History of Western European Architecture (PDF)

maia ZiZiguri dasavleT evropis arqiteqturis istoria romanuli epoqidan XIX saukunis dasawyisamde `teqnikuri universiteti~  saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti maia ZiZiguri dasavleT evropis arqiteqturis istoria romanuli epoqidan XIX saukunis...

maia ZiZiguri dasavleT evropis arqiteqturis istoria romanuli epoqidan XIX saukunis dasawyisamde `teqnikuri universiteti~  saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti maia ZiZiguri dasavleT evropis arqiteqturis istoria romanuli epoqidan XIX saukunis dasawyisamde damtkicebulia saxelmZRvanelod saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier. 28.04.2015, oqmi #1 Tbilisi 2016  uak 72.03 saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia dasavleT evropis arqiteqturis isto- ria XI saukunidan XIX saukunis pirveli aTwleulis CaTvliT, daxasi- aTebulia aRniSnul periodSi arqiteqturisa da qalaqTmSeneblobis Tavise- burebani, warmodgenilia im calkeul xuroTmoZRvarTa Semoqmedeba, romleb- mac TavianTi moRvaweobiT gansazRvres maSindeli arqiteqturis xasiaTi da gavlena iqonies mis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis da sxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis arqiteqturis fakultetis bakalavriatis studentebisTvis. recenzentebi: ilias saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, arqiteqtori guram yifiani, g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnuli centri, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori mariana oklei © sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2016 ISBN 978-9941-20-644-3 (PDF) http://www.gtu.ge yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawilis (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) gamoyeneba aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri) ar SeiZleba gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.  Sesavali socialur-politikuri cvlilebebis fonze ganxilulia stilisturi saxecvlilebebi arqiteqturaSi, rac axasiaTebda dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebs Sua saukuneebidan, kerZod XI saukunidan XIX saukunis pirveli aTwleulis CaTvliT. Aamdenad, wignSi Tanamimdevruladaa warmodgenili drois calkeuli monakveTebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stili: romanika, goTika, renesansi, baroko, klasicizmi, ampiri. mocemulia sailustracio masala, romelic Temebis Sesabamisad mihyveba teqsts. saxelmZRvanelo iwyeba romanuli periodis zogadi daxasiaTebiT – istoriuli winapirobebis da socialur-politikuri mdgomareobis ganxilviT, rasac mosdevs sxvadasxva lokalizaciis calkeuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis (ZiriTadad sakulto nagebobebis) arqiteqturuli, konstruqciuli da mxatvruli Taviseburebebis daxasiaTeba. Gganxilulia safrangeTis, germaniis, normandia_inglisis, italiis romanuli periodis taZrebis arqiteqtura. Semdeg ganxilulia is novaciebi, rac goTikur arqiteqturaSi dainerga konstruqciuli da, Sesabamisad, arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT, aseve saxviTi xelovnebis mniSvneloba calkeuli Zeglebis arqiteqturul- mxatvruli saxis CamoyalibebaSi. warmodgenilia adreuli, maRali da alisebri goTikis gansxvavebuli arqiteqturul-mxatvruli niSan-Tvisebebi goTikis samSoblos – safrangeTis Sesabamisi periodis Zeglebis magaliTze. Tavi dasrulebulia safrangeTs gareT (inglisSi, germaniaSi, italiaSi) goTikuri Zeglebis daxasiaTebiT. momdevno Tavi eTmoba renesanss da barokos italiaSi. adreuli, maRali, gviani renesansi da baroko ganxilulia Sesabamisi periodis calkeuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Semoqmedebis, qalaqTgegmarebiTi samuSaoebis Taviseburebebis da mniSvnelovani ansamblebis Tu Zeglebis magaliTze, rasac fonad gasdevs socialur-politikuri garemoebis gavlena TiToeuli zemoaRniSnuli periodis arqiteqturul-mxatvrul formirebaze. AarqiteqturasTan da qalaqTmSeneblobasTan erTad ganxilulia maTTan integrirebuli saxviTi xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, romlebic calkeuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis, Tu ansamblebis mxatvrul saxes qmnis. 3 B bolos saubaria klasicizmze safrangeTsa da safrangeTs gareT. am TavSi warmodgenilia XVII_XVIII saukuneebis absolutizmis safrangeTis klasicizmis arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, qalaqTnSebebloba, ansamblebi parizSi da mis gareT, ganxilulia rokokos Taviseburebani, XIX s. imperiis stili “ampiri” da bolos klasicizmis warmomadgenelTa Semoqmedeba safrangeTs gareT – inglissa da germaniaSi. saxelmZRvanelo pasuxobs saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis arqiteqturis, urbanistikis da dizainis fakultetis saswavlo programis moTxovnebs, romlis farglebSic ikiTxeba Sesabamisi sagani bakalavriatis safexurze. 4  romanuli periodi zogadi daxasiaTeba XIs. Sua wlebidan evropis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi daiwyo. warsuli periodi barbarosTa gadaadgilebiT gamowveuli areulobebiT xasiaTdeboda. Semdgom moxda maTi dasaxlebebad gaerTianeba da sabolood iseT `imperiebad~ gadaqceva, rogoric iyo karolingTa Tu otonTa `imperiebi~, romelTac TavianTi sulieri Tu politikuri fesvebi ჰქონდა romis imperiis wiaRSi. laTinuri kultura da tradiciebi kvlav SenarCunebuli iyo da maT pativsac scemdnen, Tumca Sua saukuneebis adamianebi ar iyvnen retrospeqtulebi. isini cdilobdnen axleburad azrovnebas da ganviTarebis axal mimarTulebebs eZebdnen. karolingTa saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg, roca otonTa memkvidreebma italiasa da germanul sagrafoebTan kavSiris SezRudva daiwyes, didma Tu mcire feodalurma politikurma erTeulebma Zvel frankTa da saqsonTa `imperiebis~ SigniT Tu gareT sakuTari interesebi wamoswies win da ganviTarebis sakuTar gzas daadgnen. qristianuli eklesia da feodalizmi maT Tanamimdevrulobas ganapirobebda. Tu raime saerTo hqondaT barbarosTa STamomavlebs, yvelaze metad es iyo qristianoba da feodalizmi, romelic Tavisi sawyisebiT barbarosul wes-Cveulebebsa da gvian romaul instituciebSic stabilurobas icavda, magram es centralur xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi iyo antagonisturi, lokaluri xasiaTis stabiluroba. arsebiTad feodalizmi iyo ekonomikuri sistema, romelsac Tan sdevda adamianTa Soris rTuli urTierTobebi, valdebulebebi, miwis sakuTrebaze damyarebuli samsaxuri: magaliTad, zogi flobda miwis nakveTs, romlis safasurs xSirad samxedro samsaxuriT ixdida. feodaluri valdebulebebi gansazRvravda ierarqias zemodan qvemoT, batonidan vasalamde, sazogadoebis ufro dabal socialur fenamde, ymamde, romelic miwas iyo mijaWvuli da usityvod emorCileboda batons. batonebi Tu didebulebi ymebs sxvadasxva gziT isakuTrebdnen _ erTmaneTisagan an mefisagan. bevri imdenad did miwaTmflobelad iqca, rom mefis winaSe valdebulebebsac ki ignorirebas ukeTebda. maTi ZiriTadi dro gauTavebel omebSi gadioda axali miwebis mosapoveblad an arsebulis dasacavad. kedlebiTa da TxrilebiT garSemortymuli cixesimagreebi da sasaxleebi maTi Zlierebis simbolo iyo. amJamad evropis qveynebSi mimofantul cixesimagreTa nangrevebi mnaxvelebs im droSi abrunebs, roca xelisufleba iyo personaluri da absoluturi. romanuli periodis baroni Tu raindi, germaneli gmiris heroikuli tradiciisamebr iyo Tavdadebuli, gamomwvevi da amayi. miuxedavad amisa, qristianobidan gamomdinare, ar axasiaTebda adreul saqsonTa da normanTa barbarosuli fatalizmi da mxolod brZolaSi gamarjvebis pativze ar ocnebobda. misi mTavari mizani iyo maradisoba samoTxeSi. es iyo 5 aristokratiuli, msxvili memamuleebis uryevi mrwamsi, maTi fiziologiuri mdgomareoba. swored maT daudes saTave jvarosnobas da SeinarCunes feodaluri sistema. monasticizmi, romelmac piks feodalizmTan erTad miaRwia, uzrunvelyofda samyarodan gancalkevebas, sulis gadarCenis gardauvalobas da ganaTlebis miRebis saSualebas. monasticizmis istoria adre Sua saukuneebSi daiwyo. arsebiTad es iyo reformaTa ganviTarebis rigi. monastrebi izrdeboda da Zlierdeboda, ramdenadac monasticizmi sulis gadarCenis, xsnis garantias iZleoda. reformebi daedo saTaved axali ordenebis Camoyalibebas. ori didi romanuli ordeni _ klunisa da cistercianTa iyo. pirveli, romelic gansakuTrebiT mfarvelobda xelovnebas, adreul Xs. daarsda da mTavari saabato kluniSi hqonda. otonel imperatorTa mxardaWeriT waxalisebuli, is mxolod romis paps emorCileboda. evropis teritoriaze klunis ordenis uamravi monasteri Camoyalibda, romelic feodalizmis decentralizaciis tendenciisagan gansxvavebiT mkacrad centralizebuli iyo. klunis reformam, romelic emyareboda wm. benediqtes principebis liberalur interpretacias, gavlena moaxdina inteleqtualur saqmianobaze, musikis swavlebasa da xelovnebis sxva