CC-AR 232 History of Architecture 2 (Western Dominance towards Post Modernism) PDF

AR 232 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 MODULE Prepared by: Ar. Larra B. Idago Instructor 1  TREE OF ARCHITECTURE (Theory of Development of Architecture) T...

AR 232 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 MODULE Prepared by: Ar. Larra B. Idago Instructor 1  TREE OF ARCHITECTURE (Theory of Development of Architecture) Twentieth Century Revival (19th Century) Renaissance (15th-18th Century) Gothic (13th -15th Century) Romanesque (9th - 12th Century) Byzantine (4th Century) Saracenic (7th Century) Roman (2nd century BC – 4th Century AD) Greek (8th Century BC -2nd Century AD) Egyptian (5000 BC – 1st Century AD) Assyrian (4000 BC - 4th Century AD) Mexican Indian Peruvian Chinese – Japanese  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE The history of architecture is a record of man’s effort to build aesthetically. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles or periods which have prevailed lands and ages. HISTORIC STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE These are the particular method, the characteristics, manner of design which prevail at a certain place and time. INFLUENCES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE The factors affecting the particular design of a structure starting from planning to walling, columns, openings, roofing, mouldings and ornaments such as: A. Geographical – the location of a particular country. It describes whether it is near the sea, an island or others B. Geological – the materials found in the locality, the character and the composition of the land and the contour of the ground. C. Climatic – the prevailing weather in the country. D. Religious – the emotional temperament and the spiritual tendencies of the people in a particular country. E. Social and Political – the lifestyle or way of living of people in the country and their form of government F. Historical – the background of people as a whole  CHAPTER I CHURCH ARCHITECTURE Church architecture refers to the architecture of buildings of Christian churches. It has evolved over the two thousand years of the Christian religion, partly by innovation and partly by imitating other architectural styles as well as responding to changing beliefs, practices and local traditions. From the birth of Christianity to the present, the most significant objects of transformation for Christian architecture and design were the great churches of Byzantium, the Romanesque abbey churches, Gothic cathedrals and Renaissance basilicas with its emphasis on harmony. OBJECTIVES: 1. To understand the evolution of church architecture from the Romanesque periodto the postmodern times. 2. To distinguish a particular architectural style of church from another. 3. To determine the particular design of early church Architecture. In the first three centuries of the Early Livia Christian Church, the practice of Christianity was illegal and few churches were constructed. In the beginning, Christians worshipped along with Jews in synagogues and in private houses. After the separation of Jews and Christians, the latter continued to worship in people's houses, known as housechurches. House Church to Church From the first to the early fourth centuries most Christian communities worshipped inprivate homes, often secretly. The Basilica of San Clemente in Rome, are built directly over the houses where early Christians worshipped. Early Roman churches are built on the sites of Christian martyrdom or at the entrance to Catacombswhere Christians were buried. Catacombs-are human-made subterranean passageways for religious practice. Any chamber used as a burial place is a catacomb, although the word is most commonly associated with the Roman Empire. Basilica- a large rectangular meeting hall became general in east and west, as the modelfor churches, with a nave and aisles and sometimes galleries and clerestories. Digital reconstruction of the 2nd century BC Basilica Sempronia, in the Forum Romanum. St. John in the Lateran is both an architectural and an ecclesiastical basilica  Structural elements of a gothic basilica Floor plan of a Christian church of basilical form, with part of the transept shaded. Either the part of the nave lying to the west in the diagram or the choir may have a hall structure instead. The choir also may be aisle less. Characteristics of the early Christian church building The church building as we know it grew out of a number of features of the Ancient Romanperiod:  1. House church- is a label used to describe a group of Christians who regularly gather for worship in private homes. 2. Atrium- is a large open air or skylight covered space surrounded by a building. 3. Basilica- refers to large public buildings with multiple functions in Ancient Romanarchitecture 4. Bema- is an elevated platform used as an orator's podium in ancient Athens. In Jewish synagogues, it is also known as a bimah and is for Torah reading during services. 5. Mausoleum: centrally-planned building- is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A monument without the interment is a cenotaph. 6. Cruciform ground plan: Latin or Greek cross- means having the shape of a cross or Christian cross. Divergence of Eastern and Western church Architecture Eastern Orthodoxy And Byzantine Architecture Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity began to diverge from each other from an early date. Whereas the basilica was the most common form in the west, a more compact centralized style became predominant in the east. These churches were in origin martyria, constructed as mausoleums housing the tombs of the saints who had died during the persecutions which only fully ended with the conversion of Emperor Constantine. An illustrated layout of the traditional interior of an Orthodox Church Medieval West Participation in worship, which gave rise to the porch church, began to decline as the church became increasingly clericalized; with the rise of the monasteries church buildings changed as well. The 'two-room' church' became, in Europe, the norm. The first 'room', the nave, was used by the congregation; the second 'room', the sanctuary, was the preserve of the clergy and was where the Mass was celebrated. The first 'room', the nave, was used by the congregation; the second 'room', the sanctuary, was the preserve of the clergy and was where the Mass was celebrated. Strasbourg Cathedral west front West elevation of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Chartres Church of the Gesù-first truly baroque façade was built in Rome between 1568 and 1584. The mother church of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). It introduced the baroque style into architecture. Wooden churches In Norway, church architecture has been affected by wood as the preferred material, particularly in sparsely populated areas. Churches built until the Second World War are about 90% wooden except medieval constructions. Borgund stave church, Heddal Stave Church, Notodden, the largest stave Norway, late 12th century church in Norway American church architecture The split between Eastern and Western Church Architecture extended its influence into the churches we see in America today as well. America's churches are an amalgamationof the many styles and cultures that collided. The Polish Cathedral architectural style is a North American genre of Catholic church architecture found throughout the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions as well as in parts of New England. Holy Trinity Church, Chicago, Illinois English church architecture The history of England's churchesisextensive, their style has gone through many changes and has had numerous influences such as 'geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social and historical, shape it. One of the earliest style changes is shown in the Abbey Church of Westminster, whichwas built in a foreign style and was a cause for concern for many as it heralded change. Westminster Abbey Wallachian church architecture In the early Romanian territory of Wallachia, there were three major influences that can be seen. The first are the western influences of Gothic and Romanesque styles, before later falling to the greater influence of the Byzantine styles. The early western influences can be seen in two places, the first is a church in Câmpulung, that showcases distinctly Romanesque styles, and the second are the remnants of a church in Drobeta-Turnu Severin, which has features of the Gothic style.  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE 8TH - 12TH Century OBJECTIVES 1. Identify the influences of Romanesque Architecture 2. Determine the different architectural examples of the Romanesque Architecture 3.Understand the evolution of style from Classical Period to Romanesque Period A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Romanesque Architecture is the combination of Roman and Byzantine Architecture but basically Roman in style. The style grew in the countries under the Roman rule. The major divisions of architectural development were: Italian, French and German. The word Romanesque means “descended from Roman. Architecturally, the term was applied in French by the Archaeologist Charles de Gerville. At present the term is now used for the more restricted period from the late 10th-12th century. It was used to describe the style which was identifiably Medieval and prefigured the Gothic, yet maintained the rounded Roman arch and thus appeared to be the continuation of the Roman tradition of building. B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE The most common materials used for construction were stone, brick marble or terra-cotta, as well as ready-made columns and other features from the old Roman buildings. C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE Northern Portion: Dull climate contributed to the use of: a. Large windows to admit sufficient light b. High pitch roof to throw off rain and snow Southern Portion: Sunny climate contributed to use of: a. Small windows to minimize sunlight and use arcades for sun shading b. Flat roof D. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Christianity resulted into erection of church. Papacy had been of great power andinfluence.  The Principal Religious Orders 1. Benedictine Order – (black monks) – founded by St. Benedict in SouthItaly who decreed architecture, painting, etc. are to be taught. 2. Cluniac Order – founded by Abbot Odo in 910 at Cluny in Burgundy 3. Carthusian Order – founded by St. Bruno in 1086. Carthusian Architectureis notably severe and unadorned. 4. Cistercian Order – (white monks) – founded in 1908 at Citeaux by St.Stephen Harding and at Clairvaux by St. Bernard. 5. Secular Canons – serving principally cathedral and collegiate churches Orders of Canons Regulars 6. Augustinian Canons – (Black Canons Regular) – established in 1050. They undertook both monastic and pastoral duties in houses often sited in towns and planned similarly to those of the Benedictine Order. 