Pharaohs apex accessible to the public: or the “Light House” - evolved from MASTABA Amenemhet, Khnumhotep II, b) PTOLEMY III – founded the - with four sides facing the Baqet III,Khety “Greatest Serapeum” at cardinal points Alexandria - made by 100,000 men for 100 V. The Roman Period (BC 30 - AD years 395) STEPPED PYRAMID: VI. Later Periods (AD 395 to the PYRAMID OF KING ZOSER or ISER present day) – built by IMHOTEP, oldest Tomb of Amenemhet, Beni-Hassan ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER surviving masonry building Simplicity structure in the world Monumentality Solidity or massiveness ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES BATTEREDWALL - inclination from base to top of the facade. HIEROGLYPHICS - used as ornaments, BENT/BLUNT/FALSE PYRAMID: pictures & writings from the walls PYRAMID OF SENEFERU DECORATIONS - mouldings such as 4. OBELISK - upright stone square in "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was plan, with an electrum-capped inspired by reeds; Torus moulding pyramidion on top SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION - sacred symbol of sun-god a) POST & LINTEL Heliopolis b) COLUMNAR ORTRABEATED SLOPE OR TRUE PYRAMID: - usually came in pairs fronting EXAMPLES PYRAMIDS OF GIZA – The four temple entrances THE TOMBS WERE OF THREE MAIN sides, which, as in all the - height of nine or ten times the TYPES: pyramids, face the cardinal diameter at the base 1. MASTABAS - first type of points, are nearly equilateral - Four sides features hieroglyphics Egyptian tomb triangles Great Temple of Ammon Karnak, Tomb-houses that were made to The Great Sphinx shows King Luxor take the body at full length Chepren as a man – lion protecting his country. 6|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  b. HYPAETHRAL COURT - large colossal statues of Rameses outer court open to the sky sitting over 20 m high c. HYPOSTYLE HALL - a pillared hall in which the roofs rest on column. PIAZZA OF S. GIOVANNI, ROME - d. SANCTUARY - usually originally from the temple of surrounded by passages & Ammon, Karnak chambers used in connection - oldest of its kind in Rome with the temple service - brought to Rome by command of e. AVENUE OF SPHINX – an avenue emperor Constantine II of human headed sphinxes of over one and a half miles once connected the temples of Karnak and Luxor. Obelisk of Thutmoses I, Temple of Amun-Ra - 21.2 m high and weighs nearly 150 tons INNER SANCTUM - The Abu Simbel Temple is aligned so that the sun's rays penetrate an inner sanctuary twice each year. They then illuminate the figures of Ptah, Amun, the deified 5. PYLON - monumental gateway to Rameses II and Re. the temple consisting of slanting TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR walls flanking the entrance EL-BAHARI - quite different from portal all others in Egypt, and consists - often decorated with scenes of three terraced courts stepped emphasizing a king's authority out of the rock and connected by since it was the public face of a inclined planes cult building Pylon of Rameses II, Luxor Temple GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON, KARNAK - grandest temple & work of many kings Temple of Isis, Philae - 150 ft. - Originally commenced by broad - 6o ft. high Amenemhat about B.C.2466 - occupying an area of 1,200 ft. x 360 ft - Hatshepsut was the first female pharaoh of Egypt. She reigned between 1473 and 1458 B.C. Her 6. TEMPLES - sanctuaries that only name means “foremost of noble Kings and Priests can penetrate women.” - only a high priest can enter in - Hatshepsut's chancellor, royal both types of temple architect Senunmut oversaw - for mysterious rites and priestly construction. processions which took place 7. SPHINX within guarded precincts o ANDROSPHINX - a mystical CULT - built for the worship of monster with a body of a lion and the gods head of a man MORTUARY - built in honour of the Pharaohs GREAT TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL - PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE Example of rock-cut temple - a. ENTRANCE PYLON - massive Constructed by Rameses II o HIERACOSPHINX - body of a lion sloping towers fronted by an - Entrance forecourt leads to & head of a hawk obelisks known as gateways in imposing pylon with 4 rockcut Egypt 7|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  intervals appear to be tied by bands. - The capitals were mostly derived from the lotus plant. o CRIOSPHINX - body lion & head o MOULDINGS - hollow and bead of a ram o ORNAMENTS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS - This was symbolical, and was an o WALLS important element in the style, - Immensely thick, and in including such features as the GREAT SPHINX, GIZA - The important buildings were of solar disc or globe and the greatest monumental sculpture granite, while in the less vulture with outspread wings, as in the ancient world, it is carved important they were of brick a symbol of protection, while out of a single ridge of limestone faced with granite. diaper patterns, spirals and the 240 feet (73 meters) long and 66 - The faces of the temple walls feather ornament were largely feet (20 meters) high. slope inwards or batter towards used. The scarab, or sacred the top, giving them a massive beetle, was considered by the appearance Egyptians as the sign of their - For the purposes of decoration, religion, the walls, even when of granite, ❖ GREEK ARCHITECTURE were generally covered with a GREEK (800-300 B.C.) - Delicacy of 8. CAPITALS & COLUMNS fine plaster, in which were outline, perfected proportions and a) Bud & Bell Capital executed low reliefs, treated refined treatment. b) Volute Capital with bright color. - Based the different proportions - Simplicity, solidity, and of their construction systems on grandeur, qualities obtained by mathematical ratios. broad masses of unbroken - The first manifestation was a walling, are the chief wooden structure of upright characteristics of the style. posts supporting beams and o OPENINGS sloping rafters. c) Hathor – Headed Capital - These were all square-headed - Completed with sophisticated d) Polygonal Columns and covered with massive lintels, optical corrections for e) Palm type Capital for the style being essentially perspective. trabeated. - Major public buildings were built - Window openings are seldom with limestone and marble. locks found in temples, light being of stone were held in place by admitted by the clerestories. bronze or iron pins set into o ROOFS molten lead. - These were composed of PHASES f) Osiris Pillars massive blocks of stone 1. AEGEAN PERIOD – Structures g) Papyrus Capital supported by the enclosing walls were generally rough and h) Square Pillars and the closely spaced columns. massive. - Being flat, they could be used in - The capital is ornamented with a dwelling-houses as a pleasant square abacus, and a circular rendezvous for the family in the bulbous echinus. evening for the enjoyment of the - CYCLOPEAN WALLS - large view and the fresh breezes which stones without mortar, on clay i) Lotus Bud Capital spring up at sunset, and at bedding. j) Bell Capital certain seasons may have been - MEGARON – single-storey used for repose. They may also dwelling with a central room and have been used in the daytime, if porticoed entrance; columns protected from the sun by support roof; thalamus temporary awnings. (bedroom). 9. MOULDINGS - The flat roofs of the temples TREASURY OF ATREUS - Gorge and Hollow Moulding seem to have been used in the Beginning in the late Bronze Age, Torus Moulding priestly processions. the kings were buried outside o COLUMNS the city in great beehive—or - The columns, seldom over 6 tholos—tombs, monumental diameters in height, were made symbols of wealth and power. to represent the stalks, and at 8|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  - The design and layout of buildings are symmetrical and orderly. - Moldings were used for decorations. - Entrances faced east. GREEK TEMPLE - The chief building type of the Hellenic Period. ACROPOLIS – "City on the height." - In classical Greek architecture, a city stronghold or