dargebis ganviTarebaze. klunis ordenis Zlierebam da didma resursebma cistercianuli ordenis aRmocenebas Seuwyo xeli, romelic aseve swrafad aRzevda. es axali reforma aqcents akeTebda fizikuri Sromis Rirsebasa da yovelgvari adamianuri fufunebis uaryofaze. amdenad, monasticizmisa da feodalizmis gamarjvebis safuZvelze sazogadoebis feodaluri ganlageba, mkacrad gansazRvrul separatistul klasebad dayofa religiurad sanqcirebuli gaxda. amgvari erTianobis miuxedavad konfliqti mainc arsebobda papebsa da feodalur principebs Soris ara imis gamo samarTliani iyo Tu ara feodaluri sistema, aramed erTi sakiTxis garSemo _ vin iyo umaRlesi xelisufali. momlocvel xalxTa (piligrimebis) dausrulebeli gadaadgileba wminda adgilebSi da jvarosnuli laSqrobebi (pirveli ori swored am periodSi ganxorcielda) aTasobiT adamianis svlas iwvevda dasavleT evropidan wminda miwisaken. piligrimoba (salocavad siaruli) Sua saukuneebis qristianobis damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo. Soreul wminda adgilebSi mogzauroba, sadac pativiT iyo daculi wmindanis nawilebi, Cveulebriv, monaniebis aqtad miiCneoda, razec momlocvelis xsna iyo damokidebuli. romis gareT, dasavleTiT, kerZod espaneTSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wminda adgili santiago de kompostela iyo. im mSfoTvare periodSi, roca mogzauroba ukiduresad saxifaTo iyo, es iyo erTgvari movaleobac da imedic aTasobiT momlocvelisTvis. jvarosnoba SeiZleba iTqvas, iyo piligrimTa samxedro eqspansia. momlocvelebi da jvarosnebi dakavSirebuli iyvnen saerTo aRTqmiT da ara marto codvebis mitevebas da maradisobis mopovebas imedovnebdnen, aramed adidebdnen RmerTs da eklesiis Zalauflebas afarToebdnen. swored jvarosanTa laSqrobebis Sedegi iyo eklesiis, 6 rogorc xalxis winamZRolis dafuZneba da axlo aRmosavleTis savaWro centrebTan saqmiani urTierTobebis ganaxleba. wminda miwaze pizis gemebs mihyavdaT jvarosanTa baronebi da ukan maT Zvlebs abrunebdnen. pizelebi ayvavdnen iseve, rogorc im qalaqebis burgerebi, romelTac jvarosnebi ukan tovebdnen da romelTac Tavisuflebis qartiebs aZlevdnen laSqrobebis dafinansebis sanacvlod. Aamgvarad, jvarosnebi qmnidnen damoukideblobis qvedinebebs: qalaqebi iRebdnen qartiebs da vaWrebisa da xelosnebis saSualo klasi imdenad izrdeboda, rom feodalisa da didi monastrebis Zalauflebas qeds aRar uxrida. qalaqebis mzardi kultura cocxlad iTvisebda axal impulsebs sazRvrebs garedan. komerciuli gzebiT, romlebic xSirad ideebis arteriebi xdeboda, evropaSi axali ganaTleba Sedioda. iseTi destruqciuli Zala, rogoric jvarosnebi iyvnen, axleburad Wvretda berZnul mecnierebas da filosofias islamTan kontaqtis meSveobiT, romelmac gacilebiT adre moaxdina berZnuli kulturis asimilireba. saukunis ganmavlobaSi karolingTa da otonTa SedarebiT SezRuduli codnaUDgafarTovda. swored codnis am maragisU Sedegi iyo renesansis aRmafrena, sanam XVI saukuneSi ar dadga arCevanis dro warmarTul da qristianul warsuls Soris. am `aRmoCenili~ samyaros konteqstSiLunikalur, Tumca saSineli warsuliT daCrdilul XI_XIIss. xelovnebas romanuli ewoda. es termini pirvelad XIX saukuneSi gamoiyenes, radgan miiCnies, rom aRniSnuli periodis Senobebi naxevarwriuli TaRebiT, mZime kedlebiT waagavdnen antikuri romis Senobebs, swored ise, rogorc romanuli ena _ laTinurs. Tumca romanuli stili ganviTarebis ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva provinciaSi sakmaod gansxvavdeboda. amJamad arqiteqturis istorikosebi romanul arqiteqturas ganixilaven, rogorc erTian, dasrulebul stils da ara, rogorc goTikis arasrulyofil winamorbeds. tuluzis sent sernenis taZari im ZiriTadi Tvisebebis matarebelia, rac romanul Senobebs axasiaTebs: masiuri garegnoba, martivi geometriuli FOformebi _ paralelepipedebi, kubebi, cilindrebi, naxevarcilindrebi. mTavari moculobebi Semofarglulia sayrdeni boZebiT da svetebiT. eqsterieris kedlebis saxe, romelic otonTa periodSi sada da `mourTavi~ iyo, axla interieris struqturul organizacias Seesatyviseba. gamococxlebuli, adre usaxuri kedlebis zedapirebi moaswavebda goTikuri arqiteqturis struqturul naxevargamWvirvalobas, `aJurulobas~. religiuri Tu komerciuli miznebiT xalxis mogzaurobis axalma saWiroebam Tu moTxovnam axali arqiteqtura Seqmna. samSeneblo gaqaneba, rac Sua saukuneebis akviatebad iqca, kargad SeniSna XIs. berma raul glaberma, romelic werda: `mTel msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT italiasa da galiaSi bazilikebis ganaxleba mimdinareobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi udidesi raodenoba kargad iyo dafuZnebuli, TiToeuli qristiani cdilobda kidev ufro didebuli taZari aRemarTa, Tumca amis aucilebloba ar iyo. TiTqos mTelma dedamiwam yvelaferi Zveli moiSora da eklesiaTa TeTri mantiiT Seimosa~.ABglabers ar aRuniSnavs, rom am 7 samSeneblo `bumis~ erT-erTi mizezi XIs-Si SesaZlebelia yofiliyo RmerTisadmi madlobis Sewirva imis gamo, rom mileniumma (1000w.) ar moitana samyaros dasasruli, risi SiSic arsebobda. didi samSeneblo gaqaneba gamoiwvia Заara marto momlocvelobam, jvarosnobam an qalaqebis zrdam, aramed Crdiloel barbarosTa mier ganadgurebuli Senobebis aRdgenis aucileblobam. arqiteqtorebis mTavari problema iyo iseTi nagebobebis Seqmna, romelTac bevri adamianis SekrebisaTvis Sesabamisi sivrce eqneboda (gamomdinare daniSnulebidan). amasTan, Senoba unda yofiliyo soliduri, cecxlgamZle, kargad ganaTebuli da saTanado akustikiT uzrunvelyofili. mSeneblebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo cecxlgamZle Senobebis ageba, radgan winaromanul epoqaSi xissaxuraviani Senobebi xSirad nadgurdeboda xanZris gamo. Aamdenad, axali taZrebi unda gadaxuruliyo qvis masaliT, rac romanuli arqiteqturis konstruqciebis Seqmnis winapiroba gaxda. langedoki _ burgundia sent sernenis taZari tuluzaSi, safrangeTi sent serneni langedokis umniSvnelovanesi Zegli da dRemde moRweuli romanuli arqiteqturis udidesi nagebobaa safrangeTSi. is erT-erTi im mosalocav taZarTagania, romelic e.w. kluniur-burgundiul xasiaTSia agebuli. nageboba gadaxurulia qvis naxevarcilindruli da jvrisebri kamarebiT, romelTa Tavze xisqanobiani saxuravia mowyobili.Aamgvari eklesiebi samxreT safrangeTSi dominirebda da Crdilo-dasavleT espaneTis santiago de kompostelas taZrisken mosalocav gzaze arsebul msgavs nagebobebs mWidrod enaTesaveboda. XIs. Bbolo meoTxedSi dawyebuli vardisferi aguriTa da TeTri qviT nagebi sent sernenis taZari xuTnaviani bazilikaa ganviTarebuli transeptiTa da qorediT. Mmisi gegma regularuli xasiaTisaa. gegmaSi laTinuri jvris formis taZris Suajvaredi, romelic masiuri pilonebiTaa flankirebuli da mZime TaRebiTaa Semofargluli, Senobis sxeulis moduls warmoadgens. Mmag., Sua navis TiToeuli ujredi Suajvaredis naxevaria, xolo gverdiTa navebisa _ meoTxedi da a. S. aseTi dagegmarebis sqema pirvelad karolingur 8 arqiteqturaSi iqna gamoyenebuli, Tumca sent sernenSi is gacilebiT maRal doneze da daxvewilad aris realizebuli. dagegmarebis naTeli geometriuloba srulad isaxeba navebs Soris kedlebSi. isini artikulirebulia TiToeuli ujredis kuTxidan amozrdili naxevarsvetebiT, romlebic Sua navis naxevarcilindrul kamaraze agrZeleben `svlas~ da kamarovan zedapirze ritmul TaRebs qmnian. Aamdenad, Sua navis kamara TiTqos gamagrebulia TaRebiT, romlebic TavianTi mSvidi da amave dros didebuli ritmiT Tanabrad anawevreben Siga sivrces Sesasvlelidan afsidebis mimarTulebiT. Oormagi gverdiTa navebi jvruli kamarebiTaa gadaxuruli, xolo galereebi, romlebic Sua navisken farTo da daxvewili triforiumebiTaa mimarTuli _ naxevarcilindruli kamarebiT. Ggalereebi mTel Senobas akravs gars transeptisa da qoredis CaTvliT. Sua navis cilindruli kamaridan ganmbjeni Zala gverdiTa navebis Tavze mowyobili kamarebis meSveobiT gare sqel kedlebs gadaecema. aseTi kostruqciuli sistema warmatebulia taZris zemoaRwerili sivrcobrivi gadawyvetisTvis, Tumca erTi nakli aqvs _ is Sua navis uSualo ganaTebis saSualebasaa moklebuli. kamarovani konstruqciis imgvarad ganviTareba, rom Senoba SuqiT yofiliyo uzrunvelyofili, romanuli arqiteqturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom sent sernenis interieri naxevrad bnelia (mxolod qoredia uxvad ganaTebuli), rac samxreT safrangeTis taZrebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, is iseTive didebul STabeWdilebas tovebs, rogorc taZris eqsterieri. Eeklesiis aRmosavleTi nawili mkveTrad danawevrebuli moculobebiT piramidul iarusebadaa warmodgenili, ise, rogorc es mosalocavi eklesiebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. Suajvaredze aRmarTuli rvawaxnaga koSki XIIIs-Si Aaigo, xolo Spili _ XVs-Si. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleTi fasadi daumTavrebelia, ZiriTadi masebis gawonasworebiT, SesaniSnavi dekoriT, didebuli masStabiT taZari saocrad harmoniul, erTian STabeWdilebas tovebs. 