7. Premonstratensian Canons – (White Canons Regular) – founded around1100 by St. Norbert at Premontre in Ricardy 8. Gilbertine Canons – an exclusively English order founded in the twelfth century by St. Gilbert of Sempringham. Military Orders 9. The Knights Templar – founded in 1119 to protect the holy places in Palestine and to safeguard the pilgrim routes to Jerusalem. 10. The Knights Hospitallers – organized in 1113 but developed no architectural characteristic architecture of its own. 11. The Mendicant Orders of Friars – founded during the 13th century and headed by the Franciscans and Dominicans. Their houses were usually situated in towns, where the friars preached and did charitable works amongcommon people. E. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE - Establishment of “Feudal System” - Landlord build “castle” to separate and protect them from the peasants. This castle was made with manmade canals known as “moat”. F. HISTORICAL INFLUENCE The style emerging in Western Europe based on Roman and Byzantine elements last until the Advent of Gothic Architecture in the Mid-12th Century. G. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Sober and Dignified (opposite of Roman character) Characteristic Features - Developed in Italy, France, Germany and England - Principle of equilibrium was developed due to the introduction of rib and panelvaulting - Used Rib and Panel Vaulting - Use of massive, articulated wall structures, round arches and powerful vaults - In churches, use of Latin Cross Plan - Use of corbelled arches found underneath the eaves of a church - Use of rose window or wheel window often located over the west door Rose Window, Notre Dame Wheel Window, San Zeno Maggiore, Verona Comparative Analysis: 1. Plan - Adopted the Greek Cross Plan with the Latin Cross - Faces East Characteristics of External Features: a. Rib and Panel Vaulting - Quadripartite - Sexpartite ` b. Tower - Circular or polygonal - Locations Transep tNave End or at the corner entranceHigh altar 2. Walls – Characterized by corbel leza arches at the cornice, one series corbelis called “corbel table” 3. Opening – introduced the wheel window; introduced the recessed planes ordoor jambs also called as the order with quarter shaft. 4. Roof – used the dome which is normally found at the intersection of thenave and transept. 5. Columns – used the ionic capital with a twisted shaft known as the scallop.Column Shaft Used: a. Fluted b. Twisted c. Zigzag d. Chevron e. Wreathed Column 6. Mouldings – usually in vegetable form 7. Ornaments – sculptures, carvings, and fresco paintings are in vegetableand animal form Evolutionary Plan Forms Types of Cross 1. Basilican 2. Cruciform 3. Greek 4. Latin 5. Runic Monastic Plans 1. Benedictine 2. Cluniac 3. Cistercian  4. Carthusian 5. Military Order EXAMPLES OF BUILDINGS Churches – for very church, there is a monastery at the side. Parts of the church: 1. Monastic church situated in a court open to public 2. Cloister Court 3. Inner Court 4. Common Court Different Shapes of Cross 1. Latin cross or Crux Emissa 2. Cross of Lorraine 3. Papal Cross 4. Calvary Cross 5. Ankh Cross (Egyptian) now termed “Ansate Cross” 6. Celtic Cross ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY9TH – 12TH CENTURY A. GEOGRAPHICAL The long, narrow peninsula of Italy stretches from the Alps on the north, right down through the waters of the Mediterranean, almost to Africa on the south. These geographical variations were accompanied by other differences which influenced architecture in such varying degrees that it may be most conveniently considered under: (a) Central Italy. The central region lies between Florence, commanding the passage of the Arno, in the north; Pisa, the maritime power to the west; and Naples, the naval port on the south. Rome, rich in ancient pagan monuments and Early Christian churches, here exercised a paramount influence on architecture. (b) North Italy. The capital of Lombardy, Milan, enjoyed great prosperity on account of its proximity to several Alpine passes and its situation in the fertile plainsof Lombardy. Venice and Ravenna, which were connecting trade links between East and West, fell geographically under the influences of Byzantine art. (c) South Italy and Sicily. South Italy, including Calabria, was by position especially susceptible to influence from the East, and, after passing under Greek and Roman rule, it formed part of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian. Sicily, facing Greece on one side, Italy on Another, and North Africa on the third, was exposed to influences from all three countries. B. GEOLOGICAL (a) Central Italy. Tuscany possessed an abundance of stone and great mineral wealth. Building materials used in Rome were bricks, volcanic tufa or peperino, travertine stone from Tivoli, and marble from Carrara and from Paros and other Greek islands. Much material was also obtained from the ruins of Classic buildings. (b) North Italy. The low-lying plains of Lombardy supplied clay for making bricks, which, used with marble from the hills, gave a special character to the architecture. Venice on the Adriatic imported marbles in her merchant vessels. (c) South Italy and Sicily. The mountains of South Italy and Sicily supplied calcareous and shelly limestone and many kinds of marble, while the sulphur mines of Sicily largely contributed to the prosperity which was conducive to buildingenterprise. C. CLIMATIC (a) Central Italy. The brilliant sunshine demanded, as in the Roman period, small windows and thick walls, both in cities of the plain and in cities built on the hilltops. The climate varies not only from north to south, but also from east to west according to the proximity to the Apennines, which are often snow-clad, or to the sea-board. (b) North Italy. The climate resembles that of Central Europe, and varies between extremes of heat and cold. The towns from Milan on the west to Venice on the east lie below the Alps, and thus in the winter they are swept by the ice- winds from the mountains; while in the summer these same mountains protect them from the north winds, when the heat in the plains is often excessive. (c) South Italy and Sicily. The climate is almost sub-tropical; on the southern coasts of Italy buildings have flat roofs and other features of Oriental cities. D. HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS a. Central Italy. Pisa sent merchant fleets to the Holy Land for the Easter fair at Jerusalem. The Pisans captured and defeated the Moslems in wars andthis contact with the Moslems accounts for the characteristic Pisan used ofstriped marbles. b. North Italy. Commerce and and art were the special care of the Venetians. They raised glorious buildings and brought precious freights from the East. Milan, Pavia, Verona and Genoa vied with one another in the beauty of their public buildings that in the spirit of rivalry encouraged the most remarkable structural advances in all Italy. c. South Italy and Sicily. Moslem landed in 827 in Sicily and gradually overran the island. Under Moslem rule, every church facades were ornamented with geometrical patterns but there is no representation of thehuman figure. ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLESCENTRAL ITALY - Church plan was obtained from the plan of the Basilica - Most pronounced feature of arcades were the ornamental arcades which roseone above another. 1. Pisa Cathedral - With baptistery, campanile and campo santo - One of the finest Romanesque Cathedral - Designed by Architect Dioti Salvi 2. Campanile, Pisa - Circular tower with eight storey of encircling arcadesand 16 m in diameter; also known as the World’s famous Leaning Tower of Pisa. 3. Baptistery, Pisa - Circular in plan with a central nave designed by DiotiSalvi 4. Campo Santo, Pisa - a cemetery 5. Pistoia Cathedral- (13th century) was also built under influence of the Pisan Groups, and with its porch and arcaded façade in black and whitemarble followed the style of the other churches in the city. 6. San Miniato al Monte, Florence - (1018-62) (St. Minias on the Mountain) is a (basilica) in [Florence], Central Italy, standing atop one ofthe highest points in the city. It has been described as one of the finest Romanesque structures in Tuscany and one of the most beautiful churches in Italy.  7. San Martino, Lucca (façade 1204) 8. San Michelle, Lucca (1143 and later) 9. The Cloisters San Giovanni in Laterano, Rome (1234) & San Paolo Fuori Le Mura, Rome (1200) are of special interest, since they are among the few instances of Romanesque art in Rome which show any progressive character, owing to the survival of the Classical tradition. NORTH ITALY - Influence by Muslim Architecture - Most important development took place in Lombardy 1. San Zeno Maggiore, Verona (c. 1123 and later) – has a façade which is stern in its simplicity. The fine projecting porch has two free-standing columns, which rest on the backs of crouching beasts and support a semicircular vault, over which is a gabled roof. Above is the great wheel window which lights the nave, one of the earliest in Italy. 2. S. Antonino, Piacenza - (1104), rebuilt on the site of an earlier cathedral, is noted for its later Gothic porch, 11 Paradiso (1350) 3. Basilica of St. Ambrogio, Milan - (c. 1080-1128) begun by Ambrose himself around 385 and consecrated in 386. The church was built on a grand scale over an existing cemetery, next to the martyrium of St. Victor. Two local martyrs provided the necessary relics for the altar, and Ambrose was buried next to them after his death on April 4, 397. 4. San Michele, Pavia (c. 110-60) - one of the most striking example of Lombard-Romanesque style. It dates from the 11th and 12th centuries. The current construction was begun in the late 10th century (crypt, choir and transept) and was completed in 1155. The vaults of the nave, originally with two grossly squared groin-vaulted spans, were replaced in 1489 by Agostino da Candia by four rectangular spans. 5. The Torre Asinelli, Bologna (1109), 69 m (225 ft) high, and the Torre Garisenda, Bologna (1100), 40 m (130 ft) high, date from the time when the town was prominent in the struggles of the period, and are the leaning towers referred to by Dante, while San Gimignano, with its thirteen towers, built for defense and ostelation, has the appearance of a Romanesque city so often pictured by Raphael in later times. 6. The Fondaco dei Turchi, Venice (12th century) mercantile palace (since rebuilt) on the Grand Canal, is an example of the high level which domestic architecture reached in Venice as the outcome of  her prosperous trade withthe East. 7. The Palazzo Farsetti and the Palazzo Loredan (12th century) - are in the same style, with cubiform capitals carrying semicircular arches which are sometimes stilted. SOUTH ITALY - Influenced by Byzantine Church (Greek Cross Plan) 1. Monreale Cathedral (1174-1182) - one of the greatest extant examples of Norman architecture in the world. It was begun in 1174 by William II, and in1182 the church, dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, was, by a bull of Pope Lucius III, elevated to the rank of a metropolitan cathedral. Thechurch is a national monument of Italy and one of the most important attractions of Sicily. - Benedictine Monastery - Combination of Early Christian and Byzantine Style 2. La Siza, Palermo - (Arabic, El Aziza=Palace of Delights) (1154- 1156), is a three-storied Norman castle with battlemented parapet, and shows the influence of Muslim art. The vestibule is rich in marble columns and coloured tiles, while the stalactite vaults over the alcoves recall the glories of the Alhambra, Granada. 