fortress constructed on higher ground than surrounding urban fabric. The Lion Gate - Mycenae, Greece. - Part of the citadel palace of TEMENOS – The sacred area or OPTICAL CORRECTIONS Agamemnon; Cyclopean walls of enclosure surrounding a classical - Entasis, a slight convex curve in boulders weighing 5-6 tons were the shaft of a column; eased into alignment with Greek citadel. - the stylobate curves upward; pebbles. PROPYLAEA – A monumental - the columns taper toward the gateway to a sacred enclosure, top; fortification, town or square. - the columns at the corners angle 1 PARTHENON inwards and are thicker than the 3 ERECHTHEUM others; 4 STATUE OF ATHENA PROMACHOS - and the column flutes deepen 5 PROPYLAEA toward the top 6 TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE PLANNING OF TEMPLES - Greek and 12 ALTAR OFATHENA Roman temples are described 2. HELLENIC PERIOD – Of or 15 ODEON OF HERODESATTICUS according to the number of columns pertaining to ancient Greek 16 STOA OF EUMENES on the entrance front, the type of history, culture and art, 18 THEATRE OF DIONYSUS colonnade, and the type of portico. especially before the time of ELEUTHEREUS Number of columns Alexander the Great. 19 DEON OF PERICLES - 1 – HEMOSTYLE - The temple became the chief PARTHENON - Athens, Greece. - 2 – DISTYLE building type. Ictinus and Callicrates. - 3 – TRISTYLE - Columnar and trabeated; - Built from 447-438 B.C. in honor - 4 – TETRASTYLE Carpentry in marble of Athena, the city’s patron - 5 – PENTASTYLE - Materials used were timber, goddess. Used the proportion - 6 – HEXASTYLE stone, and terracotta. 2n+1 in determining the number - 7 – HEPTASTYLE - Refinements to correct optical of columns on the sides of a - 8 – OCTASTYLE illusion (entasis, swelling of temple - 9 – ENNEASTYLE columns) - NAOS/CELLA – principal - 10 – DECASTYLE - Structures were ornamented chamber; enclosed part of the - 12 – DODECASTYLE with sculptures, colors, and temple where the cult image was COLUMN ARRANGEMENT - mural paintings. kept. Determines the type of colonnade a 3. HELLENISTIC PERIOD – From the - PRONAOS/ANTICUM – an open classical temple has. time of Alexander the Great’s vestibule before the cella. death; Greek culture was IN-ANTIS - anta, columns are - EPINAOS/POSTICUM, rear modified by foreign elements. between anta and at front. vestibule. - A diversion from religious AMPHI-ANTIS – double anta, at - OPISTHODOMOS – a small room building types; civic structures front and rear. in the cella as for a treasury were also built; later will be an PROSTYLE – portico at front only. inspiration for Roman architecture. 9|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  AMPHIPROSTYLE – porticoes at front and rear. PERIPTERAL – columns on all sides. PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL – columns attached to naos. Dipteral: double line of columns surrounding the naos PSEUDO-DIPTERAL – like dipteral, but inner columns are attached to the naos. INTERCOLUMNATION - The systematic spacing of columns expressed as multiples of column diameters. 1.50D – Pycnostyle 2.00D – Systyle 2.25D – Eustyle 3.00D – Diastyle 4.00D – Araeostyle 10 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E THE GREEK ORDERS Developed in Greece in the 7th metopes, and a cornice, the An order is one of the century B.C. corona on which has mutules on predominating styles in classical CHARACTERISTICS: its soffit. architecture: Fluted (concave curves) columns COLUMN: H= 4-6 * column base⌀ o DORIC, having no base; Entablature: H=1 3/4 *lower ⌀ o IONIC, AND CAPITAL: square abacus at top, o CORINTHIAN. rounded echinus at the bottom; DORIC - Oldest, simplest and most ENTABLATURE: plain architrave, massive of the three Greek orders. a frieze of triglyphs and 11 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E  PARTHENON - Athens, Greece. - Used for smaller buildings and Ictinus and Callicrates interiors CHARACTERISTICS: Fluted columns typically had molded bases. CAPITAL: spiral volutes. ENTABLATURE; consists of an architrave of three fascias, a richly ornamented frieze, and