9  germania_lombardia Speieris taZari Kkamarovani sistemis progresi yvelaze kargad Cans Ggermania_lombardiis da normandia_inglisis regionebSi. Speieris taZari germaniaSi 1030 w. aigo xissaxuraviani struqturiT. 1082_1106 ww. imperator henri IV-is dros taZari gadaxures jvrisebri kamarebiT. SesaZlebelia es iyo yvelaze adreuli romanuli taZari evropaSi, romelic mTlianad kamarebiTaa gadaxuruli. misi eqsterieri otonuri tradiciisamebr aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi nawilebis dabalansebuli koSkebiTaa gansazRvruli, rasac kedlis damuSavebis Taviseburi xasiaTi emateba. Bbevri dekoratiuli elementi, rogoricaa TaRovani galerea frontonis qveS, TaRedi saxuravisa da koSkebis fuZeebze frizis qveS lombardiuli xasiaTisaa. centralurTan SedarebiT, gverdiTi navebis Mmcire malebis jvrisebri kamarebiT gadaxurvis gamocdileba lombardiis arqiteqturaSi mTeli adre Sua saukuneebis ganmalobaSi arsebobda. Tumca Sua navis didi malis jvrisebri kamariT gadaxurva, savaraudod, germaneli mSeneblebis aRmoCena unda iyos, rac im droisTvis kamarovani gadaxurvis yvelaze warmatebuli da gabeduli interpretacia iyo. Ggegma gviCenebs, rom dasavleTi afsida da otonuri periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gverdiTa Sesasvlelebi uaryofil iqna, Sesasvlelma isev gadainacvla dasavleT mxares da sakurTxevlisken mimarTuli saprocesio RerZi aRdga. Ooqtagonuri gumbaTiT gadaxuruli Suajvaredi taZris aRmosavleTi nawilisTvis aSkarad moduls warmoadgens. ramdenadac Sua navis ujredebi kvadratuli ar aris, misi, rogorc erTeulis, daniSnuleba aSkarad ar Cans. Tumca faqtiurad navis sigrZe TiTqmis oTxjer aRemateba Suajvareds, yoveli mesame burji Suajvaredis tol sivrces moniSnavs navSi. gverdiTa navebi Sua navis siganis naxevaria. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom gegmas garkveuli iregularulobac axasiaTebs da ar aris iseTi mkafio, rogoric sent sernenisa, misi geometriuli sqematizmi mainc sakmaod naTelia. Kise Cans, TiTqos kamarebis sayrdenTa 10 sistema ar Seesebameba gegmis geometriul sinamdviles. Ees albaT imiT aris gamowveuli, rom agebis droidan (1030w.) nagebobas xis gadaxurva hqonda da kedlebi artikulirebuli iyo erTnairi svetebiT, romlebic aRmarTuli iyo sarkmlebis moCarCoebisTvis. malebSorisi sayrdeni sistema 1080-ian wlebSi aigo (roca Senoba kamarebiT gadaixura) farTo kamarebis kuTxeebis gasaZliereblad da kamaris gadakveTaze aziduli TaRebis sayrdenebis uzrunvelsayofad. Yyovel meore sayrdens uWiravs kamara, romlis mali Suajvaredis sigrZis erTi mesamedia. Suajvaredis gumbaTqveSa pilonebi gacilebiT msxvilia navis sayrdenebTan SedarebiT. Eamgvari gadawyveta konstruqciulad ufro saimedo iyo. sabolood SemoTavazebulia sqema, sadac centraluri navis TiToeuli ujredi gverdiTa navis ori ujrediTaa flankirebuli. Ees sqema TiTqmis standartad iqca CrdiloeT romanul arqiteqturaSi. Speieris taZris interierSi iseTive miswrafebaa simaRlisken, iseTive dayofa ujredebad, rogorc sent sernenSi, magram monacvleobiTi sayrdeni sistemis xarisxi, navis ritmi odnav ufro rTulia da ufro mdidrulic, vidre sent sernenSi. ramdenadac SpeierSi TiToeuli danayofi (ujredi) individualuradaa kamariT gadaxuruli, navis sivrceSi mis mTel sigrZeze vertikaluri blokebis ritmuli svla gacilebiT damajerebelia. germanuli arqiteqturis dideba XIs-isa da XIIs-is dasawyisis miRwevebzeE SeCerda. XII saukunis Suawlebidan arqiteqturaSi mniSvnelovani winsvla aRar momxdara. Speieris arqiteqturuli gamocdileba vormsis, maincis da sxva taZrebSi gameorda. Ggermaneli mSeneblebi kmayofildebodnen warmatebuli gamocdilebis daxvewiT. amas garda, isini ufro gabedul da progresul frankebs da normanebs baZavdnen. L 11  lombardiis arqiteqtura, italia milanis sant ambrojios bazilika XI-XII saukuneebis arqiteqturis ganviTarebaSi wamyvani roli ekuTvnis qveynis CrdiloeT olqebs, gansakuTrebiT lombardias. milanis sant ambrojios bazilika lombardiis erT-erTi adreuli da umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia, romelmac didi gavlena iqonia CrdiloeT italiis sakulto arqiteqturis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. IVs. pirvandeli Nnageboba kapitalurad gadakeTda IXs-Si. Aam periods unda ekuTvnodes Senobis uZvelesi SemorCenili nawili _ afsidebi da naxevarcilindruli kamariT gadaxuruli mali. Bbazilikis ZiriTadi nawili XI_XII saukuneebSia agebuli. Eis samnaviani korpusia transeptis gareSe, romelsac mTel siganeze win uZRvis XIs. Bbolos agebuli oriarusiani narteqsi. Sua navis jvrisebri kamarebi, miwisZvris Semdeg, XIs. bolos da XIIs. dasawyisSia agebuli. afsidasTan Sua navis yvelaze axlos mdebare ujredi Camongrevis mere XIIs-is bolos oqtagonuri (rvawaxnagiani yeliT) gumbaTiT gadaxures. Bbazilikis fasadi flankirebulia ori koSkiT _ dabali e.w. `berTa kampanila~ savaraudod IXs- Sia Aagebuli da maRali e.w. `kanonikTa kampanila~ _ XIIs-Si. Ees ukanaskneli tipur lombardiul xasiaTSia gadawyvetili. is vertikaluri pilastrebiTaa artikulirebuli da horizontaluri karnizebiT ramdenime iarusad dayofili. maTgan mxolodBbolo iarusia gaxsnili gamWoli TaRebiT, sadac samrekloa ganTavsebuli. sant ambrojios bazilika pirveli Zeglia italiaSi, SesaZlebelia evropaSic, sadac Sua da gverdiTa navebSi gamoiyenes jvrisebr-kamarovani gurtebiani (wiboebiani) gadaxurvis sistema. Sua navis yovel ujreds Seesabameba gverdiTa navis ori intervali. Uujredebi gadaxurulia naxevarwriul TaRebze mowyobili jvrisebri kamarebiT. Kkamaris zedapirebis SeerTebis adgilebi xazgasmulia wiboebiT. TiToeul maTgans sayrdenTa `konaSi~ Tavisi `Rero~ Seesabameba. centraluri navisa da oriarusiani gverdiTa navebis simaRleebs Soris sxvaoba Sua navSi sarkmlebis mowyobis 12 saSualebas ar iZleoda. Sua navidan ganmbjeni Zala gverdiTa navebis sxvenSi mowyobili ganivi kedlebis saSualebiT gare kedlebsa da kontrforsebze gadadioda. mSeneblobis arasrulyofili teqnikis gamo kamarebis nawilma erT saukunesac ver gauZlo da Camoingra. sant ambrojios bazilika ara marto konstruqciul-samSeneblo sistemis novaciiT gamoirCeva, aramed axali arqiteqturuli stiliT, romelic saxasiaTo gaxda italiis arqiteqturaSi momdevno ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi. Aam stilis saerTo niSnebia: sisadave, farTo, gawonasworebuli Siga sivrceebi, simSvide. Yyvelaferi es sruliad individualur interpretacias iRebs sant ambrojios taZarSi, Taviseburi ganaTebisa da rTuli ritmis gamo. mTavari navis sivrciT wyobaSi kamarebis quslebamde aziduli pilastrebiT gamokveTili ZiriTadi sayrdenebis ritmi SeTavsebulia gverdiTa galereebis malebis Sesabamis meorexarisxovani mcire TaRebisa da sayrdenebis ritmTan. taZris interierisAam dinamikur danawevrebas upirispirdeba elementebi, romlebic saerTo mTlianobas usvams xazs: gverdiTa TaRedis erTnairi naxevarwriuli arqivoltebi, malidan malze gardamavali TaRovani zolebi. Aarqiteqturuli formebis mTeli es sistema Sesasvlelidan navis siRrmisken cvalebad SuqCrdilSi iZireba, kriptaze amaRlebuli sakurTxeveli ki pirdapiri SuqiT naTdeba afsidebsa da gumbaTis rvawaxnaga YyelSi mowyobili maRali sarkmlebiT. Bbazilikis gare saxes atriumi gansazRvravs (erTaderTi, romelic CrdiloeTSi SemorCa). Matriumis didebuli TaRedi da jvrisebri kamarebiT gadaxuruli galereebi taZris mTavari fasadis TaReds exmianeba lojiebiT, romlebic narteqsis mTel siRrmeSia gaxsnili. TaRedis Tavze aRmarTuli frontoni fasads klasikurad dasrulebul Sesaxedaobas sZens. Aatriumisgan, bazilikisa da kampanilebisgan Semdgari ansamblis mTlianobas ganapirobebs mTavari da meorexarisxovani arqiteqturuli formebis erTianoba da saSeni masala: muqi wiTeli aguri kedlebsa da TaRebSi, Tlili qva boZebSi, kapitelebSi, kampanilaTa qveda nawilebSi da a.S. sant ambrojios silueti dasrulebulia gumbaTis aguris oqtagoniT, romlis waxnagebi Semsubuqebulia or iarusad mowyobili TaRovani 13 galereebiT da Sekrulia SesaniSnavad Sesrulebuli TaRovani sartylis saxiT damuSavebuli aguris karniziT. Mmsgavsi gumbaTebi lombardiis sakulto arqiteqturaSi tipur elementad iqca. Nnormandia_inglisi kaniს sent etienis taZari (normandia) kerpTayvanismcemeli, veluri vikingebi Xs-Si safrangeTis Crdilo- dasavleTiს qristianebad moqcevis Semdeg warmatebul mmarTvelebad da mSeneblebad warmoCindnen. maT saocari siswrafiT SeiTvises otonTa arqiteqtura da ganaviTares romanuli stilis yvelaze progresuli mimarTulebebi, rac Semdeg goTikuri arqiteqturis wyarod iqca. kaniს sent etienis taZari (normandia) ZiriTadad ganixileba normandiul-romanuli arqiteqturis mTavar modelad. Mmisi mSenebloba 1067w. daiwyo uiliam normandielma (`dampyrobelma~), romelic dasrulda misi iq dakrZalvis wels (1087w.). dasavleT fasadis saocari arqiteqtura