3. Cefalu Cathedral (1131-1240) - Founded by Count Roger (King Roger II of Sicily) as a Royal Pantheon. The famous façade is characterized by the presence of two large Norman towers, with mullioned windows, each surmounted by small spire added in the 15th century. Each spire is different: one has a square plan surrounded by flame-shaped merlons, the latter symbolizing the Papal authority and the mitre; the other has an octagonal plan and Ghibelline merlons, symbolizing the Royal and the temporalpower. - Served by Augustinian Canons 4. The San Nicola, Bari (c.1085-1132), a Benedictine church, was the prototype of the Romanesque of the late eleventh and twelfth centuries in Apulia. This holds wide religious significance throughout Europe and the Christian world. The basilica is an important pilgrimage destination both for Italians and Orthodox Christians from Eastern Europe. 5. The Capella Platina, Palermo (1129-1143)- the chapel in the Royal Palace, has gilt and coloured mosaics in the interior, and a dome, 5.5 m (18 ft) in diameter, indicative of Byzantine influence, while the carved stalactite ceiling, pulpit, candelabra and organ gallery show Muslim craftsmanship.  6. This three are other churches which, in the arrangement of their domes and ornamentation, show the blending Muslim and Byzantine art; San Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo (1148); San Cataldo, Palermo (1161) ; La Martorana, Palermo (143-1153) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE9TH CENTURY – 12TH CENTURY A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE France has great natural highway along the valleys of the Rhode, Saone, Seine and Garonne which connect the Mediterranean with the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel. Roman civilization had spread through France along the historichighway of the fertile Rhone valley. B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE France has an abundance of good stones, easily quarried and freely used for all types of buildings such as fine grained Caen stone, coloured pumice and tufa C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE The climatic variations between North and South regulate door and window openings, which decrease in size towards the South. North has steep roof to throw off snow while in the sub-tropical South, roof become almost flat. D. HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE Ceasar’s conquest of Gaul (58-49 BC) was followed by the systematic Romanization of the country, which had begun with the making of a road system centered upon Lyons and development of thriving commercial colonies whichadopted the Roman social system in their municipalities. The Pax Romana was established and by the early 3rd century, social conditions became very stable. E. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Christianity was first established in Rhone valley, where Lyons contributed martyrs to cause. The Moslems overran Southern France but Charles Martel defeated them at Poiters in 732 and changed the future of Western Europe. The 11th century was marked by a widespread desire to withdraw from the world and embrace the monastic life which resulted in the foundation of many religious houses. However, religious zeal was not confined in monastic walls, but adventurously mingled with secular ambitions to produce the crusades that startedin 1096. F. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERDIVISION OF FRANCE 1. Southern France Characteristic Features: a. Aisleless nave b. Pointed arch 2. Northern France Characteristic Features: a. Design of Western Passage with two towers e.g. St. Madeleine, Vezelay – popular for the early pointed crossvault in France ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES A. ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 1. Notre Dame du Port – light stone vaults; inlaid décor of different colors 2.Angouleme Cathedral , France 3. St. Madeleine, Vezelay – popular for the early pointed cross vault in France 4. The Abbey Church 5. Notre –Dame- La- Grande, France 6. St. Sernin, Toulouse 7. The Romanesque Abbey of Sénanque, France 8. Notre Dame Cathedral, Tournai 9. Tournai Cathedral, Belgium, 12th century. 10. Abbey of Saint-Denis B. SECULAR ARCHITECTURE 1. Fortified towns 2. Bridges 3. Castles 4. Houses ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN CENTRAL EUROPE (GERMANY)9TH – 12TH CENTURY A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Through many centuries, Germany was known as a conglomeration of independent states, principalities and powers occupying the great central district of Europe.. This country North of the Alps was not geographically so generally accessible to Roman influence as was Gaul, with her sea-ports and great trade routes. Roman civilization spread Northwest along the fertile Rhineland and into Saxony. B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Stone from the mountains along the Rhine Valley was the material used for buildings. Along the Baltic shores and in Central and Southern Germany there was anample stone from the mountains along the Rhine Valley. Brick was used in the North, particularly in the district east of the Elber C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE The average temperature of Central Germany is much the same as in Southern England, but in summer is higher and in winter lower. D. HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Charlemagne - the first Frankish king who became Roman Emperor; crowned in800 at Rome by the Pope, and ruled over the land of the Franks - He also established the Frankish dominion over Southern France andNorthern Italy. - He restored civilization in a great measure to Western Europe, and was apatron of architecture. - He forced the people of Saxony to embrace Christianity which resulted inthe erection of many circular baptisteries The social development was much the same as in Europe; feudal lords were intolerant of kingly authority and oppressive towards the people. F. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Romanesque architecture in Germany exhibits a continuous combination ofCarolingian tradition and Lombard influence. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS - Use the Western and Eastern apses as main entrance - planning survive strongly  - semicircular cross-vault of the nave - Timber roofs - plain wall surface - Single windows - nave arcades square piers with attached half-columns ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES 1. Aix-La-Chapele Cathedral (Aachen)– built by Emperor Charlemagne as his royaltomb house - Prototype of similar churches in Germany - Place of coronation of the Holy Roman Emperors 2. The Church of the Apostles, Cologne – one of the series of trefoil churches inthat city 3. Worms Cathedral – with apses at both east and west ends - Typical German Romanesque Church 4. Treves Cathedral - Residence of Roman emperors - Remained the seat of the bishops, archbishops and electors for 1,500 years 5. Speyer Cathedral 6. St. Gallen Cathedral 7. Lubeck Cathedral 8. Gernrod Church and cathedral facades and external decoration Romanesque church facades, generally to the west end of the building, are usually symmetrical, have a large central portal made significant by its mouldings or porchand an arrangement of arched-topped windows. Towers Towers were an important feature of Romanesque churches and a great number of them are still standing. They take a variety of forms, square, circular and octagonal, and are positioned differently in relation to the church in different countries. Types of Vaults 1. Barrel Vault 2. Dome Vault 3. Stilted Vault 4. Intersecting Vault ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN SPAIN, PORTUGAL AND THE HOLY LAND9TH – 12TH CENTURY A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCESPAIN AND PORTUGAL On the west, Spain borders Portugal; on the south, it borders Gibraltar and Morocco, through its cities in North Africa. On the northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain range, it borders France and tiny principality of Andorra. HOLY LAND The most influential single geographical characteristics of the Latin Kingdom of the Crusaders was its shape. From north to south it included the country of Edessa, the principality of Antioch, the country of Tripoli and the kingdom of Jerusalem. B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 1. A siliceous Spain seated on hard and therefore durable crystalline rocks forming acid soils and poor in carbonates -north and west peninsula. 2. A limestone in Spain based on sedimentary rocks – the heavily weathered Masesta. 3. The peninsula itself is a great rock massif, Including the Sierras of Castile in the north, the mountains of Toledo in the centre, and the Sierras Morenain south. HOLY LAND Here stone materials of eminent suitability for great castles and small churches were abundant, through timber was not as plentiful as in those parts of Europe from which the Crusaders builders had come. C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE SPAIN  Continental Mediterranean Climate (Madrid)  Oceanic Climate in Galicia (Bilbao)  Semiarid Climate or Arid Mediterranean (Murcia)  Mediterranean Climate (Barcelona)  Subtropical Climate (Las Palmas) HOLY LAND  rainfall in late winter months  harsh and semi-desert D. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Christianity may be seen in their churches and cathedrals that flourished for two hundred years. Approximately 84% of the population is nominally Catholic, and about 19% attend mass and take the sacraments regularly, while a larger number wish to be baptized, married in a church, and receive last rites. E. HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCESPAIN AND PORTUGAL The Visogothic invasions across the Pyrenees displaced the northern tribes of Vandals and Suevi and took nearly complete possession of the peninsula for three centuries until the time of the Moslem conquest of all but Asturias. The Moorish incursions in Southwest Europe were brought to an end by Charles Martel at Poitiers in 732 and subsequent medieval Spanish history is dominated by successive extensions of Christian influence and the regaining of territory until the very end of the 15th century. Spain has connection with France and also in England through royalmarriages. HOLY LAND The Crusades were a series of religiously- sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Latin Christian Europe, particularly the Franks of France andthe Holy Roman Empire. F. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Church planning, as shown in the few authenticated examples of this time, was varied, and includes instances of both Basilican and Greek Cross. Decorative devices include mouldings and some Syrian motifs, and the important of these wasthe horse shoe arch. ARCHITECTURAL CHRACTERISTICS - Most distinctive feature of Spain and Portugal was the horseshoe arch ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES A. RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS 1. St. Maria, Ripoll – the finest of the 11th century early Romanesque churches. It has a double aisled-basilican nave of seven bays and the outer arcades alternateto produce double-aisled bays in the outer aisles in Lombardic Manner. 2. St. Tirso, Sahagun – one of the earliest brick Mudejar Church. 3. La Lugareja, Arevalo – 13th century, the finest example of mudejar work in brick 4. St. Martin de Fromista – the only complete example of the Spanish “Pilgrimage Style, with a four bay nave, shallow transept, and three parallel apses. 5. Compostela Cathedral B. MILITARY BUILDINGS 1. Castle at Loarre – finest Romanesque castle in Spain, a complex of circular towers and curtain wall - A complex of circular towers to curtain wall incorporating a church of Augustinian cannons, sited on a spir overlooking the gallego valley. - is a fortress in Spain.It consists of two parts; the castle built in the times of King Sancho el Mayor, which has two towers, and the Romanesque monastery attached to the castle, built by Sancho Ramirez in 1071. In the monastery is a beautifully preserved Romanesque church with a crypt. 2. City Walls – the town defenses at Avila, in castle include a curtain wall 2.50 km.long, with 86 identical circular towers, built in granite by Raymond of Burgundy Avila, Castile - a town defenses w/ 86 identical circular towers, built by Raymondof Burgundy MILITARY BUILDINGS THE HOLY LAND Three Kinds of Castles of Crusaders 1. Pilgrims Forts - sited and design to secure the routes from coastal ports toJerusalem. 2. Coastal Fortifications – to secure links with the west 3.) Strategic Inland Castles – to protect coast road EXAMPLES Chateau De Mer, Sidon, Lebanon – best example of coastal crusader castle - It was built by the Crusaders in 1228 A.D. on a small island connected to the mainland by a causeway. A climb to the top leads to the roof where there is a good view of the port and the old part of the city. Krak of the Knights - the best preserve and most wholly admirable castle in the world -one of the most important preserved medieval military castles in the world. SAN JUAN BAUTISTA, BANOS DE CERRATO SAN JULIAN DE LOS PRADOS SANTA MARIA DEL NARANCO SANTA CRISTINA DE LENA MONASTERIO DE SAN MIGUEL DE ESCALADA IGLESIA DE SAN VICENTE DE CARDONA BASILICA DE SAN VICENTE, AVILA COLLEGIATE CHURCH AT TORO CIUDAD RODRIGO CATHEDRAL REIAL MONASTIR DE SANTES CREUS, CATALONIA MONASTERY OF SANTA MARIA DE POBLET - built between 1180 to 1196 - is a Cistercian monastery, located in the Comarca of Conca de Barberà, in Catalonia (Spain). It was founded by Cistercian monks from France in 1151. The main architect was Arnau Bargués.It was the royal pantheon of the kings of the Crown of Aragon since James I of Aragon. CATHEDRAL EVORA MILITARY BLDG SIDON SAIDA LE CHATEAU DE LA MER PILGRIMS BLDG MARGAT CASTLE  CHATEAU DE BEAUFORT AL KARAK SAONE CHAVALIERS KRAK RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS TARTONA CATHEDRAL ST GEORGE’S CATHEDRAL TYRE, RUINS OF CRUSADERS CHURCH ABU GOSH CHURCH OF ST. ANNE - it is numbered among the longest preserved sacred places in the city, since according to tradition it arose over the place where once stood the house of Joachim and Anne, the parents of the Virgin, who is supposed to have been born here. CHURCH OF HOLY SEPULCHRE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN BRITISH ISLES AND SCANDINAVIA1ST -12TH CENTURY A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Development in Northern Europe depended largely upon a common concern with sea and river routes. Skill in navigation during the early middle ages led to the Nordic colonization of Iceland and Greenland and to cultural and commercial contact with Ireland and Britain.  Scandinavia is a region in northern Europe that includes Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Finland is often considered a Scandinavian country in common English usage, and Iceland and the Faroe Islands are sometimes also included. The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include Great Britain, Ireland and over six-thousand smaller islands. There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Ireland. The British Isles also include the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man and, by tradition, the Channel Islands, although the latter are not physically a part of the island group. The term British Isles is controversial in relation to Ireland, where there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word "British" with Ireland. TheGovernment of Ireland discourages its use. Although still used as a geographic term, the controversy means that alternative terms such as "Britain and Ireland" are increasingly preferred B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Scandinavia has natural resources provided for agrarian products in the South and East. The English hardwood forests provided roof-framing material for the more important buildings. Indigenous building stones contributed to the materials of themature military and religious buildings. C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE The generally low northern light tended to encourage the development of ways of producing larger or multiple openings in walls. Massive masonry construction and steeply pitched roofs were used for dealing with the more severenorthern European climate. Scandinavia extends to the north of the Arctic Circle, but has relatively mild weather for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream. Much of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra climate. There are many lakes and moraines, legacies of an ice age about 10,000 years ago. The northern regions of Scandinavia are home to the indigenous Sami people. D. HISTORICAL, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCEBritish Isles - The Roman conquest of Britain was preceded by the landings of Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BC.  - Christianity first made its way into Britain during the Roman occupation, butduring the year of Anglo-Saxon settlements after the middle of the 5th century, church building was of historical importance only in Ireland. - Edward, son of English Ethelred acceded to the throne in 1042 and assuredthe Norman influence of England before the conquest. - The Norman conquest of 1066 linked England to the continent and introduced a fully developed feudal system Scandinavia - The kingdoms were first in Denmark and Norway and in 1000, Sweden wasunited as part of the Svear kingdom. - The most distinctive building development of the period in Scandinavia followed the conversion of the Northern races, which was begun by Frankish missionary Angar at Hedeby in Denmark in 826. - Norse pagan worship is the traditional religious rituals practiced in Scandinavia in pre-Christian times. Norse paganism was a folk religion that had the survival and regeneration of society as its main purpose. Thus the cult was decentralised and tied to the village and the family, although evidence of great national religious festivals exists. The leaders - for instance the chiefs - managed the cult on behalf of society. On each farm it was the head of the family and nation-wide it was the king. Pre-Christian Scandinavians thus had no word for religion in a modern sense. The closestcounterpart is the word sidr, meaning custom. This meant that during the conversion period, Christianity was called nýr sidr (the new custom) while paganism was called forn sidr (ancient custom). The centre of gravity of preChristian religion lay in religious practice, that is sacred acts, rituals andworship of the gods. F. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Three Periods of Development 1. Roman Period - The architecture in Roman in Britain was the same character as in other parts of Europe, and much still survives. - Christianity gradually replaced the indigenous religion of the English around the 7th and 8th centuries. Celtic Christianity was introduced into Northumbria and Mercia by monks from Ireland, but the Synod of Whitby settled the choice for Roman Christianity. As the new clerics became the chroniclers, the old religion was partially lost before it was recorded, and today historians' knowledge of it is largely based on surviving customs and lore, texts, etymological links and archaeological finds. 2. Anglo Saxon Period - Domestic building was probably largely dependent upon the use of timber, but little evidence remains of method of construction. The considerable later development in timber-framing techniques was a characteristic of buildings of all types and found its parallelin ship-building. - The masonry of church building from about the middle of the seventh  century shows sign of dependence on timber prototypes 3. Norman Period – there was an enormous surge of military and the church building centered particularly upon the great Benedictine abbeys. ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES SOMPTINGS TOWER - The church is of Saxon origin, and parts of it probably date to between 950 and 1050 AD. It was built isolated in the forest.al needs. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the church was given by William the Conqueror to his son-in-law, William de Warrenne, whose coat of arms is still visible in the stained glass windows of the church. ST BENET: CAMBRIDGE TOWER - The Anglo-Saxon tower of St Bene't, built sometime between 1000–1050AD, is the oldest building in Cambridgeshire. The nave arcades and roof are Perpendicular and much of the rest of the church was rebuilt in Victorian times. BRIXWORTH IN NORTHAMTONSHIRE Cormac Chapel: Cashel - The chapel of King Cormac III of Munster, was begun in 1127 and consecrated in 1134. It is a very sophisticated structure, unlike most Irish Romanesque churches, which are ordinarily simple in plan with isolated  decorated features. It also contains one of the best preserved Irish frescos from this time period. Bradford-on-avon church - Notable is the Saxon church (dedicated to St. Laurence), which may have been founded by St. Aldhelm around 705, and could have been a temporary burial site for King Edward the Martyr. It was re-discovered by Canon William Frampton in 1856, having been used for secular purposes (apparently becoming a house, a school and part of a factory). Earls Barton Tower - The first Saxon settlement at Earls Barton was one of various settlements built on a spring-line on the Northern bank of the River Nene. The site is to be found on a spur above the flood plain. Originally (i.e. before 600 AD) the Saxon village was known as Bere-tun - which means "a place for growing Barley. Following the Norman invasion, the Domesday Book records the village as being called Buarton, with Countess Judith, the King's niece is listed as both the land and mill owner. The Lund Cathedral (Swedish: Lunds domkyrka) is the Lutheran cathedral in Lund, Scania, Sweden. It is the seat of the bishop of Lund of the Church of Sweden. Castle A castle (from Latin castellum) is a defensive structure associated with the Middle Ages, found in Europe and the Middle East. It is a private fortified residence of a lord or noble. Castles controlled the area immediately surrounding them, and were  both offensive and defensive structures; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as protection from enemies. The structures also servedas centers of administration and symbols of power. Fountains Abbey - near to Aldfield, approximately two miles southwest of Ripon in North Yorkshire, England. It is a ruined Cistercian monastery, founded in 1132. - one of the largest and best preserved Cistercian houses in England. Manor House - a country house, which has historically formed the administrative centre of a manor , the lowest unit of territorial organization in the feudal system. The term is sometimes applied to country houses which belonged to gentry families, as well as to grand stately homes, particularly as a technical term for minor late medieval fortified country houses intended more for show than for defense. ROMANESQUE TERMS Billet – a Romanesque moulding consisting of several bands of raised short cylindersor square pieces, placed at a regular interval Dormer Window (lucarne) – a window placed vertically in a sloping roof with a roofon its own Groin – the curved arris formed by intersection vaulting surfaces Helm Roof – a roof in which four faces rests diagonally, the gables and converge atthe roof Dorter – dormitory for a monastery  CHAPTER III GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE 13th - 15th Century OBJECTIVES 1. Determine the countries influenced by the Gothic Architecture 2. Explain the architectural characteristics of Gothic Period 3. Identify the architectural examples of Gothic Period A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE The former collection of states which became the German empire, wasinevitably in geographical touch with the architecture of neighboring countries.The chief influence of German Gothic architecture came from France and is conspicuous in the Rhine provinces and Westphalia. B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Northern plains of Germany – bricks Center and South and along the Rhine – stones and timber C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE The climate of the south is without the fierce sun as in England and France,but the snows of severe winters rendered steep roofs. D. HISTORICAL, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE Central European History in this time is complicated by the successive rise and fall of imperial and royal dynasties, by the intrigues of princely and ducalhouses of the various states to secure kingly power, and by the secular ambitionof prince-bishops who combined the intolerance of ecclesiastical with the arrogance of secular tyrants. Germany consisting of many states resulted in the variety of style in architecture. The most important feature apart from monastic establishments, in the religious life of medieval Germany before the reformation was the exercise ofcivil power by prince bishops.  Ecclesiastical abuses and especially the sale of indulgences led to the revolt against the authority of Rome, until in 1517 Luther published his famous thesis against indulgences. The reformation divided Germany into the ProtestantNorth and Catholic South. G. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 1. Lofty and aspiring (refers to vertical) 2. Structural honesty 3. Economy in the use of walls Characteristic Features 1. Pointed arch 2. Flying buttress 3. Rib and panel vaulting on oblong bays 4. Stained glass 5. Tracery windows Two Types: 5.1 Bar – the type using stone bars 5.2 Plate – cut from plate of stone 6. Spires and pinnacles 7. Oblong bays English Gothic Mouldings 1. Bowtell or Edge Roll 2. Pointed Bowtell 3. Bracket / Brace 4. Wave Moulding 5. Keel Moulding 6. Scroll Moulding 7. Casement Moulding 8. Hood or Dripstone 9. Label Moulding Types of Ornamented Mouldings 1. Billet  2. Nail Head 3. Dog Tooth 4. Double Cone 5. Cable 6. Ball Flower 7. Tablet Flower 8. Embattled Sandwich 9. Beak Head 10. Besant / Bezant 11. Indented Moulding 12. Star Moulding 13. Banderole / Bannerol 14. Zigzag 15. Lozenge Moulding 16. Twisted Stem 17. Scallop 18. Triangular Fret Foremost Architects 1. Villard De Hannecourt (France) 2. Arnolfo Di Cambio (Italy) 3. Peter Parver (Germany) 4. Hugh Herland and Henry Yevele (England) ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES Gothic Cathedrals – emanates the Latin cross and also functions as library, school, museum, picture gallery, concert hall besides its main function as a religious meetingplace. 1. Westminster Abbey – one of the largest Benedictine Monastery. It comprises an abbey church and a square cloister court. It was built by several master masons and master carpenters: Master Henry Yevele, Hugh Herland and john James. It is geometric in style with pinnacles and tracery windows. 2. Winchester Cathedral – has the greatest total length (560 ft) than any Madieval Cathedral in Europe 3. York Cathedral – largest in area and width of any English Medieval Cathedral 4. Salisbury Cathedral – it boast of a central tower with the loftiest spire 5. Canterbury Cathedral 6. London Cathedral 7. The Tower of London – built by Bishop Gundulf for William 1, concentric castle 8. Hampton Court Palace – one of the remarkable domestic buildings in England 9. Guild Hall, London – most important hall erected by the Guilds in the Middle Age 10. Durham Cathedral – the earliest great church designed initially and entirely witha rib vaulting system. 11. Ulm Cathedral – tallest cathedral in the world located in Germany GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN BRITISH ISLES 12TH-16TH CENTURYARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Development of the English Gothic Period 1. Anglo-Saxon – use of timber in their structure 2. Norman or Transition Period - Characterized by its massiveness and boldness of ornaments - Distinguishing features a. semi-circular arches b. cylindrical piers c. buttresses 3. Early English or Lancet Period - Characterized by less massive style and simple ornaments - Distinguishing features a. tall and narrow lancet opening b. projecting buttress with pinnacles and steep roof c. group slender shaft –cylindrical column 4. Decorated or Geometrical - Characterize by ornateness and elaborateness in decoration - Characteristic features a. geometrical tracery b. enlarged clerestory 5. Perpendicular - Characterized by verticality as a result of tracery windows and paneling -Characteristic features: a. Window with four centered arch b. absence of triforium c. prominent with vertical lines of the tracery windows and panellings 6. Tudor Period – Similar to perpendicular style in treatment but was modified because it waslargely used in domestic building  - Characteristic features a. square headed mullion windows b. ornamental fire places c. gables roof with lofty curved pinnacles Different Forms of Vaulting 1. Anglo-Saxon – barrel or tunnel vault 2. Norman Period a. barrel vaulting b. groined cross vaulting in square base c. groined cross vaulting in oblong base d. Romanesque vaulting 3. Early English Period a. Quadripartite – chiefly used with more ribs to the vaultOther ribs added to quadripartite tierceron – intermediate ribs ridge ribs diagonal ribs transverse ribs or wall rib or formeret 5. Decorated Period - Came up with another rib known as animal lierne rib(triangular vaulting), e.g. stellar vaulting 6. Perpendicular Period – Fan or conical vaulting wherein: - The rising ribs are formed at equal angle - Tierceron are connected at different heights on horizontal lierne ribs 7. Tudor Period Four centered arch wherein the diagonal ribs are either semi-circular or pointed Types of Timber Roof 1. Hammer beam 2. The beam 3. Trussed 4. Aisle 5. Collar braced ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES Cathedrals 1. Cathedral of the old fountain a. York Cathedral – the largest medieval cathedral  - Stained-glass windows dominate the façade of the Cathedral of Saint Peter, commonly known as York Minster, in York, England. Built from the 12th to the 15th centuries, York Minster contains more original medieval stained glass than any other English Gothiccathedral. b. Salisbury Cathedral – characterized by English Gothic Cathedral 2. Cathedral of monastic fountain a. Canterbury Cathedral – first Norman church b. Winchester Cathedral – Medieval cathedral with the longestlength (560 ft.) 3. Cathedral of new fountain a. Riverpod Cathedral b. Peterborough Cathedral - The west front of Saint Peter’s Cathedral in Peterborough, England, includes a Gothic screen with three tall arches and a central entrance porch. These were attached to the facade of the earlier Norman church Monasteries 1. Westminster Abbey, England – single most important Mediaeval building in Britain; a complex of three structures: church, royal palace and burial placesfor their kings and queens - Highest vault in England with 102 ft. - Architect: William and Robert Vertue - Master mason: Henry Yevele - Master Carpenter: Hugh Herland - Responsible for the addition of the western towers: John James  - the best-known church in England. It was begun in 1245 for King Henry III, and the French Gothic influence can be seen in the flying buttresses and the window tracery in particular. The chapel of Henry VII, designed inthe Tudor style, was added in 1503. 2. Beverley Minster, Beverley, England - The twin towers can be seen formiles across the Yorkshire Wolds. Founded in ad 937, the building was restored in the 18th century by Nicholas Hawksmoor and boasts a west facade that is widely regarded as one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture in the world. Castles 1. Keep or Dungeon – developed in Norman Period Two types of keep a. Shell keep – built on existing earthwork b. Rectangular keep – introduced in France (on site) Manor Houses 1. Hampton Court PalaceColleges 1. University of Oxford GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE 12TH-16TH CENTURY A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE France is divided into two parts by the River Loire with the Franks on the North and the Romance races on the South, architecture was influenced not onlyby geographical position but also by racial differences. B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE  Building stones are abundant. C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE Dull climate of the North permitted the extension of large traceried windowsto light the vast interiors D. HISTORICAL, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE A number of French Cathedrals were begun during the time of Phillip. In 1337, the “Hundred Years” war with England began, over claims arising from themarriage of Isabella of France with Edward II of England. In 1346, the Battle of Crecy was won by the English. During the reign of Charles VII there was a greatoutburst of national sentiment when Joan of Arc raised the siege of Orleans andwas burnt at Roven as a witch by the English. In 1453, the English was expelledfrom the whole of France except Calais so ended the “Hundred Years” war. The religious zeal of the 12th to 13th centuries, when Christianity was united against the Moslems was manifested in France in the third crusade underPhilip Augustus and the 8th and 9th crusades under St. Louis was marked by theerection of many grand cathedrals. E. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Gothic evolved from Romanesque architecture and is mainly distinguishedby the introduction and general use of the pointed arch. The Gothic style in France ‘L architecture Ogivale’ originated in the royaldomain of the lle de France. Periods of French Gothic 1. Lancet Period or Primary Period (Primaire) – 12th century - also Ogive Style;characterized by the use of pointed arch and geometrical tracery window 2. Rayonnant Period (Secondaire) – (13th century) - characterized by circularwindows with rose tracery and designed with rose tracery and cusps and foil. E.g. Rheims and Amiens 3. Flamboyant (Tertiaire) – (14, 15 and part 16th century) - characterized by theflame light or free flowing tracery window Architectural Examples: Cathedrals 1. Notre Dame, Paris – one of the oldest French Gothic Church and begun by BishopMaurice de Sully. 2. Chartres Cathedral – famous for its 160 stained glass windows 3. Rheims Cathedral – coronation church of France, the west façade is famous forits 500 statues 4. Amiens Cathedral – counterpart of Salisbury of England, famous for its carvedwood work in the choir stalls. Designed by Robert de Luzarches 5. Beauvais Cathedral – considered to be the loftiest or highest vault in Europe at157 ft. and 6 inches. 6. Laon Cathedral 7. Bourges Cathedral 8. Soissons Cathedral Fortified Towns 1. Carcassone – a fortified town surrounded by moat water 2. Avignon – has a palace which was the headquarters of the Popes Castles – generally built on mounds above rivers to command valleys and had thick wallsand small windows to resist attack. 1. Chateau Gaillard, Les Andelys 2. Chateau de Pierrefonds –(1390-1400) most defensive; restoration wasundertaken by Viollet-Le-Duc 3. Chateau de Amboise Hotels De Ville – Townhalls and Municipal Halls 1. Arras 2. Bourges 3. Dreux Palais de Justice, Roven – function same as the Roman Basilica Hospitals – also known as “Maisons-Dieu”, usually attached to monasteries. 1. Hotel Dieu, Beaune Houses – first known as “castle”, earlier called chateux”, later called “private house”, townhouses and now called “hotels” GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN GERMANY 12TH – 16TH CENTURYARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Characteristic Features 1. General use of bricks for Gothic structure 2. Hall Church – where the nave and the aisle are approximately of the same levelresulting from the absence of the triforium and clerestory 3. Presence of single western apse in place of wide western doorways Examples of German Gothic Cathedrals 1. Cologne Cathedral – largest Gothic Church of Northern Europe coveringapproximately an area of 91,000 sqm 2. S. Elizabeth Marburg – characteristic example of a “Hall Church” 3. Limburg Cathedral 4. Ulm Cathedral Rathaus, Regensburg - Town Halls Customs House, Nuremburg - 1498 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY 12TH – 16TH CENTURYARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Characteristic Features 1. Flatness of roof 2. Screen wall at the west façade which mask the aisle roof 3. Circular window at the west front 4. Absence of pinnacles and flying buttresses 5. Stripes of colored marbles instead of mouldings 6. Occasional fresco paintings and mosaic on panels 7. Small window without tracery 8. Projecting entrance porches with columns Examples of Italian Gothic Cathedrals 1. Milan Cathedral – by Heinrich Von Gmunden 2. Florence Cathedral – also known as Maria Del Fiore; a combination of Gothic andRenaissance style designed by Arnolfo Di Cambio 3. Campanile, Florence – built by Brunelleschi 4. Siena Cathedral – noted for its stripe marble used on walls, piers and campanile 5. Santo Croce, Florence – one of the largest cathedral in Europe by Arnolfo diCambio; known as the Italian Westminster Abbey 6. Doges Palace, Venice – designed by Giovanni and Bartolome  Florence Cathedral Santa Maria Novella Milan Cathedral GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 12TH – 16TH CENTURY A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition (1477) in castle and later in other provinces as designed to bring about national unity by first securing unity. This inquisitorial scheme resulted in the expulsion from Spain of both Jews and Moslems, thus materially weakened the Spain by their departure. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER - Influence by French and Moorish Style SPANISH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE - the style of architecture prevalent in Spain in thelate medieval period. PORTUGUESE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – the architectural style prevalent in Portugalin the Late Middle Ages. SEQUENCE OF GOTHIC STYLES IN SPAIN The designations of styles in Spanish Gothic architecture are as follows. Dates are approximate. 1. Early Gothic (twelfth century) 2. High Gothic (thirteenth century) 3. Mudejar Gothic (from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries) 4. Levantino Gothic (fourteenth century) 5. Flamboyant/Late Gothic (fifteenth 6. Isabelline Gothic (fifteenth century) Characteristic Features 1. Single span vaulted interior 2. Muslim features – horseshoe arch and pier stone tracery, retablo and reredo(screen of feathers done in either stone or wood) Examples of Spanish Gothic Cathedrals 1. Seville Cathedral in Seville, Andalucia, Spain – largest medieval cathedral inEurope, second largest cathedral in the world - The Cathedral of Seville is the largest Gothic cathedral and the thirdlargest church in the world It is also known as Catedral de SantaMaría de la Sede (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) 2. Santiago De Compostela Cathedral, Spain – one of the most remarkableMedieval building in Spain, Great Pilgrimage Center 3. Barcelona Cathedral – remarkably fine, with nave vaulted in square and aisles in oblong bays, in the Italian manner, and with characteristics coro west of the crossing 4. Burgos Cathedral - An irregular plan and the most poetic of all Spanish cathedrals 5. Toledo Cathedral –(1227-1493) – The Primate Cathedral of Saint Mary ofToledo (Spanish: Catedral Primada Santa Maria de Toledo), also called Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo - a Roman Catholic cathedral in Spain, seat of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Toledo. The cathedral of Toledo is one of the three 13thcentury High Gothic cathedrals in Spain and is considered to be the pinnacle of the Gothic style in Spain. Secular Buildings 1. The La Lonja de la Seda (English: Silk Exchange; Spanish: Lonja de la Seda) inValencia is a late Valencian Gothic style civil building, built between 1482 and 1548, and one of the principal tourist attractions in the city. An example of a secular building in late Gothic style, which dramatically illustrates the power and wealth of one of the great Mediterranean mercantile cities 2. THE CASTLE OF THE LA MOTA OR CASTILLO DE LA MOTA - a reconstructed medieval fortress, located in the town of Medina del Campo, (Valladolid, Spain). It is so named because of its location on an elevated hill, amota, from where it dominates the town and surrounding land. The adjacent town came to be surrounded by an expanding series of walls in subsequent years, of which little remains. La Mota is made from local red brick, utlilizing stone only for some details. 3. PUERTA DEL SOL - a city gate of Toledo, Spain, built in the 13th century by the Knights Hospitaller. The medallion above the arch of the gate depicts the ordination of the Visigothic Ildephonsus, Toledo's patron saint. The name of the gate comes from the sun and the moon that were once painted on either side of this medallion. 4. The Puerta Serranos, Valencia 5. Palacio de la Audencial, Barcelona 6. Ducal Palace, Guadalajara GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN NETHERLANDS 12TH – 16TH CENTURY A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  The Netherlands consists of the basins and the delta lands of the Rhine, Meuse (Maas) and Scheldt, the flat low lying coastal areas and the hills of the Ardenes. Today, the area is divided between the kingdom of Belgium and the Netherlands, the latter popularly called Holland. B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Belgium has marbles, limestone, sandstone and granite. Flanders has brick materials for construction. Holland import tufa, limestone and sandstone from Germany and Belgium. They also make bricks from the clay soil, resulting in simple buildings. C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE There are great degrees of heat and cold. Grey and rainy climate gave tomany large windows in the houses and to great traceried windows in churches and town halls. D. HISTORICAL, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE Roman and Celt, Frisian, Saxon and Frank made up the pattern of rulerand ruled until, in the middle ages, the Netherlands comprised many feudal states; all owing some sort of allegiance to France. The chief cultural division was represented by the linguistic boundary: the North spoke Dutch and the South spoke French. The Netherlands became a Hapsburg domain in 1482. Charles V becameking of Spain, born at Ghent and prince of Netherlands. A movement of revolt against Spain began and by the end of the century, Protestantism Supreme in the Northern most seven provinces formed the Dutch republic and the Spain andCatholicism retained the South. Medieval architecture followed closely on the second progress of the sturdy, brave and industrious people and independent towns rivaled each other for power and in the arts. Magnificent guild houses and town halls reflect the civic pride and the prosperity of towns such as Bruges, Antwerp, Louvain, Ghent,Ypres and Courtrai. E. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERCharacteristic Features 1. Presence of numerous towers, spires, belfries and stepped gables 2. Earn-like churches which expresses simplicity in design for Gothic Church Architectural Examples of Belgian Gothic 1. Antwerp Cathedral – (1352-1411) considered to be the most impressive churchin Belgium with spires reaching 400 ft. high 2. Belfroi Bridge – belfry of 350 ft. 3. St. Gudule, Brussels – (1220-1475) This church is to be found at the Treurenberg hill on the edge between lower and upper town. Already at the beginning of the 11th century a church was situated here. In 1047 the Duke of Brabant, Lambert II, had the relics of Saint Gudula transferred from the Saint Gorik church in downtown Brussels to the new church at the Treurenberg hill. From that moment on the Saint Gudula and Saint Michael church took the leadover all the other churches in Brussels. Lambert II also gave the church a chapter of 12 canons (= priests who took care of the services and possessionsof the church). 4. Town Hall, Bruges – Bruges is a city with two town squares. The largest one isthe Market, the commercial heart of medieval Bruges. The second square is called the 'Burg'. Here was, and still is, the heart of the administrative Bruges. 5. Brussels Cloth Hall and Belfry - The Market square is dominated by the clothhall and the 83 meter high Belfry tower, one of the symbols of the city. The original cloth hall and tower date from 1240. The first tower, however, was destroyed by fire in 1280. At the time of the fire the four wings of the cloth hall  already existed, as well as the two square segments of the belfry. The present octagonal lantern was added to the tower between 1482 en 1486. The woodenspire that crowned the tower was again destroyed by fire in 1493 en 1741. 6. Castle of Muilden – 13th century located in Holland near Amsterdam, reliedlargely on water for its defence 7. Maison des Francs Bateliers – also known as the Skipper’s House at Ghent,an example of guild house 8. Town Hall, Louvain GOTHIC TERMINOLOGIES Cimborio – the Spanish term for lantern admitting light over a crossing; Central lanternCrockets – in Gothic Arch, an upward oriented ornament, often vegetal in form, regularly spaced along sloping edges of spires, pinnacles and gables Donjon / Keep / Peel – a stronghold of medieval castle; usually in the form of a massivetower. Gargoyle – a water spout projecting from the roof gutter of a building, often carved grotesquely Machicolation – an overhanging defensive structure at the top of a medieval fortification, with floor openings through boiling oil, missile, etc. which could be droppedon attackers. Portcullis – a gate of iron or iron enforced wooden bars made to slide up and down invertical grooves in the jambs of a doorway, use for defense in castle gateways. Retablo / Reredos – a wall or screen usually behind an altar, an ornamental screen orpanel, use decoratively in blank arches and vaults. Tracery – the ornamental intersecting work in the upper part of a window, screen or panel,use decoratively in blank arches and vaults. Finial – a formal ornament at the top of a canopy, gable, and pinnacle Embrasures – the crenels or intervals between merlons of a battlement Merlon – in an embattled parapet, one of the solid alternates between the embrasures Bartizan – a small turret projecting from the angle on top of a tower or parapet Battlement – a parapet with alternating indentations (embrasures) and raised portions(merlons) also called “crenellations” Bailey – an open space or a court of a stone built castle Motte – a steep mound, feature of 11th and 12th century castle Nailhead – an early English architectural enrichment consisting of small pyramidsrepeated as a band Oriel – in Medieval English Architecture, a bay window, corbelled out from the wall of anupper storey Barbican – the outer defense work of a castle or town, frequently a watch tower at thegate, an outwork defending the entrance to a castle. Balistraria – in Medieval military architecture, the crossed-shaped opening in thebattlements and elsewhere for the use of the crossbow Spire – the tapering termination of a tower Steeple – a tower crowned by a spire Epi – the spire shaped termination of a projecting point or angle of a roof Flambouyant Style – the last phase of French Gothic Architecture, characterized byflame like and free flowing traceries Peel – in Northern England and Scotland in the Middle Ages, a small emergency defense structure generally a low fortified tower Cloisters – a secluded place of covered passages around an open space, connectingthe monastic church with the domestic part of the monastery Ogivale – a term used for French Gothic Architecture Offset – the part of a wall exposed horizontally, often sloping,  CHAPTER IV MAN AND UNIVERSAL SELF: ARCHITECTURE IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD15TH - 18TH CENTURY OBJECTIVES 1. Identify the influences of Renaissance Architecture 2. Determine the different architectural examples of the Renaissance Architecture 3.Understand the architectural features of Renaissance in the buildings RENAISSANCE - Also known as “Rebirth” or “Revival” of the Roman Classical Arts - The architecture of the curve lines Florence, Italy – birth place of Renaissance Architecture SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STYLE 1. Reintroduction of the five classical Roman Orders of Architecture Standardized by Renaissance architects such as Palladio, Vignola, Scamozziand Chambers a. Doric b. Ionic c. Corinthian d. Composite e. Tuscan 2. Use of the rusticated masonry 3. Parapets are usually with balusters 4. Dome on a drum ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Dignity and Formality shown through “symmetry” PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE A. IN ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1. Early Period – Transition Period  2. High Renaissance or Proto-Baroque Period 3. Baroque Period a. Neo-Classical or Antiquarian Phase B. IN FRENCH RENAISSANCE 1. Early Period 2. Classical Period 3. Late Period C. IN GERMAN RENAISSANCE 1. Early Renaissance 2. Proto-Baroque Period 3. Baroque Period 4. Rococo Period 5. Antiquarian Period D. IN ENGLISH RENAISSANCE 1. Early Period a. Elizabethan Period b. Jacobean Period 2. Late Period a. Stuart Architecture 1. Inigo Jones Phase 2. Sir Christopher Wren’s Phase b. Georgian Architecture 1. Anglo-Palladian Phase 2. Antiquarian Phase RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY 15TH -19TH CENTURY A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Italy is divided into three centers of development: Florence – influence by Bramante Rome – central position made use of existing classical buildings. It followsold rules. Venice – influence by Andrea Palladio B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Florence – Block of stones and marbles Rome – Travertine, marble and architectural fragments Venice – Stone, marble, brick and wood C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE Florence 1. Bright and sunny – small windows 2. Structure dictated upon by climate cortile, colonnade, low pitched roof Venice – maritime position resulted in contact with other people 1. Extreme summer heat temperature by sea breeze resulted in the use ofbelvedene (deck) and balcony 2. Extreme cold season required interior eating; chimney stack shown inside Rome - Same effect D. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Florence – Religion reflected in architecture through the teaching of Savonarola,a Dominican Friar Rome – Religion, political struggle affected church development - Jesuits Order constructed preaching church and colleges - Religion tolerance reflected in variation of Architecture Venice – resisted ecclesiastical controls and maintained a semi- independence ofthe Popes E. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCEFlorence 1. Medici family was the patron of artists Brunelleschi, Michellozzo, Lippi, Donatello, Massaccio 2. Community rivalry resulted in fortification Rome 1. Roman government – more stable therefore, minimizing castleeffect 2. Eminent artist exerted their personalities on buildings 3. Printing press and architectural school were responsible forpropagation of Renaissance throughout Europe Venice 1. National prosperity accumulated from successful training (reflected in magnificent palace) F. HISTORICAL INFLUENCE Great inventions contributed to the general upheaval of this period; 1. Gunpowder – changed the character of warfare 2. Mariner’s compass – led to the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by Diaz in 1487 and of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 3. Printing by movable types – contributed greatly to the circulation of ideas, and underlay the rapid expansion of humanist studies, vernacular literatureand from 1520, the protestant reformation - Petrarch (1303-1374) was the first great literary figure among thehumanists. - Among the Greek and Roman literature brought to light was the “Treatiseon Architecture” by Vitruvius that was first issued at Rome in 1486 and translated into Italian in 1521. G. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Three Main Parts of Renaissance in Italy 1. Early Period – Transition Period from Gothic - 15th century ; famousarchitect is Filippo Brunelleschi 2. High Renaissance or Proto-Baroque Period – mannerist phase - 16th century; famous architect is Bartolomeo Ammanati 3. Baroque Period – Neo-Classical or Antiquarian Phase - 17th and early18th century; best known architect is Bartolome Bianco Baroque – Referred to as the architecture of curve line; also covers interior decoration Characteristic Features 1. Columns and twisted shafts 2. Curved and broken pediment 3. Huge wavy scroll Antiquarian – The phase in Western European Renaissance Architecture, 1750- 1830,when renewed inspiration was sought from Ancient Greek and Roman Architecture Mannerists – A term coined to describe the characteristics of the output of ItalianRenaissance Architects of the period 1530-1600. This is characterized by unconventional use of classical elements - A period wherein designs were conceived in a non-Roman way ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS Florence 1. Filipo Brunelleschi (1377-1448) – famous architect in the Early Renaissance ofFlorence Dome of Florence Cathedral – 138 ½ feet diameter raised on drum, with circular windows for interior lighting, inner and outer shell construction withpanels of brick done without centering San Lorenzo, Florence – Basilican plan, Corinthian column and entablature in thenave arcade San Spiritu, Florence – Originally Basilican later converted into Latin cross by addition of wide transepts Palazzo Pitti, Florence – second largest palace in Italy, symmetrically planned,central cortile by Amanati, façade of astylar treatment Palazzo Quaratesi, Florence – Rusticated walls and windows with central shaftand sub-arches recalling Gothic tracery 2. Alberti (1404-1472) Palazzo Rucellai, Florence – first Renaissance building with superimposedpilasters, façade lack dignity due to emission of crowning cornice San Andres, Mantua – prototype of many Renaissance churches, entranceportico patterned after Roman Triumphal Arch 3. Michelozzo (1407-1473) Palazzo Riccardi – best known work of Michelozzo, plan has a cortile with grand stair leading to the piano nobile, exterior of astylar style, effective use of graduated rustication, semi-circular arches enclosing pedimented windows, plainashlar masonry for upper storey, bold cornice 4. Il Cronaco (1454-1508) Palazzo Strozzi, Florence – begun by da Majano, completed by Cronaco, mainfeature central cortile with arches, stairs, rusticated front, individual string courses for each floor level. 