a cornice corbeled out on egg and IONIC – Developed in the Ionian dart and dentil moldings. Islands (now western Turkey) in the COLUMN: H=9 * column base ⌀; 6th century B.C. 24 flutes separated by fillets Entablature: H=2 ¼ * column⌀. Temple of Athena Nike Athens, - carved with two tiers of curly and an abacus with concave Greece. Callicrates. acanthus leaves. sides. CHARACTERISTICS: Column: H=10 * column base⌀ TEMPLE OF APOLLO - Epicurius Ictinus. Bassae. CORINTHIAN – Named after the city of Corinth, where sculptor Callimachus supposedly invented it after he spotted boblet surrounded by leaves. Similar to the Ionic order in its Similar in most respects to Ionic - The Corinthian order used for base, column, and entablature, but usually of slender the first time; Built of fine- but its capital is more ornate, proportions. grained, brittle grey limestone; Capital: deep-bell shaped details in marble, roof of thin decorated with acanthus leaves marble slabs. 12 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E FIGURED OF COLUMNS: statuesque stooping male figure, 2. Erechtheion, Athens, Greece, CARYATID - Also kore, a carved often serving as a columnar 420–406BC, Mnesikles; statue of a draped female figure support for a pediment. 3. Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Italy, which functions as a column. 1300–1400; 4. Palazzo Valmorana, Padua, Italy, 1566, Andrea Palladio HERM, herma plural hermae: a CANEPHORA, CANEPHORE, square tapered column capped CANEPHORUM, KANEPHOROS: with the carved head, bust or `BASKET-CARRYING - a carved torso of a figure, usually Hermes; statuesque column of a draped originally used by the Greeks as a female figure carrying a basket, boundary marker, later as or with a basket on her head. decoration. ATLAS (Greek), telamon (Roman) 1. Treasury of Siphnos, Delphi, plural atlantes: a massive carved Greece, c.525 BC; Erechtheion Athens, Greece. promenade or meeting place - Council chamber with rows of Mnesikles. around public places. stepped benches surrounding a central platform. PRYTANEION - Prytaneion of CIVIC BULDINGS Panticapaeum. Ukraine. AGORA - Tyre, Lebanon. ODEION – Ephesus Odeon. - SENATE HOUSE – A public town - A market or meeting place in a hall for the citizens of ancient Turkey. Greek city, the hub of public life Greece, containing state - A roofed theatre building in where the most important public banquet halls and hospitality antiquity, especially one for the buildings were situated. suites. performance of vocal and instrumental music. STOA - Stoa of Attalos. - Athens. An ancient Greek BOULEUTERION - Bouleuterion. STADION - Nemea Stadion portico, usually detached and of Priene. Greece. considerable length, used as a 13 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E - An ancient Greek elongated PALAESTRA - Vaison-la-Romaine. THEATRON - Theatre of Dionysus sports venue with rounded ends, - Wrestling house; A place used Eleuthereus. surrounded on all sides by for the instruction and practice - Designed for the presentation of banked spectator stands; venue of wrestling and athletics. plays in which choral songs and for footracing. dances were prominent features. Open-air, usually hollowed out of the slope of a hillside with a tiered seating area around and facing a circular orchestra backed by the skene, a GYMNASION – Pompeii building for the actor’s use. HIPPODROME – Tyre, Lebanon. Gymnasion. - An open or roofed track or arena - An ancient Greek centre for for chariot and horse racing in sports, with buildings, playing ancient Greece. areas and baths. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS - hearth MEGARON - An early Greek PROSTAS - A Greek dwelling-type dwelling type. entered from the street via a - A long rectangular central hall in passage to an open courtyard, a Mycenaean palace complex, around which all spaces are which may have served as a arranged; the principal rooms temple. are accessed via a niche-like - Parts consists of an open porch, anteroom or prostas. a vestibule, and a large hall with 5 court, courtyard a central hearth and a throne. 