ufro gviani goTikis orkoSkiani fasadis winamorbedia. oTxriga mZlavr sayrdenTa sistema interiers sam navad yofs. Aaseve sam nawilad aris gayofili koSkebi maTi sayrdenebis zemoT, romelTa kedlebis damuSavebis xasiaTi (gamWoloba) qvemodan zemoT, Spilebamde progresirebs. Spilebi gviani, goTikuri xasiaTisaa. samnawilianoba mTel fasadze vrceldeba rogorc vertikalurad, ise horizontalurad, rac kargad Sekrul integrirebul arqiteqturas qmnis. Ees, Tavis mxriv, pasuxobs interieris kargad gaazrebul struqturas. rogorc Speieris taZari, sent etienic Tavdapirvelad xis masaliT unda gadaxuruliyo, Tumca Tavidanve kedlebi 14 artikulirebuli iyo malebSorisi sayrdeni sistemiT (martiv naxevarsvetebs enacvleba svetebi pilastrebiT), rac dagegmarebis zust kvadratul sqematizms asaxavda. Ees malTaSorisi sayrdeni sistema efeqturad gamoiyeneboda 1110w-is Semdeg, ufro gvian, vidre Speiersa da milanSi. Mmisi aseTi mowyoba ufro esTetikuri miznebidan gamomdinareobda, vidre struqturulidan. Nnebismier SemTxvevaSi svetebiT Sekruli sayrdenebi iWers kamarebs da atotili wiboebi kamarebis farTo zedapirs eqvs nawilad hyofs. sant ambrojiosTan SedarebiT, aq kamarebis simaRle Sua navis ganaTebis met saSualebas iZleva. isini aseve WeSmariti wibovani (nerviuriani) kamarebis sistemis adreul nimuSad miiCneva. aq diagonaluri da gardigardmo wiboebi struqturul karkass qmnis, romelsac nawilobriv uWiravs maT Soris arsebuli sakmaod masiuri panelebi. goTikur periodSi aseTi nerviurebian-kamarovani sistema universalurad iqca da normani mSeneblebis mier maTi ganviTareba Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturis yvelaze mniSvnelovan struqturul inovaciad miiCneva. sent etienSi sxva elementebic miuTiTebs momaval goTikaze: kompleqsuri burjebi, romelTa birTvi TiTqmis dafarulia mimagrebuli pilastrebiT da datvirTuli svetebiT, kedlis zedapiris Semcireba interierSi, rasac farTo TaRedis gamoyeneba ganapirobebda. es maxasiaTeblebi goTikuris winamorbedia da amdenad sent etienis taZari kanSi saocrad progresulia, sadac romanuli stilis adreul goTikurSi gadasvla ukve aSkarad ikveTeba. 15  derhemis sakaTedro taZari, inglisi 1066w. uiliam normandielis mier anglo-saqsonuri inglisis dapyrobis Semdeg inglisis istoriaSi axali epoqa daiwyo. mis arqiteqturaSi normanTa Senobebisa da daproeqtebis meTodebis importireba moxda. 1093w- dan dawyebuli sakaTedro taZari derhemSi (CrdiloeT inglisi) Tavidanve kamarovani struqturuli sistemiT daproeqtda. rogorc inglisis umetesma romanulma taZrebma, derhemis taZarmac mravali cvlileba ganicada, rac sabednierod mis eqsterierSi aisaxa, xolo interierma SeinarCuna pirvandeli mkacri romanuli xasiaTi. Tavisi `ambiciuri masStabiT~ (sent sernensa da sent etienTan SedarebiT) is Speieris sakaTedro taZris msgavsia, Tumca, misgan gansxvavebiT, derhemis taZari Tavidanve Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc kargad Sekruli karkasi malTaSoris boZebze dayrdnobili kamarebiT. SesaZlebelia es sistema derhemis taZarSi ufro xazgasmuli da mZlavria, vidre sxva romanul taZrebSi. Aabstraqtuli dizainiT damuSavebuli msxvili martivi svetebi monacvleobs Sedgenil (rTul) svetebTan, romelTac eyrdnoba kamarebis ganivi TaRebi. taZrisD grZeli tipuri inglisuri gegma daxvewili proporciebiT da mkacrad dagegmarebuli transepti ar aviTarebs kanis taZris geometriuli sqematizmis msgavs logikas. 16  qoredSi nerviurebiani (wibovani) kamarebi yvelaze adreulia evropaSi (1104) da roca isini Seerwya Sua navis dasavleT nawilis TaReds (1130 w.), goTikuri arqiteqturis struqturuli evoluciis ganmsazRvreli ori mniSvnelovani elementi erTad pirvelad swored aq gamoCnda, Tumca sakmaod masiuri konstruqcia da kamarebis iregularuli Svidnawilianoba xels uSlis daxasiaTdes es sistema, rogorc adreuli goTikis struqtura. romanuli arqiteqturis mraval regionalur mimarTulebebs Soris Crdilourma, ufro metad ki normanulma mimarTulebam arapirdapiri gavlena iqonia goTikis ganviTarebaze. Aarc erT sxva mimarTulebas ar hqonda evoluciis aseTi didi potenciali. toskana lombardiis regionis samxreTiT, italiaSi SeinarCunes antikuri samSeneblo tradiciebi da lombardiasTan SedarebiT naklebad mimarTavdnen romanuli arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebel konstruqciul eqsperimentebs. yvela sxva regionze metad toskanis arqiteqturam SeinarCuna mWidro kavSiri adreqristianuli bazilikis tradiciebTan. pizis sakaTedro ansambli am konservatiul TvisebebTan erTad amJRavnebs XIs-is bolosa da XIIs-is im diad `klasikur aRorZinebas~, roca arqiteqtorebi, ostatebi, poetebi da filosofosebi Taviseburi interpretaciiT warmoadgendnen ukve nacnob klasikur-qristianul prototipebs. sakaTedro taZari didi xuTnaviani nagebobaa da yvelaze STambeWdavia Tavisi arqiteqturiT romanul taZrebs Soris (daiwyo 1063w. ostatma busketom, 17 fasadebi da mTavari navis dagrZeleba 1118w. taZris kurTxevis Semdeg ostatma rainaldim ganaxorciela). erTi SexedviT is adreul qristianul bazilikas hgavs, magram vrceli transepti, Suajvaredis gumbaTi, mdidari marmarilos inkrustacia da fasadis mravalricxovani TaRovani galereebi miuTiTebs mis romanul xasiaTze. interieric, xis gadaxurviT, navis TaRediT, klasikuri svetebiT, romlebic navs uwyvetad miuyveba, bazilikur xasiaTze metyvelebs. am TaRebis damasrulebel horizontalur `Tamasaze~ dayrdnobilia bizantiuri xasiaTis TaRovani galerea. aris sxva gadaxvevebic bazilikidan: SedarebiT didi vertikalizmi da SuajvaredSi SesamCnevi araklasikuri Seisruli TaRi _ SesaZlebelia ufro islamuri arqiteqturiT STagonebuli. muqi mwvane da kremisferi marmarilos monacvleobiT miRebuli zolisebri inkrustacia ganapirobebs mdidrul poliqromias, rac toskanas romanuli da goTikuri arqiteqturis niSan-Tvisebaa. calke mdgomma kampanilam (1173_1350), gruntis araTanabari jdomis gamo, agebisTanave daiwyo daxra da dRes zeda nawili 3.9 metriT aris vertikaluri RerZidan gadaxrili. 1301w., jdomis Semcirebis mizniT, kampanilas (RerZidan garkveuli kuTxiT) daaSenes meSvide iarusi, Tumca aman sasurveli Sedegi ar gamoiRo. ravenas kampanilebis msgavsad, is cilindruli formisaa, magram gacilebiT mdidruli, rasac ganapirobebs daxvewili TaRovani galereebiT misi iarusebad dayofa. es TaRovani motivi 18 taZris fasadis damuSavebis xasiaTs imeorebs, rac efeqturad `anaTesavebs~ am or nagebobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom baptisteriumis (daiwyo 1153w. diotisalvim) nawilobriv goTikurad gadakeTebul eqsteriers (goTikuri damuSaveba XIIIs. jovani pizanom) SesaZloa mcire disonansi Sehqondes sami nagebobisa da maT mosazRvre kampo santos (sasaflao) erTian kompoziciaSi, es ansambli mainc erT-erTi yvelaze daxvewilia arqiteqturis istoriaSi. goTika zogadi daxasiaTeba termini “goTika” pirvelad renesansis kritikosebma gamoiyenes. isini SecdomiT goTikur xelovnebas goTebs ukavSirebdnen, romlebic pasuxismgebelni iyvnen berZnul-romauli klasikuri stilis ngrevaSi. romanulidan axal, goTikur stilSi xelovnebis gadasvlas istoriuli movlenebi da masTan dakavSirebuli gansxvavebuli cnobierebis Camoyalibeba ganapirobebda. romanul da goTikur garemosa da SexedulebebSi didi gansxvavebaa. romanuli periodis feodalur ideologias saZirkveli Seerya. axalSobili burJuazia, romelic vaWrobiT mdidrdeboda, kulturaSi sakuTar gemovnebas awesebda. goTikuri sazogadoebrivi mowyobac feodaluri iyo, Tumca es iyo mowesrigebuli, mkacr kanonebze damyarebuli, ierarqiuli feodalizmi. gaZlierebuliMmonarqia zRudavda maT dabla mdgom feodalebsa da eklesias. Camoyalibda centralizebuli xelisufleba. Aaxlad daarsebuli Tu Zveli romis nangrevebze aRmocenebuli qalaqebi sakmaod gaZlierda. Ggaizarda msxvili monarqiebis Zliereba wvrili feodalebis ricxobriv Semcirebasa da gaRaribebasTan erTad. Mmonastrebma dakarga gavlena, qalaqebi gamdidrda, iqmneboda msxvili samoqalaqo erTobebi damoukidebeli mmarTvelobiT, izrdeboda saxelosno saamqroebisa da sxva saero korporaciebis mniSvneloba. Yyvelaferi es progresuli movlena iyo. dasavleT evropam Seicno TviTmyofadoba da SesaZleblobebi. Eeklesia Seurigeblad cdilobda Tavisi gavlenis gaZlierebas adamianebze, Tumca, miuxedavad religiis didi avtoritetisa, is ver uzrunvelyofda adamianTa im codnis dakmayofilebas, riskenac iswrafodnen. Llogikisa da mecnierebis mamis, didi antikuri periodis filosofos aristoteles laTinuri Targmanebi did gavlenas axdenda adamianTa gonebaze. saeklesio mSenebloba, romelsac adre monastrebi xelmZRvanelobdnen, gadadioda moqalaqeebis xelSi. samoqalaqo erTobis dakveTiTa da saxsrebiT agebuli goTikuri taZari ufro metad izidavda moqalaqeebs, vidre romanul epoqaSi. taZris mSenebloba saerTo saxalxo saqmed iqca. taZari ara marto religiuri centri, sadac RvTismsaxureba mimdinareobda, aramed sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis centric iyo. Aaq ikiTxeboda sauniversiteto leqciebi, idgmeboda Teatraluri warmodgenebi (misteriebi) da parlamentic ki ikribeboda. 