5. Filarete – (1396-1465) Sculptor – Architecture Ospidale, Magiore, Milan – municipal hospital with façade facing central cortileof delicate transitional details, North façade by Bramante, continued by Solari, completed by Ricchini 6. Borgogne – (1455-1524) Certoza, Pavia – façade by Borgogne was an addition to an existing Gothic building, therefore sized with Classic elements 7. Alessi – (1500 – 1572) Pupil of Michaelangelo Palazzo Sauili, Genoa – brick faced with stucco, famous for its vestibules, court,yards, stair flights, terraces and hanging gardens 8. Lurago – follower of Alessi Palazzo Municipio, Genoa – entrance leads into vestibule and cortile with pianonobile beyond. Wider façade due to added loggia. 9. Bartolommeo Bianco Palazzo Marcello - Durazzo ROME 1. Bramante – (1444-1514) Palazzo Della Cancelleria, Rome – Done in conjunction with church of San Lorenzo in Damasco, cortile with two storey arcades, good proportion, projectedand bay treatment. Tempietto in San Pietro, Montario, Rome – Perfect structure done in circulartemple design. Interior of Doric peristyle, drum pierced by windows and shell beaded niches. 2. Baldassare Peruzzi (1481- 1536) Palazzo Pietro Massimi, Rome Villa Parnesina, Rome 3. Antonio da Sangallo, the younger (1485-1586) Palazzo Farnese, Rome – the grandest palace of the period. Rectangular plan composed of main entrance, vestibule, side colonnades, arcaded collonandes, cortile, piano nobile with staircase, apartments, garden, loggia 4. Raphael (1483-1520) – painter, nephew and pupil of Bramante Palazzo Pandolfini, Florence – illusion of strength attained by setting off angle rustification from plain ashlar wall. Feature is Florentine cornice in the triangularand segmental pediments. 5. Guilo Romano – (1492-1546) pupil of Raphael Palazzo Del Te, Mantua – quadrangular plan composed of large salons, central court, vegetable garden 6. Giacomo Barozzi Da Vignola – (1507-1573) Villa of Pope Julius, Rome – straight frontage, semi-circular cortile, formal garden, sunken grotto, summer rooms and fountain court  Palazzo Farnese, Coprarale – plan rectangular pentagon with circular internalcourt Cesu Church, Rome – nave with side chapels instead of aisles. Façade center of superimposed orders while aisle roof represented by large scroll brackets 7. Michaelangelo (1474-1564) Sculptor, painter, architect The Capitol, Rome – composed of three buildings such as Palazzo dei Conservatori, Palazzo del Senatore and Capitalline Museum which became hismost successful civic works 8. Domencio Fontana – (1543-1607) Palazzo del Laterano, Rome 9. Carlo Maderna – (1556 – 1629) Palazzo Barberini – 10. Giovanni Bernini (1589-1680) Baroque architectColonnaded Piazza of St. Peter’s Cathedral VENICE 1. Andrea Palladio - (1518-1580) Greatest Renaissance Architect Basilica at Vicenzo – introduction of so called Palladian Motif (special groupingand combination of columns and arcades Villa Capra, Vicenza – also known as the Rotunda San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice – cruciform plan with special transepts, pedimented façade dome turrets, campanilt 2. Pietro Lombardo – (1435-1515)Palazzo Vendramini, Venice S. Maria dei Miracoli, Venice – aisleless nave and choir located over sacristy;marble facing on all walls 3. Jacopo Sansovino (1486-1570) Library of St. Mark, VenicePalazzo Corner della Ca’Grande, Venice 4. Sanichelli – (1484-1559) – designer of new fortifications Palazzo Grimane, Venice Palazzo Pompeii, Verona Palazzo Bevilaqua 5. Fra Giacondo (1435-1515) – associated with SanichelliPalazzo Del Consiglo, Verona 6. Longhena (1604-1675) – Roman architect with main practice in Venice S. Maria della Salute, Venice ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES 1. Churches St. Peter Basilica – most important building in Italian Renaissance; largest church in theworld Famous Architects and Builders of St. Peter Basilica a. Donato Bramante – the first Roman Renaissance Architect,designed the original plan (Greek Cross) b. Guiliano da Sangallo – continued the works left by Bramante whodied at the early stage of construction c. Fra Giacondo d. Raphael (Rafaello Sanzio) – proposed a Latin Cross Plan e. Baldassare Peruzzi – changed the plan of Raphael back to theGreek Cross Plan f. Antonio da Sangallo – younger brother of Guiliano, altered the planof Peruzzi - designed the extension of the lofty campanile and elaboratedCentral Dome g. Michaelangelo Buonarrotti – introduced again the Greek CrossPlan and strengthened the piers of the dome - redesign the surroundings - commenced the construction of the Greek Dome h. Giacomo della Porta i. Domenico Fontana – supervised the completion of the central domeof Michaelangelo j. Giacomo Barrozi da Vignola – added only side domes / copulas k. Carlo Maderna – lengthened the nave to form a Latin Cross andadded a gigantic façade l. Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini – designed the entrance Piazza with 284Ionic Columns and the Tuscan collonade Medici Chapel, Florence - by Michaelangelo Buonarrotti S. Lorenzo, Florence – by Filippo Brunelleschi, the famous architect in Florence S. Maria della Cancelleria, Rome – by Donato Bramante, the famous architectin Rome  Basilica Vicenza, Venice – by Andrea Palladio, the famous architect in Venice 2. Palaces – also termed as “Palais” Characteristics of Palaces a. Absence of pilasters b. Boldly projecting cornice c. Column arcades Vatican Palace, Rome – the largest palace in Italy by Donato Bramante Palazzo Ricardi, Florence - by Michelozzo Michellozzi Palazzo Farnese, Rome – grandest palace of the period by Sangallo; Top storeyadded by Michaelangelo Bounarrotti Palazzo Pitti, Florence – second largest palace in Italy by Fillipo Bruneleschi TERMINOLOGIES Rustication – a method of forming stone work with roughened surface and recessedjoints Cortile – Italian name for internal court surrounded by an arcade Astylar – a treatment of façade without column Piano Nobile – several steps going up and three steps going down before the principalflooring of an Italian palace Pietra Serena – a blue grey stone of fine quality Pietra Forte – a brown stone more suitable of fine quality Cantoria – a singer’s gallery or “choir”  RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE 15TH - 19TH CENTURY A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE - French Renaissance was delayed for 25 years - Since Gothic and Romanesque commute, France was united a singlekingdom - Paris became the center; also known as the city of stones, fashion, arts andliterature B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Basic material – stone Basic material in London – brick; making London as the city of bricksBasic material in Rome – marble C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE Condition demand large windows, high pitched roof and chimneys D. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE - Reformation has little effect on France - War between Huganots and cathedral arrested church design - Major influence was asserted by the Jesuit Orders E. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE - Paris attained pre-eminence in art and literature - Valley of the Loire made famous by the many chateaux - Visiting Italians influenced French design such as Leonardo Da Vinci,Serglio, Vignola, Primaticcio, Cortona - Architecture was set back due to Franco Prussian war and the civil war. - after civil war building, reflected the New Society (hotel, commercial buildingand apartment – chateaux) F. HISTORICAL INFLUENCE - Major factor in building the French empire was the exposure on English - Contact with other nation through invasion and royal marriage that resultedto interchanging of arts, culture, and harmonious relation with one another G. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERPeriods of Development 1. Early Period (1461-1589) or Transition Period - Combination of Gothic and Renaissance feature (use of classicornament on Gothic structure - Principal buildings were castle complete with garden, court, majesticentourage, moat and protective walls - Gothic influence was still pronounced: verticality and picturesque - Personalities a. Jean Gaijon b. Philbert de L’Ombe  c. Jean Baillant 2. Classical Period (1589-1715) - Remarkable artistic ability due to the free use of order. They breakthe rule on order - Interior with many decorations such as scrolls, nymphs, shell,wreath, cupids, etc. - Mass produce ornament made possible by the use of stucco andpaper mache or paper bonded with plaster of paris - Considered as the Great Age in France because many buildingswere constructed in this period - Personalities a. Solomon de Brojxe – Palais Du Luxembourg b. Francois Derani – architect of the Jesuits3. Late Period (1715-1793) - Characterized by the use of Baroque style brought by the JesuitOrder like Filarete, balustria, Rococo – Louis XIX - Movement is best seen in planning and in garden design (elaborategarden complete with pedestal) – interior going out - Town planning started in the City of Nancyne - Personalities a. Jacques Jules Gabriel b. Juste Aurele Meissonier – famous for hisEccentric Style (Rococo) - Three stylistic phases may be distinguished a. sovereign Louis XV b. sovereign Louis XVI c. Empire – 1790-1830 Rococo Design – extreme forms of architecture in baroque which wasdeveloped in France 4. Antiquarian - Characterized by the use of ancient classical style ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES Secular Architecture 1. Chateau or Chateaux – castle, residence for noble families e.g. Chateau de Blois – (AD 1508) for Louis XII by Francis I and FrancoisMansard and completed three centuries later by Caston D’Orleans - Façade window was panelled instead of moulded mullion - Famous for its spiral staircase which is enclosed in an open tower Chateau de Bury - (AD 1520) consist of a large square court frontedby a screen wall - typical French chateau Chateau de Chambord – A semi-fortified chateau; the famous in the Loire District designed by Pierre L’ Nepvan / Domenico de Cortuna Chateau de Maisons – designed by Francoi Mansard on a symmetricalH-plan with central entrance and twin oval shaped side vestibule Chateau d’Azay, Rideu – built on an island 2. Palais – palace e.g. Palais de Fontainebleau – designed by Le Breton on a former convent siteand considered as the favorite residence of Francis I Palais de Versailles – designed successively by Le Van, Jules mansardand Gabriel and the magnificent formal garden by Le Notre Palais de Louvre, Paris – construction covered 132 years and shows the complete stages of French Renaissance development - one of the most imposing palaces in Europe covering an area of 45 acres