6 Prostas – anteroom - PRODOMOS – porch 7 PROTHYRON – entrance 8 THYROREION – entrance passage 9 PASTAS – veranda 10 ANDRON – mens' dining room 11 kitchen 12 PERISTYLION – peristyle; 13 HESTIA, ESCHARA – altar; 14 room's function uncertain; bed PERISTYLE - A Greek dwelling- chamber, living room, store etc. type whose open courtyard is surrounded by colonnades on all - DOMA – main room sides, often more luxurious than - THALAMOS – rear chamber a prostas or pastas house 14 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E  developed by the Ionian vaulting, which demonstrated Hippodamus of Miletus in the their sophisticated engineering 5th century BC. skills. - Placed an emphasis on monumental public buildings. - Marble, granite, and alabaster were the primary facing materials, as well as stucco and mosaics. - Sophisticated building services such as, plumbing, heating, and water supply. - On an urban scale it also PASTAS – A dwelling-type from produced an impressive array of the classical period of northern planning elements. Greece, 423–348 BC, with a THE ROMAN ORDERS: courtyard in the centre of the o Tuscan or Etruscan south side and deep columned o Composite. veranda or pastas affording TUSCAN – The Etruscans’ access to rooms. simplified version of the Doric Order with smooth-shafted columns, a simple capital, base and entablature. A – ACROPOLIS: citadel B – GATE C – VIA SACRA, SACRA VIA: sacred COMPOSITE – A classical Roman road order, a hybrid of Ionian and D – city walls Corinthian, with fluted columns, E – AGORA: main square a capital with both volutes and G – NYMPHAEUM: fountain house, acanthus leaves, a base and an nymph temple entablature with dentils. H – TEMPLE K – PLATEIA (pl. plateiai): main street L – STEPONOS (pl. steponoi): side street M – GYMNASION: sports hall N – STOA: colonnaded court MATERIALS AND METHODS: O – THERMAE: baths Opus - Plural opera, “work” (Latin); Q – HEROON (monopteros): heroic an artistic composition or pattern, shrine especially as used in relation to R – SYNAGOGUE (basilica) Roman stonework and walling T – WAREHOUSE construction. ❖ ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Roman concrete - Combined volcanic ROMAN (300 B.C. - 365A.D.) ash - called pozzolana - and lime with - Ostentation, interiors were sand, water, and gravel. elaborately ornamented and ADVANTAGES OF USING CONCRETE: exteriors remained austere. Strong, cheap, and easy to use. URBAN PLANNING Influenced by the Etruscans, and Doesn’t have to be quarried, cut, HIPPODAMIAN GRID SYSTEM – A combined their use of the arch, or transported unlike real stone. rectilinear town layout in which vault, and dome with the Greeks’ Can be mixed on the building blocks of dwellings are divided columns. site. up by narrow side streets linked - The invention and development Can be casted in a mold of together by wider main roads, of concrete led to a system of virtually any shape. 15 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E ARCH – A curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression. 16 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E VAULT – An arched structure of CIVIC BUILDINGS Roman city, the center of judicial stone, brick, or reinforced concrete, FORUM – Roman Forum, Italy. and business affairs, and a place forming a ceiling or roof over a hall - The public square or of assembly for the people, room, or other wholly or partially marketplace of an ancient usually including a basilica and a enclosed space. temple. IMPERIAL FORUM – No streets FORUM ROMANUM – Oldest and no spatial or axial forum in Rome; Open space, connections between the rectangular inshape, enclosed by spaces; the elements are simply different institutionaland public bonded to each other to create a buildings, serving as the city's sequence of open, colonnaded, marketplace and centre of public and enclosed spaces. business. 