19  Tu romanuli taZris mSeneblobas axorcielebda samonastro saamqroebi, romlebic mxolod garkveul monasters emsaxureboda, goTikur periodSi samSeneblo saqme saero xelosanTa xelSi gadavida, romlebic profesiul saamqroebad gaerTianda. romanuli taZris safuZvels qvis masa warmoadgenda. ZiriTadi sayrdeni sistema iyo sqeli, yru kedlebi, romlebic ZiriTadad TaRebs eyrdnoboda. taZris mdgradobas swored es sqeli kedlebi ganapirobebda. Aamgvari sayrdeni sistemis karkasuliT Secvla revolucia iyo maSindel xuroTmoZRvrebaSi da msoflio arqiteqturis istoriaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan progresul movlenad iqca. Seisrul wiboebze e.w. nerviurebze mowyobili maRali Seisruli kamarebi, romlebzec gadaxurvis datvirTva gadadis, arkbutanebi anu naxevarTaRebi, romlebsac datvirTva Sua navidan gverdiTa navebis sayrden msxvil boZebze – kontrforsebze gadaaqvs warmoadgenda damoukidebel karkass, sayrden sistemas, goTikuri periodis axal mignebas. swored am sistemam gadaWra romanuli taZris mTavari problema – Sua navis ganaTeba kontrforsebs Soris ganTavsebuli farTo sarkmlebiT – feradi vitraJebiT. sen deni parizis RvTismSoblis taZari goTikuri konstruqciebi 20  moixsna sayrdeni sqeli kedlebis arsebobis aucilebloba, taZris navebi amaRlda – Tu romanuli taZris Sua navis maqsimaluri simaRle 18_20 metrs ar aRemateboda, goTikuri taZris simaRle sagrZnoblad gaizarda da amienis taZarSi 42m miaRwia. Aamdenad, goTikuri taZris vertikalurobam dajabna romanulis horizontaluroba. Ees progresi safrangeTSi yvelaze adre momwifda da amdenad goTikis samSoblod swored safrangeTi iTvleba. FgoTika safrangeTSi 300 wels iTvlis da sam ZiriTad periodad iyofa: adreuli goTika _ XIIs-is bolo mesamedi – XIIIs-is pirveli meoTxedi, maRali goTika _ XIIIs-is 20-iani wlebidan XIII s-is bolomde, gviani anu alisebri goTika (daerqva dekoratiulobis gamo) – XIV – XV ss. adreuli goTika sen deni 1144w. 11 ivniss safrangeTis samefo kari, saxelovani samRvdeloebis didi nawili, maT Soris 5 arqiepiskoposi da uamravi sxva adamiani Segrovda parizis CrdiloeTiT mdebare sen denis samefo saabatoSi axali qoredis gasaxsnelad. es qoredi kapelebis radialurad ganlagebuli gvirgviniT da vitraJebiT precedentad iqca parizis SemogarenSi _ il-de- fransis momavali naxevari saukunis eklesiaTa mSeneblobaSi. or saxelovan pirovnebas _ klervoel bernars da sen denis abat siuJers gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT goTikuri stilis SeqmnaSi. bernari darwmunebuli iyo, rom rwmena ufro mistikuria da intuitiuri, vidre 21 racionaluri. mas da misive Tanamedrove filosofos abelards Soris davisas, romlis xedva safuZvlad daedo akvinur dialeqtikur meTods, is mTeli mWermetyvelebiT, ukandauxevlad, sakuTari magaliTiT icavda Tavis poziciebs. bernaris gavleniT Seqmnili cistercianuli arqiteqtura mis Teologias asaxavda da konturebis xazgasmuli siwmindiT, simartiviT, formebiT, ganaTebiT xels uwyobda meditacias. bernari uaryofda uxv dekoratiulobas da rTul arqiteqturas. miuxedavad imisa, rom abati siuJeri monastris reformaze bernaris Sexedulebebis gamziarebeli iyo, swored is gaxda goTikuri stilis sulisCamdgmeli. man Seqmna axali taZari, romelmac didebulebiTa da brwyinvalebiT romanul taZrebs bevrad gadaaWarba. abati siuJeri eklesiuri adamiani iyo, romelic sazogadoebis dabali fenidan gamovida da imdenad gaizarda, rom safrangeTis mefeebis _ lui VI- sa da lui VII-s ndobiT aRWurvili piri gaxda. rigiT meore jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros ki, romelSic lui VII monawileobas ar iRebda, safrangeTis regenti iyo. siuJeri werda, rom axalgazrdobidanve ocnebobda safrangeTis samefo eklesiis galamazebaze, sadac is aRizarda da sadac IX saukunis Semdeg frang mefeebs krZalavdnen. misi mizani iyo mefeTa Zalaufleba gavrcelebuliyo MmTeli safrangeTis teritoriaze, rac manamde il-de-fransis met arealze ar vrceldeboda. Aamdenad, siuJers erTiani politikuri da samSeneblo mizani hqonda: samefos aRmSenebloba da misi asaxva arqiteqturaSi. 1122w. is akurTxes sen denis abatad da maSin ukve TiTqmis samasi wlis monastris aRmSeneblobas 15 w-is ganmavlobaSi eweoda. sen deni erT-erTi is saabato eklesiaa, romelic qalaqis sakaTedro taZrebis STagonebad da goTikuri arqiteqturis akvnad iqca. sen denis sivrculi struqtura garkveulwilad nakarnaxevia adreuli eklesiiT, magram is gacilebiT eleganturi, naTeli, radialuri kapelebis `sxmuliT~ iyo damSvenebuli, rac axali stilis niSnebze metyvelebda. SedarebiT Zveli kriptisa da mis Tavze mowyobili axali qoredis gegmebis Sedarebisas Cans ZiriTadi gansxvaveba romanul da goTikur arqiteqturas Soris. kriptaSi sqeli kedlebi qmnis gancalkevebul moculobebs, qoredSi ki kedlebis nacvlad karkasuli konstruqciaa gamoyenebuli goTikuri nerviurebiani kamarebiT. nerviurebiani kamarebi ganiv Tu diagonalur TaRebs CarCosaviT gasdevs kamaris jvrebqveS da goTikuri karkasis erT-erTi ZiriTadi konstruqciuli elementia. goTikuri kamara sxva wibovani Tu TaRovani kamarebisgan gansxvavdeba karkasis Semadgeneli Seisruli TaRebiT, kamarebis Txeli apkebiT da imiT, rom, kamarovani sivrcis miuxedavad, yvela TaRs TiTqmis erT doneze aqvs gvirgvini, rasac romanuli periodis arqiteqtorebma ver miaRwies naxevarwriuli TaRebiT. Aamdenad, moqniloba goTikuri kamaris mTavari upiratesobaa, rac TiToeuli traveis sxvadasxva formis kamariT gadaxurvis saSualebas iZleva. es kargad Cans sen denisa da sxva goTikuri taZrebis qoredebis gegmebSi. ufro metic, goTikuri karkasi saSualebas 22 iZleva winaswar ganisazRvros Zalis koncentraciis lokalizaciis adgilebi sayrdenebis mosawyobad. rogorc siuJeri werda, eklesia ganaTebuli unda yofiliyo uwyveti da saocari SuqiT. es iyo goTikuri arqiteqturis Seqmnis motivacia, xolo misi ganxorcieleba teqnikuri codniTa da praqtikuli gamocdilebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. goTikuri arqiteqturis eqstraordinaluroba da misi suli qvis masalamac ganapiroba, rac ZiriTadi saSeni masala iyo am periodSi. lanis taZari adreuli goTikis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso Zeglia lanis taZari, romelic safrangeTisa da germaniis mravali taZris prototipad iqca. misi 23 mSenebloba daiwyo XIIs-Si da ZiriTadi nawili dasrulda 1200w-is Semdgom periodSi. qoredma miiRo oTkuTxa konfiguracia. XIIIs-is taZris ZiriTadi nawili samnaviani bazilikaa. Sua navis TaRedi eyrdnoba ara pilonebs (rogorc sansis taZarSi), aramed cilindrul svetebs, rac arbilebs romanuli taZrebisTvis damaxasiaTebel mkveTr dapirispirebas Sua da gverdiTa navebs Soris. Sua navis `kedlis~ zeda nawili gaxsnilia galereis TaRedis didi da xSiri RiobebiT, triforiumis zoliT da zeda sarkmlebis rigiT. dominirebs sayrdenebi, romlebic zeda nawilSi damxmare svetebiTaa danawevrebuli. adreuli goTikis yvela taZarSi aris saerTo niSnebi. pirvel rigSi goTikuri konstruqciuli sistema jer kidev mokrZalebiTaa gamoyenebuli, rac gamoixateba mxolod kedlis gantvirTvaSi da ara mTlianad ugulebelyofaSi. sivrce jer ar aris Tavisuflad aziduli ise, rogorc XIIIs-Tvis iqneba damaxasiaTebeli. nerviurebi jer kidev masiuria. gare saxeSi Warbobs mZime romanuli masebi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba dasavleT fasads da koSkebs. fasadi interieris Sesabamisadaa dayofili iarusebad. marTalia lanis taZris kompoziciaSi arqiteqtorTa mier monoliTurobis gadalaxvis miswrafeba gamoCnda, magram es ganxorcielda damatebiTi elementebis uxvad gamoyenebiT, rac xels uSlis Senobis gare struqturis mkafiod gamovlenas. lanis taZris TiToeuli transeptisa da dasavleTis fasadebi wyvil- wyvili koSkebiTaa flankirebuli, aseve koSkiTaa dagvirgvinebuli Suajvaredi. mTlianobaSi Svidi koSki amSvenebs taZars. Svidi (3+4) WeSmaritad mistikuri ricxvia, rac simbolurad Seesabameba samebas da 24 evangelistebs. koSkebis Sedgeniloba adreuli goTikis srulqmnileba iyo, rac germanuli romanuli taZrebis integrirebuli koSkebis tradiciebs agrZelebda. umetes SemTxvevaSi, koSkebis dasruleba erT periodSi ver eswreboda (safrangeTis sakaTedro taZrebis fasadebis koSkebic ki iSviaTad mTavrdeboda). sabolood aRmosavleTis ori koSki ugulebelyofil iqna da normanuli orkoSkiani fasadi franguli maRali goTikis standartad iqca. parizis RvTismSoblis taZari axali arqiteqturuli sistemis ganviTarebaSi uzarmazari nabiji gadaidga parizis RvTismSoblis taZris agebisas. misi mSenebloba daiwyo 1163w. episkopos moris de siulis ZalisxmeviT (pirveli qva saZirkvelSi papma aleqsandre III Cado) da dasrulda XIVs-Si. mSenebloba ramdenime etapad mimdinareobda; sites kunZulze wm. stefanes saepiskoposo kapelis adgilas daiwyo qoredis ageba, romelic 1182w. kapelebis gvirgvinis gareSe dasrulda, II etapze (1182_1200) dasrulda dasavleTi xuTnaviani korpusi, pirveli traveebis gareSe. maSinve daiwyo dasavleTi fasadi (III etapi _ XIIIs-is pirveli naxevari). am droisTvis kontrforsebs Soris kapelebi jer ar arseboda. arkbutanebi ormaliani iyo. ar iyo dasrulebuli transepti. Sua navis zeda kedlis didsarkmlebian nawils galereebis Tavze mowyobili saxuravi faravda (SedarebiT mkveTri qanobiT). XIIIs-is II naxevarSi daiwyo taZris damuSaveba da damamTavrebeli samuSaoebi. 