17 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E  THERMAE - Thermae of Caracalla. - Establishments that were built for washing, as well as exercising, entertaining, and conducting business. - Centre for sports, with buildings, BASILICA - Basilica of Maxentius. playing areas and baths. Rome. 1 DROMOS – running track 2 XYST, XYSTUS – passage, colonnade 3 SFAIRISTERION, SPHAERISTERIUM – ball games 4 CRYPTOPORTICO, Cryptoporticus 5 PALAESTRA – wrestling hall 6 KORYKEION, CORYCEUM – boxing - A Roman building-type, 7 EPHEBEION, EPHEBEUM – main hall rectangular in shape with an and classrooms apse at either end, used as a 8 APODYTERION – dressing room meeting place, courthouse, 9 ELAIOTHESION, ELAEOTHESIUM – marketplace, and lecture hall. oil and lotion store 10 ALIPTERION, UNCTUARIUM – oiling and massage 11 KONISTERION, CONISTERIUM – sanding and powdering 12 LACONICUM (DRY), SUDATORIUM (WET) – steam bath 20 VESTIBULUM – entrance hall 13 CALDARIUM, CALIDARIUM – hot 21 MAIN ENTRANCE baths 22 APODYTERIUM – changing room 14 TEPIDARIUM – lukewarm baths 23 PALAESTRA – wrestling area 15 FRIGIDARIUM – cold baths 24 AMBULATION – exercise AMPHITHEATER - Colosseum. 25 BALNEUM – bathing pool Rome. 26 DESTRICTARIUM – massage - A classical arena for gladiatorial 27 LACONICUM (DRY), SUDATORIUM contests and spectacles (WET) – sweating rooms consisting ofan oval or round 28 SCHOLA – conversation space surrounded by tiered 29 CALDARIUM – hot baths seating for spectators. 30 HELIOCAMINUS – a solar-heated room 31 TEPIDARIUM – lukewarm baths 32 FRIGIDARIUM – cold baths 33 NATATIO – swimming pool 34 EXEDRAE – libraries and lecture halls 35 XYSTUS – gardens, parks 36 stadium or waterfall 1 TRIBUNE – apse, podium 38 AQUEDUCT 2 NAVIS MEDIA – nave 39 TABERNAE – shops, restaurants 3 AISLE YMNASIUM - Gymnasium of 4 CHALCIDICUM – porch Hadrian, Ephesus, Turkey. 5 PORTICUS, PORTICO, COLONNADE 6 EXEDRA, APSE 7 EPICRANITIS – MOULDING 8 CLERESTORY WINDOW 1 DORIC ORDER, 1st storey 9 COFFERED CEILING. 2 IONIC ORDER, 2nd storey 18 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E 3 CORINTHIAN ORDER, 3rd storey 5 SKENOTHEKE, SCAENA FRONS – TRIUMPHAL ARCH - The Arch of 4 COMPOSITE ORDER, 4th storey stage wall Constantine, Rome 5 BALTEUS, CORONA PODII – parapet 6 AULAEUM – curtain 6 PODIUM – dignitaries' enclosure, 7 PARAPETASMA, SIPARIUM – 'ringside' secondary curtain 7 MAENIANUM PRIMUM, IMA CAVEA – first tier 8 MAENIANUM MEDIA, MEDIA CAVEA – middle tier 9 MAENIANUM SUMMUM, SUMMA CAVEA – upper tier - A large arched monument 10 MAENIANUM SUMMUM IN constructed in a public urban LIGNIS – upper wooden tier, 'peanut place to commemorate a great gallery' event, usually a victory in war 11 GRADUS – row of seats CIRCUS - Circus Maximus. 12 PRAECINCTIO, PRECINCTIO, - In Roman architecture, a long U- BALTEUS – horizontal gangway shaped or enclosed arena for 13 ADITUS – entrance to cavea chariot and horse racing; Greek 14 VOMITORIUM (PL. VOMITORIA) – hippodrome. exit, escape route 15 PULVINAR – box, loge (a) emperor's, (b) consuls' and Vestal virgins' 32 BALBIDES, CARCERES – starting 21 PORTA TRIUMPHALIS – triumphal gates; gate 33 PORTA TRIUMPHALIS; 22 PORTA POMPAE – ceremonial 34 SPINA – dividing wall; gate 35 META PRIMA; 23 PORTA LIBITINENSIS – funerary gat 36 META SECUNDA; 24 PORTA SANAVIVARIA – gate of life 37 QUADRIGA – four-horsed chariot. 25 HYPOGEUM, HYPOGAEUM – AQUEDUCT - Pont du Gard, underground spaces Nimes, France - A bridge or other structure designed to convey fresh water, usually a canal or channel called “SPECUS” or river supported by 8 ORKHESTRA, ORCHESTRA – choir piers and arches, or a tunnel; 9 THYMELE – altar from the Latin, aquae ductus, 10 PARASKENION, VERSURAE – ‘conveyance of water’. secondary stage 11 PARADOS, ITINERA VERSURARUM – side entrance 12 Thyroma – stage door 21 PROHEDRIA – front seats 22 PODIUM – diginitary seating 23 KERKIS, KEKRIDES, CUNEUS – seating block 24 DIAZOMA, PRAECINCTIO – DRAINAGE – Cloaca Maxima. gangway - Main storm drainage system; 25 KLIMAKES – steps one of the world’s earliest THEATRUM - Pompeii, Italy. 26 GRADUS – seating row sewage system. - A Roman theatre building or CURIA Curia Julia. Senate house; structure; a building or arena Greek Prytaneion with a stage and auditorium for the production and performance of theatrical works. 