25 dasrulda transepti da qoredi kapelebiTa da arkbutanebiT, taZris interierSi gamagrda qoredis kontrforsebi da sayrdenebi. dasavleTi portalebi dasrulda XIIIs. 30-ian wlebSi, xolo transeptis portalebi _ 50_60-ian wlebSi. xuTnaviani taZris gegma gawelili marTkuTxedis formisaa, romelic aRmosavleTidan dasrulebulia naxevarwriuli qorediT. transepti umniSvnelod cdeba marTkuTxedis konturs. kapelebi qoredis da navis kontrforsebs Soris isea CaSenebuli, rom taZris gegmas goTikisTvis uCveulo uwyveti xasiaTi aqvs. traveebi kvadratulia da gadaxurulia nerviurebiani jvrisebri kamarebiT. maTi simaRle 32,5m aRwevs. kamarebis Seisvra ar aris maRali, rac XIIs-is taZrebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. kamarebis sayrdenebs gegmaSi wriuli, kvadratuli da rombisebri boZebi warmoadgens, romlebic jer kidev inarCunebs romanul masiurobas. taZris konstruqciul gadawyvetaSi wamyvania sayrdenebis sistema kontrforsebiTa da arkbutanebiT, Tumca kedlis mniSvneloba taZris gadakeTebamde sakmaod didi iyo. Sua navSi gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba romanuli stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli masiuroba. amJamindeli sarkmlebi Sua navis zeda nawilSi XIIIs-Si gadakeTda. maTma gafarToebam gare sayrdenebis Secvla gamoiwvia: ormaliani arkbutanebi maSinve Seicvala erTmalianiT, romelTa Tamami rkali (10m-ze meti) gansakuTrebul saxes sZens gverdiTa navebis fasadebs. kontrforsebi safexurovania, rac adreuli goTikisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. gverdiTa fasadebis da qoredis vertikaluri dayofa dakavSirebulia kamarebis sayrdenebis gare sistemasTan, xolo horizontaluri – Senobis oriarusianobas Seesabameba. transeptebi portalebiTa da maT Tavze vardulis sarkmliTaa aqcentirebuli. taZris cnobili dasavleTi fasadi mdidruli dekoraciebiT adreuli franguli goTikis saukeTeso nimuSia. is frangebis ingliselebze gamarjvebis simbolod iqca: istorikosebis cnobiT, taZris daarsebisas 26 frangTa mefe filipe II-m inglisis mefe riCard lomgulTan brZolisas daipyro erT-erTi britanuli cixesimagre. Tu XIII_XIV saukuneebis navebisa da qoredis gadakeTebam Searbila romanuli stilis `gadmonaSTi~, dasavleT fasadze es xasiaTi metadaa gamoxatuli. kontrforsebi gaSiSvlebulia iseve, rogorc kedeli portalebis TaRebis garSemo. fasads, romelzec gamokveTilia horizontaluri xazebi da kedeli, ori iarusi aqvs. pirveli dasrulebulia e.w. `mefeTa galereiT~. es aris TaRovani frizi niSebSi 28 qandakebiT, romlebic alegoriulad gamosaxavs RvTismSoblis winaprebs. es qandakebebi aslebia (originalebi ganadgurebul iqna revoluciis dros, radgan isini frang mefeebTan asocirdeboda). am mxatvrulad gamoxatul Temas safrangeTis gaerTianebisTvis brZolis periodSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. `vardul~ sarkmels Sua nawilis mTeli sibrtye ukavia `samefo galereis~ Tavze. misi radiusi aris moduli fasadis yvela ZiriTadi RiobisTvis. bolo etapze meore iarusis Tavze daidga maRali TaRedi, romelic SesaniSnavi Sualeduri rgolia qveda mZime iarusebsa da koSkebis vertikalebs Soris. TaRedze dayrdnobilia damasrulebeli karnizi, romelic imavdroulad Semosavleli galereis funqcias asrulebs. misi kontrforsebis kuTxeebi cnobili qimerebis figurebiTaa aqcentirebuli. koSkebis masiuri moculobebi damuSavebulia naxevarsvetebiT, TaRovani motivebiT, vimpergebiT, krabebiT, jvaredi yvavilebiT da maRali wyvili sarkmlebiT, romlebic portalebis msgavsad perspeqtiuladaa CaSenebuli kedlis sisqeSi. koSkebi asrulebs fasadis kompozicias, romelSic cxadad igrZnoba TandaTanobiTi gadasvla horizontaluri moculobidan vertikalurisken, masiuridan msubuqisken, rac ganasxvavebs mas romanuli fasadebisgan. taZarSi ar aris daculi mkacri simetria, rac romanul fasadebs axasiaTebs. fasadi kontrforsebis pilonebiT sam araTanabar seqtoradaa dayofili. skulpturuli jgufebi (aRdgenili XIXs-Si viole le diukis mier) mTlianad ki ar faravs fasads, aramed Tematuradaa dajgufebuli da gaazrebuli taZris teqtonikur adgilebSi. Aamdenad, `mefeTa galerea~ TiTqos fasadis kontrforsebiT danawevrebul masebs uyris Tavs; wmindanTa skulpturebi portalebSi erTgvari gadamyvania mis siRrmeSi perspeqtiulad Semcirebuli arqivoltebisken. reliefebi faravs timpanebis zedapirebs, arqivoltebs, centraluri portalis cokols, `RvTismSoblis portalis~ niSis TaRebis SeerTebis adgils. asevea damuSavebuli transeptebis portalebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom dekoratiuli elementebi ufro mdidruli da msubuqia. taZris skulptura, dawyebuli wminda anas portalis romanuli xasiaTis reliefebidan wminda stefanes (transeptis samxreT fasadze) portalis timpanis saocrad dinamikuri kompoziciiT damTavrebuli, TiTqmis ori saukunis Semoqmedebaa da realisturi tendenciebis TandaTanobiTi zrdis amsaxveli. 27  sabolood, parizis RvTismSoblis taZari goTikuri xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis cocxali suraTia goTikis pirveli nabijebidan momwifebamde. maRali goTika maRali goTikis periodi safrangeTSi or etapad iyofa: XIIIs. (momwifebuli, amaRlebuli Zeglebis Seqmnis periodi) da XIVs. (dekoratiuli tendenciebis momZlavrebisa da mSeneblobebis damamTavrebeli samuSaoebis periodi). XIIIs. ludoviko IX `wmindanis~ mefobis xana safrangeTis ayvavebis periodia, roca safrangeTis samefo sabolood gaerTianda. am periods ekuTvnis maRali goTikis sami ZiriTadi taZari: Sartris, reimsisa da amienis. maT arqiteqturaSi Tavi moiyara adreuli da maRali goTikis yvela saukeTeso miRwevam. Sartris taZari franguli goTikis TiTqmis yvela taZris istoria, mcire nawilis gamoklebiT (mag., parizis RvTismSoblis taZris), adre aq mdebare romanuli taZris xanZris Sedegad ganadgurebis Semdeg iwyeba. Sartris taZari daiwva 28 1194w. SemorCa jvrisebri kripta, dasavleTi koSkebis qveda nawilebi portalebSi qandakebebiT, romlebic CarTul iqna axal samnavian taZarSi. misi gegma jvrisebria 128m-iani navebiT da transeptis samxreTi da CrdiloeTi mokle mklavebiT. axali taZris mSenebloba dawvisTanave daiwyo da 1225w-mde gagrZelda, 1260w. taZari akurTxes. 1507_1518 ww-Si umniSvnelo cvlilebebi ganxorcielda: kapelis miSeneba da CrdiloeTi koSkis gviangoTikuri (alisebri) dasruleba. Sartris taZari mniSvnelovani etapi iyo goTikis ganviTarebaSi. misi Taviseburebaa qoredis sivrcis mniSvnelovani gadideba, rac gamoiwvia mgalobelTa raodenobis zrdam da sakurTxevlis afsidaSi gadatanam. transeptma gadainacvla dasavleTisken, sam navad gaiyo da gafarTovda. qoredis garSemosavleli gverdiTa navebi adreul goTikasTan SedarebiT gaganivrda da transeptis sivrces Tavisuflad Seerwya. navebma dakarga derefnuli xasiaTi. gacilebiT ukeT gamoCnda qoredSi mimdinare ceremonia da qoredis sarkmlebi. sxva taZrebisgan (lanis, nuaionis da sxva) gansxvavebiT Sartris taZris Sua navi ara oriarusiani, aramed samiarusiania. SartrSi pirvelad Seaviwroes galereebi, ramac ganapiroba TaRedisa da sarkmlebis simaRleebis gazrda da amdenad taZris ukeT ganaTeba. sayrdeni boZebi cilindrulia maTze midgmuli oTxi rvakuTxa naxevarsvetiT. meore iarusidan sayrdenebi danawevrebulia da xuTi damxmare svetisganaa Semdgari, romelTa profilebi nerviurebisas imeorebs. Tuki parizis RvTismSoblis taZarSi iarusebs sakuTari kompoziciuri mniSvneloba aqvs, SartrSi erTiani kompoziciuri ritmi samive iaruss aerTianebs. 29  taZris gare saxe, gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleTi fasadi, romelic garkveulwilad inarCunebs romanul niSnebs, kontrastSia taZris goTikur interierTan. centraluri portaluri nawili or damoukidebel koSks Sorisaa moqceuli, romlebiTac taZris sxeuli isea flankirebuli, rogorc romanul taZrebSi. fasadze dominirebs gluvi kedeli, viwroa koSkis sarkmlebi. naxevarwriuli perspeqtiuli portalebi mWidrod ebjineba erTmaneTs. maTi timpanebi bareliefebiTaa dafaruli, qveda nawilebi ki _ qandakebebiT, romelTa Soris yvelaze adreuli `mefeTa~ portalze (XIIs-is Sua wlebi) skulpturulad damuSavebuli boZebis STabeWdilebas tovebs. meti sirbile da Tavisufleba igrZnoba transeptis portikis ufro gviani periodis figurebSi. Sartris taZari cnobilia XIIIs-is vitraJebiT. am ulamazesi sarkmlebidan Semosuli Suqi yvelgan kaSkaSa ferebad inTeba. SartrSi SemorCenilia msoflioSi yvelaze meti Sua saukuneebis vitraJebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom XVIIIs-Si sarkmelTa badeebis ganaxlebisas zogierTi mina ganadgurda. IXs-Si karlos didis SviliSvilma karlos II taZars Seswira qsovili e.w. `Sancta Camisia” -- wminda mosasxami. legendis Tanaxmad, qalwuli mariami am perangiT iyo Semosili, roca ieso qriste Sva. reliqviam mniSvnelovan mosalocav adgilad aqcia Sartris taZari. amJamad perangi taZris saganZurSia daculi. reliqvia ara marto Semosavlis wyarod iqca qalaqisaTvis, aramed mfarveladac. Xs-Si, roca vikingi roloni Tavs daesxa qalaqs, episkoposi avida qalaqis kedelze perangiT xelSi da mimarTa dampyroblebs, ris Semdegac rolonma qalaqi datova da qristianad moeqca. 30  reimsis taZari pirveli taZari reimsSi Vs-Si aigo. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad arsebuli taZris navSi Zveli Senobis nakvalevi aRmoCnda. swored am taZarSi 496w. moinaTla frankebis mefe xlodvig I, ramac reimsSi saTave daudo safrangeTis mefeebis koronacias. koronaciis oqros Tasi taZris siamayea. axali taZris mSenebloba 817w. daiwyo da ramdenime etapad mimdinareobda. mravali ngrevisa da gadakeTebis Semdeg taZari 1210w. ganadgurda qalaqis did nawilTan erTad. zustad erT weliwadSi axali taZris ageba daiwyo. qoredi 1240 wels dasrulda. saxsrebis amowurvis gamo misi samnaviani korpusi da dasavleTi fasadi 1311w. aigo, xolo CrdiloeTi koSki _ 1427w. taZarma mravali ngreva ganicada hugenotebis Tavdasxmebis (XVIs.), revoluciuri areulobis (1790-iani ww.), I msoflio omis dros. barbarosulad dazianebuli taZris aRdgenas didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda. restavrirebul iqna dasavleTi fasadis daxvewili reliefebi, qandakebebi. vitraJebis fragmentebi SemorCa qoredSi da CrdiloeT gverdiTa navSi. aRmosavleT-dasavleTi mimarTulebiT taZari gadaWimulia 136 m-ze, Sua navis simaRle 38 m-ia. misi samnaviani transeptebi didi ar aris, Tumca masStaburobis SegrZneba miiRweva ZiriTadad samnaviani grZivi korpusis sigrZisa da kapelebis gvirgviniT garSemokruli xuTnaviani qoredis xarjze. 31  taZris eqsterierSi mravalricxovani kontrforsia `gaSiSvlebuli~. centraluri da gverdiTa navebis, qoredis didi sarkmlebidan, aseve sakurTxevlis aRmosavleTi kedlis mrgvali sarkmlebidan Suqi mTel taZarSi iRvreba da SesaniSnavad anaTebs taZris maRal interiers. gansakuTrebiT momxibvlelia dasavleTi fasadi. sami Rrmad CaZiruli portali Seisruli TaRebiT varduli sarkmlisken miiswrafvis, romlis Tavze `mefeTa galerea~ miuyveba. fasads asrulebs ori mZlavri da imavdroulad natifi koSki. xuTasfigurian galereaSi warmodgenilni arian episkoposebi, mefeebi, raindebi, wmindanebi, eSmaki, xelosnebi. umravlesoba Sesrulda 1241_1290ww. savaraudod transeptis CrdiloeTi mklavis qandakebebi ufro adreulia. figurebs Soris SeimCneva mxatvruli gansxvavebebi, rac sxvadasxva saxelosnoSi SesrulebiTaa gamowveuli. reimsis qandakebebi gaxda mibaZvis sagani italiaSi, safrangeTSi, espaneTSi. dasavleTi fasadis portalebSi warmodgenilia kompoziciebi, romlebic Seqmnilia ieso qristes miwieri cxovrebis scenebidan. yvelaze metad 32 cnobilia momRimari angelozi `xarebidan~. wm. nikezis Tanmxlebi momRimari angelozis (marcxena portali) figura imdenad Seesabameboda taZris suls, rom mas `reimsis Rimili~ uwodes. wm. iosebs `eSmakuri~ gamometyveleba aqvs `mirqmis~ scenidan. dasaSvebia mis prototipad im drois frangi glexi yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. reimsis taZars gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda safrangeTis istoriaSi, radgan aq frangi mefeebis koronacia xdeboda. amienis taZari rober de luzarSes mier agebuli taZari amienSi goTikuri arqiteqturis namdvili ESedevria da amave dros ukanaskneli XIIIs-Si agebul il-de- fransis taZrebs Soris. adre arsebuli taZari safrangeTis teritoriaze SemoWrilma normanebma daangries. mogvianebiT is aRadgines, Tumca 1137w. daiwva da mesamed 1152w. aigo. 1218w. taZari xanZris Sedegad isev ganadgurda. xanZars gadaurCa axlo mdgomi wm. firminis (amienis I episkoposis) mcire eklesia, sadac misi wm. nawilebi iyo daculi. imis gamo, rom wm. firminis eklesiis aReba axali taZris damTavrebamde SeuZlebeli iyo, axali taZris mSenebloba, sadac wmindanis nawilebi unda gadaetanaT (1220_1236), grZivi nawilidan daiwyes, qoredi mogvianebiT aigo. Semdeg Zveli eklesia daangries da mis saZirkvelze taZris transeptis CrdiloeTi mklavi da qoredis CrdiloeTi nawili aigo. taZari imdenad didi iyo, rom amienis mTel mosaxleobas (10000 kaci) itevda. misi sigrZe 131m-ia,Sua navis simaRle 42m, Senobis mTeli farTobi _7800 m2. 33  taZari didebulia yvela mxridan. Suajvaredze aRmarTuli koSkis sanaTuris koxta, natifi Spili taZris vertikalizmisken swrafvas aZlierebs da goTikuri konstruqciis simaRles usvams xazs. pinaklebiT (dekoratiuli koSkebi) dasrulebuli daxvewili, msubuqi kontrforsebi taZris fuZidan saxuravamdea aziduli. misi kedlebi samnawiliania; qveda iarusis TaRedis sayrdenebis simaRle II iarusis triforiumebisa da zeda ganaTebis erTiani simaRlis tolia. simaRlis SegrZnebas aZlierebs sanaTuridan Semosuli Suqi, tanwerweta svetebis jgufebi Seisruli TaRediT da aseve sakurTxevlis vitraJebis alaTebis vertikaluri xazebi. taZris SemqmnelebisTvis nimuSi parizis notr-dami iyo. dasavleT fasadze gamokveTilia sami portali da galereebi niSebSi qandakebebiT. uzarmazari varduli sarkmeli XVs-isaa. fasadis koSkebi asimetriulia _ CrdiloeTi koSki maRalia samxreTisaze, rac xSirad xelovnebis istorikosebis kritikis sagani gamxdara. centralur portalze SemorCenilia Sua saukuneebis qristes qandakeba. garda zemoaRniSnulisa, taZari cnobilia xelovnebis nawarmoebebiT. safrangeTis revoluciis periodSi mravali taZris qandakeba da reliefi ganadgurda. amienis moqalaqeebma moaxerxes taZris dacva ise, rom danakargi minimaluri iyo, Tumca brinjaosa da spilenZis figurebis didi nawili (oris garda) gadaadnes. vitraJebis umravlesoba ganadgurebulia _ alaTebis daJangvis gamo, minebma cvena daiwyo da sarestavraciod saxelosnoSi gadaitanes, romelic xanZris Sedegad daiwva da vitraJebi ganadgurda. taZris iataki poliqromiuli mozaikis geometriuli naxatiT e.w. `labirinTiTaa~ 34 gaformebuli. adamianebi codvebis mosananieblad am rTul naxats muxlmoyrilebi miuyvebodnen. taZari 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi igeboda da 1269w. dasrulda (1236 wels ZiriTadi nawili dasrulebuli iyo), ris Sedegad miRweulia stilisturi erTianoba, Tumca am siswrafem uaryofiTi Sedegi gamoiRo _ 100 weliwadSi Senobas mniSvnelovani SekeTeba da gamagreba dasWirda. sxivosnuri goTika sen Sapeli XIIIs-is I naxevris maRali stilis Semdeg dadga rafinirebuli e.w. sxivosnuri stilis periodi, romelic XIIIs-is II naxevarSi momZlavrda da gabatonda. EaRniSnuli stili lui IX-s mefobis xanas ukavSirdeba, romelic gamoirCeoda samarTlianobiT, rainduli suliT da RvTismosaobiT. Mmefe guluxvobas iCenda samefo da gansakuTrebiT religiuri arqiteqturis mimarT. sxivosnuri stilis SesaniSnavi magaliTia samefo sasaxlesTan arsebuli kapela sen Sapeli. Nnageboba warmoadgenda qristes vnebebis reliqviebis sacavs, romlebic lui IX-m daibruna VI jvarosnuli laSqrobis Sedegad. Nnagebobis sayrdeni sistema imdenad daxvewilia, rom misi sami meoTxedi did, farTo vitraJebs ukavia. safrangeTis revoluciis periodSi dazianebuli Senobis restavraciis Sedegad XIIIs-is vitraJebi ZiriTadad SenarCunebul iqna. Mmravalferovani vitraJebidan Semosuli Suqi interiers avsebs movardisfro-iisferi ganaTebiT. Mmdidruli feris qvis mopirkeTeba da mozaikis mocimcime zolebi gamohyofs mociqulTa ferad qandakebebs, romlebic arqiteqturisagan TiTqmis damoukidebelia. A 35  arqiteqturuli formebis rafinireba, esTetikuri daxvewiloba, detalebis filigranuli damuSaveba, dekoratiuloba damaxasiaTebeli xdeba am periodis nagebobebisTvis. gviani goTika gvian goTikaSi anu alisebrSi (ase ewoda mas dekoris alisebri xasiaTis gamo) gadasvla XIVs-Si moxda, xolo ayvavebas XVs-is bolos miaRwia. es safrangeTis samefosTvis rTuli periodi iyo: gauTavebelma omebma inglissa da burgundiasTan ekonomikuri da kulturuli Zliereba Searyia da samefo mamulebSi mSenebloba SeCerda. Aamdenad, axalma stilma noyieri niadagi ipova il-de-fransis gareT. normandia mdidaria alisebri arqiteqturiT da mWidro kavSirSia inglisTan. anglo-normanulma `dekoratiulma~ arqiteqturam mniSvnelovnad imoqmeda alisebri goTikis ganviTarebaze. ruanis (normandiis dedaqalaqSi) sent maklus taZris fasadi Zlier gansxvavdeba XIIIs-is taZrebidan. is did sakaTedro taZrebTan SedarebiT sakmaod mcire zomisaa. xuTi rkalurad ganlagebuli portali (ori daxuruli) dagvirgvinebulia daklaknili ornamentiT aJurulad Sevsebuli frontonebiT, romlebic varduli fanjris iarusSi iWreba. obobasebri TaRebiT formirebuli galerea centrisken daxrilad miiswrafvis da aqcentirebulia gamWvirvale frontoniT. erTad Tavmoyrili yvela es 36 Tviseba dekoratiuli `areulobis~ xasiaTs qmnis. sent maklus agebidan daaxloebiT or TaobaSi anu arcTu ise Sors safrangeTma SeiTvisa axali klasikuri stili _ renesansi (italiidan). goTika safrangeTis gareT 1269 wels germanuli monastris winamZRvarma daiqirava parizeli ostati monastris taZris xelaxla asagebad. arqiteqtorma taZari aago `frankul maneraSi~ anu il-de-fransis goTikur stilSi. 