1 LOGEION, PULPITUM – platform 2 PROSKENION, OKRIBAS, PROSCAENIUM – front stage 3 HYPOSKENION – lower stage PONS - Bridge of Augustus, 4 EPISKENION – upper stage Rimini, Italy. Simple, solid and 19 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E  practical construction designed o “SALIENTES” – similar to a CARDO - Shorter main axis or street to resist the current of the water. large basin of water with in a typical Roman city, town or spouting jets military encampment (castrum), PALACE - Palace of Diocletian, running north to south and crossing Split, Croatia. the principal street or decumanus. - Diocletian’s Palace is part TEMPLE - Pantheon, Rome, Italy. fortified camp, part city, and part - The world's largest unreinforced villa. It is in the form of a slightly concrete dome. It served as a irregular rectangle (175 by 216 temple, church, and tomb for the meters) protected by walls and past centuries. The building was FOUNTAINS - Bridge of Augustus, gates, with towers projecting sited in an area north of the old Rimini, Italy. from the western, northern, and city center known as Campus eastern facades. Martius - striking features of ancient & modern Rome Types : 12 exedra, exhedra – niche; o “LACUS” OR LOCUS – DECUMANOS - The principal straight 13 lacunar, coffered ceiling; designed similar to a large axis or street of a Roman town, 14 caisson, coffer; 15 oculus, opaion basin of water. encampment etc., generally running – circular rooflight; 16 dome east– west and crossed towards one end by the cardo. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS DOMUS – The patrician townhouse; Has party walls on its flanks and an enclosed back area, its principal opening to the exterior is located on the street front. - A Roman masonry and concrete tenement block for the labouring classes, often a multistorey structure with commercial premises and workshops (tabernae) at street level; INSULA - Casa di Diana.Italy. originally the plot of land bounded by urban streets, on which one was built. - On Street Level o 1 TABERNA – shop or workshop o 2 courtyard, light well VILLA - Villa deiMisteri. 20 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E - A large classical Roman country 22 COENATIO, CENATIO – dining house with an estate; originally room divided into two parts, the pars VITRUVIUS urbana, or living area, and pars - Marcus Vitruvius Pollio; rustica or working area. - Wrote De architectura (On architecture), known today as the “Ten Books onArchitecture”. - firmitas, utilitas, venustas (durability, usefulness,and beauty) ❖ EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE Early Christian (200-1025) - The final phase of Roman architecture. - Christianity became the state religion. - House-churches, early venue for religious practices. - Roman basilica form was adopted as the ground plan for most churches: rectangular plan 3 VESTIBULUM – entrance hall and a nave with two side aisles. 4 ATRIUM – court - Basilican churches were 5 IMPLUVIUM – pool constructed over the burial place 6 LARARIUM – altar of a saint. 7 COMPLUVIUM – opening - Facades faced west 8 CUBICULUM – bed chamber BASILICA - Basilica Papale San 9 TRICLINIUM – dining room Paolo fuori le Mura. 10 ALA – alcove - An early Christian church, 11 OECUS, OIKOS – dining room characterized by a long, 12 TABLINUM – reception room and rectangular plan, a high archive colonnaded nave lit by a 13 FAUCES – entrance passage clerestory and covered by a 14 CULINA – kitchen timbered gable roof. 15 LAVATRINA – washroom 16 BALNEUM, BALINEUM – bathroom 17 PORTICUS – veranda 18 EXEDRA, EXHEDRA – reception room 19 PERISTYLIUM – colonnaded court 20 PISCINA, FONS – pool ATRIUM HOUSE - Casa di Trebius Valens. - A Roman dwelling type in which the building mass surrounds a main central space, the atrium, open to the sky. Early Christian Basilica. San Clemente, Rome; 4th century AD. (Opus Grecanicum, glass mosaic decorations) MAIN PARTS OF AN EARLY CHRISTIAN BASILICA APSE, sanctuary. 21 TRICLINIUM AESTIVUM – outdoor BEMA, stage for clergy dining area ALTAR, under the baldacchino NAVE, central aisle 21 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E  ATRIUM, forecourt OTHER EARLY CHRISTIAN ORATORY – a small private NARTHEX, for the penitents TERMINOLOGIES: chapel furnished w/ an altar and CHOIR, enclosed by a cancelli AMBULATORY – the covered a crucifix AMBO, pulpit walk around an atrium. REREDOS – an ornamental ANTEPODIUM – a seat behind screen or wall at the back of an the choir reserved for the clergy altar BEMA – a stage reserved for the TRANSEPT –the portion of a clergy church crossing the main axis at CHEVET – the apse, ambulatory, the right angle & forming a & radiating terminal of a church cruciform plan CLERESTOREY – an upper stage TRIBUNE – a slightly elevated in the church w/ windows above platform or dais for the speaker the adjacent roof TRIFORIUM – roof over the aisles CLERGY – priest with the below the clerestorey religious elders SEPULCHER – a tomb or a DAIS – a raised platform receptacles for relics especially reserved for the seating of in a Christian altar speakers or dignitaries Early Christian Basilica. San Clemente, Rome; 4th 1 APSE century AD 2 CATHEDRA, bishop’s throne 3 SYNTHRONOS, SYNTHRONON (podium or benches) 5 BEMA, altar platform 6 SOLEA (raised floor, usedby the clergy) CHOIR SCREEN 8 APSIDIOLE (secondary apse) 10 CHOIR, schola cantorum 11 CANCELLI 12 GOSPEL AMBO 13 EPISTLE AMBO 14 NAVE 22 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E 15 NORTHERN AISLE, gospel side, Basilica di San Vitale - Ravenna, women’s side Italy. 16 SOUTHERN AISLE, epistle side, - A Byzantine centralized church. men’s side Prime example of Byzantine 17 SIDE CHAPEL architecture in the West 18 SACRISTY, VESTRY, REVESTRY, VESTIARY Hagia Sophia 20 EXONARTHEX - “Sacred wisdom” in Greek. 21 BELLTOWER - Constructed by Emperor 22 CLOISTER Justinian; designed by 23 ATRIUM, ATRIUM PARADISUS, Anthemios of Tralles and PARADISE Isidorus of Miletus. 24 PROTHYRON (space in front of the - The interiors were beautified by entrance) richly colored marble pavements ❖ BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE in opus sectile or opus BYZANTINE (300-1450) Alexandrinum. - Circular or polygonal plans for - Used as a church, mosque, and churches, tombs, and presently a museum baptisteries. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, - Characterized by masonry 532–537 AD, - architect construction, round arches, Anthemios of Tralles & Isidorus shallow domes carried on ofMiletus. pendentives, and the extensive use of rich frescoes, and colored 1 APSE glass mosaics to cover whole 3 SYNTHRONOS, SYNTHRONON interiors. 5 BEMA, altar platform - First buildings constructed were 25 PROTHESIS, PASTOPHORIUM churches (niche reserved for objects used in - Dumped Early Christian style for worship) new domical Byzantine style 26 DIACONICON, PASTOPHORIUM - Byzantine is still official style for (for the keeping of garments and Orthodox church vessels) - Basilican plan - Early Christian 27 AMBULATORY (ground floor) - Domed, centralized plan 28 GALLERY (upper level) 3 TYPES OF DOME: 29 NARTHEX SIMPLE DOME – dome & pendentives were part of the same sphere. COMPOUND DOME – dome is not a part but rises independently above them. ONION OR BULBOUS DOME – consist of curved flutings which avoided the necessity of pendentives 19 BASKET CAPITAL; 20 DOSSERET AND BASKET CAPITAL; 21 DOSSERET & TRAPEZOIDAL CAPITAL. SPATIAL CONFIGURATION. St. Mark’s Basilica; Venice, Italy - A 30-meter square forms the - Greek cross plan Golden mosaics center. At the corners, piers rise (Church of Gold) It lies at the up to support four arches, eastern end of the Piazza San between which are pendentives DOSSERET - A thickened abacus or Marco, adjacent and connected that hold a dome scalloped with supplementary capital set above a to the Doge's Palace. forty ribs. Windows line the base column capital to receive the thrust of an arch; also called a pulvin, of the dome, making it seem to impost block or super capital. float. 23 | A R C H 5 0 1 ?