1268w. papma klement IV-m narbonaSi safrangeTis samefoSi agebuli taZrebis msgavsi sakaTedro taZris ageba ganizraxa. franguli goTikis gavrceleba ufro adrec daiwyo, Tumca dominantad evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi XIIIs-is II naxevarSi iqca. ramdenadac bevr adgilas romanuli tradiciebi arsebobda, TiToeulis lokaluri romanikis axal stilTan (goTikasTan) Serwymam goTikuri arqiteqturis sakuTari saxe ganaviTara. inglisi inglisSi frangulma goTikam adre SeaRwia _ XIIs-is bolo meoTxedSi. umravles SemTxvevaSi, goTikuri taZris ageba xdeboda xanZriT 37 ganadgurebuli Zveli romanuli Senobebis adgilas. aseve moxda kenterberis taZris SemTxvevaSic. 1174w-is xanZris Semdeg uiliamma sensidan taZari sensis (safrangeTi) sakaTedro taZris (romelic lanis taZris dizains mWidrod enaTesaveboda) msgavsad adreuli goTikis stilSi aago. kenterberis qoredi sensisa da lanis msgavsia da ufro metad franguli xasiaTisaa, vidre momdevno periodis `momwifebuli~ inglisuri taZrebi, romlebmac SeinarCunes Zveli normanuli xasiaTi da amave dros SeiTvises safrangeTidan importirebuli stili. Aamdenad, isini gansxvavebuli inglisuri xasiaTisaa. inglisuri goTikuri arqiteqtura kargadaa warmodgenili solsberis taZarSi, romlis mniSvnelovani nawili aigo 1220_1260ww-Si. koSki da sayrdenebi ki _ XIVs-Si. misi adgilmdebareoba gamorCeulia sxva taZrebisagan, is xeebiTa da mdeloTia garSemokruli da ara qalaqis dasaxlebiT. misi fardisebri, ganieri fasadi ar Seesabameba interiers. `juja~ koSkebiT, niSebis horizontaluri iarusiT, mcire zomis portalebiT is mkveTrad gansxvavdeba parizis da amienis taZrebidan. aseve gansxvavdeba Suajvaredze aRmarTuli uzarmazari koSki, romelic siluetSi dominirebs. solsberis simaRle mokrZalebulia misive Tanamedrove amienis taZarTan SedarebiT. aseve gamorCeulia grZeli sworxazovani gegma, misi wyvili transeptiTa da cistercianuli arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli da inglisSi romanuli periodidan upiratesad gamoyenebuli ganieri aRmosavleTi boloTi. interieri mainc ufro goTikuria samiarusiani doneebiT, Seisruli TaRebiT, nerviurebiani kamarebiT da Sedgenili sayrdeni burjebiT (burjebis kombinacia svetebTan). burjebze `miyrdnobili~ svetebi ar miuyveba kedels kamarebis nerviurebamde. Aamdenad, kamarebis nerviurebi amozrdilia triforiumisa da burjebis iarusis horizontalurad gamyofi karnizidan. TaRebis da triforiumis dekoratiuli gaformeba Zalian mdidrulia, rasac kidev ufro zrdis feradi qvebis kontrastuloba, rac 38 ganapirobebs interieris brwyinvalebas. ingliselebis mier qvis karkasis Seqmnis ostatoba kargad Cans RvTismSobel mariamisadmi miZRvnil kapelaSi (Lady Chapel). warmoudgenlad moxdenili, tanwerweta sayrdeni `burjebi~, Sedgenili calkeuli svetebisagan, TiTqos ki ar zidavs azvirTebul kamarebs, aramed zRudavs maT. inglisurma arqiteqturam adreve SeiZina sakuTari arqiteqturul- mxatvruli modeli. struqturuli logika meoreuli iyo Senobis SeqmnaSi. sayrdeni sistema, kedeli da kamara XIVs-Si ufro metad kompleqsuri, erTiani da dekoratiuli gaxda. am periodis inglisur goTikas dekoratiuli ewoda. glosteris sakaTedro taZris qoredi solsberis taZris agebidan saukunis Semdeg ganxorcielda. is dekoratiuli stilidan inglisuri goTikis gviani periodis e.w. `perpendikularul~ anu `tiudoris~ stilze gadasvlis magaliTia, rac henri VII-is gamefebis Semdeg ewoda. glosterSi damaxasiaTebeli ganieri aRmosavleTi bolo gaxsnilia uzarmazari sarkmliT, romelic alaTebiani fanjrebiT horizontalur iarusebadaa dayofili, solsberis fardisebri fasadis formebisa da proporciebis msgavsad, Tumca aq Sua navSi solsberis kedlis horizontaluri aqcentebi EwaSlilia, ramdenadac iatakidan kamarebamde aziduli kedlis uwyvet vertikalur elementebs yvela done erTianobaSi hyavs moyvanili. 39  kamarebis nerviurebi ornamentuli sxmulebis uRran tyedaa qceuli, romelTac konstruqciuli funqcia ar gaaCnia. faqtiurad es cilindruli kamarebia dekoratiuli damatebebiT da ara nerviurebiani. inglisuri `perpendikularuli~ stilis kulminacia da tiudoris ayvavebis magaliTia XVIs-is pirvel or dekadaSi agebuli vestminsteris saabatosTan arsebuli henri VII-is kapelis kamarebi. maTi xazovani nerviurebi qmnis maraosebr kamarebs, gaformebuls stalaqtitebis msgavsi dekoriT. kapelis arqiteqturaSi TiTqos goTikuri karkasi dekoratiul fantaziaSi gadadis. konstruqciuli funqciidan gaTavisuflebuli originaluri xazebi mravalricxovania, mravalgvaria da gadazrdilia ganumeorebel TeatralurobaSi. 40  tiudoris am SenobaSi perpendikularuli stili naTlad asaxavs Sua saukuneebis miwuruls, ukve momakvdavi raindobis etiketSi Cadebuli cxovrebis daxvewil xasiaTs. ra Tqma unda, cxovreba iseve mZvinvarebda, rogorc yovelTvis _ marTlac es periodi iyo mRelvare inglisuri renesansis zRurbli, magram xelovnebaSi misi gamoxatuleba ufro faqizia, vidre mZlavri. linkolnis taZari linkolnis didebuli taZari qalaq fensis maxloblad, borcvzea aRmarTuli. misi `maqmanebiani~ pinaklebi da caSi atyorcnili Spilebi dauviwyar STabeWdilebas tovebs. pirvelad romaelebma gamoiyenes borcvis xelsayreli mdebareoba. maTi citadelis nangrevebi dResac Cans am adgilebSi. saqsebis periodSi romaelebis mier daarsebuli qalaqis mosaxleobam qristianoba 620w. miiRo, iorkeli episkopos-misioner polinusisgan. 870w-Tvis skandinavielebma linkolnis taZrebi daangries. linkolnis eparqia mxolod normanTa mier dapyrobis Semdeg daarsda. swored am dros ekuTvnis taZari da sasaxle. linkolnis pirvelma episkoposma remegius fekampelma aago taZari, romelic ufro cixesimagres waagavda. 1141w. misi saxuravi daiwva da episkoposma aleqsandre brwyinvalem axali taZris ageba daiwyo, romelsac ormagi (taZari _ cixesimagre) saxe aRar hqonda da mis pirdapir daniSnulebas pasuxobda. XIIs-is Sua wlebSi mefe stefane daupirispirda mis naTesav matildas, romelsac linkolnma dauWira mxari. mefem daipyro qalaqi da garnizoni taZarSi ganaTavsa, ris gamoc is seriozulad dazianda, 1185w. miwisZvram ki mTlianad daangria. 1192w. episkoposma hiu linkolnelma axali taZris ageba daiwyo. 1280 wels mTeli Senoba, koSkebis zeda nawilebis da gadaxuruli galereis garda, ukve agebuli iyo. aleqsandre brwyinvalis periodis fasadis fragmentebi goTikuri dasavleTi fasadis birTvad iqca. taZars rTuli, asimetriuli gegma aqvs aratradiciul adgilebSi moTavsebuli portalebiT, ormagi transeptebiT da kapelebis rigiT. taZris 41 aRmosavleTi nawili XIIIs-is II naxevris inglisuri arqiteqturis saukeTeso nimuSad iTvleba. garedan mas gamoarCevs aJuruli damuSavebis xasiaTi da zolebiani, qviT mopirkeTebuli kontrforsebi. CrdiloeTidan taZars esazRvreba kapitulis aTkuTxa Senoba kontrforsebiTa da filigranuli pinaklebiT. interieri sinatifiT gamoirCeva. CrdiloeTi fasadi gaformebulia varduli sarkmliT e.w. `winamZRvris TvaliT~, samxreTi ki _ e.w. `episkoposis TvaliT~. angelozTa qoredi bolo etapi iyo taZris gaformebaSi (1256_1280). mTeli Senobis saukeTeso nawilia presbiteriumi 5 sanaTuriT, maRali sarkmlebiT da SesaniSnavi aRmosavleTi sarkmliT, romelic SemosazRvrulia TaRebiTa da uxvad dekorirebuli kapitelebiani svetebiT. triforiumis TaRebis timpanebi angelozTa figurebiTaa gaformebuli, romelTa saxelsac atarebs qoredi. episkopos hius nawilebi taZarSi iyo daculi, ris gamoc is Sua saukuneebis inglisis mosalocav eklesiad iqca. germania XIIIs-Si germaniis arqiteqtura konservatiuli romanuli xasiaTis darCa, germanuli taZrebis gegma da masiuroba kargad cnobili rainis orafsidiani sistemis CaTvliT, koSkebiT afsidebis gverdebze da sxva. erTaderTi goTikuri niSani iyo nerviurebiani kamarebi, romlebic eyrdnoboda mZime masiur kedlebs. Tumca saukunis SuaSi franguli goTikis gavlena sagrZnobi gaxda da kiolnis uzarmazari qoredi aigo, romelic 42 amienis moxerxebul interpretacias warmoadgenda. kiolnis taZars agebis erT-erTi yvelaze grZeli istoria aqvs. mSenebloba 1248w. aRmosavleTidan daiwyo. Cafiqrebuli iyo grandiozuli xuTnaviani nageboba or-ori gverdiTa naviT centraluri navis gverdebze da qoredi SemosavleliTa da Svidi kapelis gvirgviniT. qoredi akurTxes 1322w. am droisTvis Sua saukuneebis vitraJebi ukve amSvenebda taZars, boZebi ki gaformebuli iyo SesaniSnavi dekoriTa da RvTismSoblis, qristesa da mociqulebis skulpturuli gamosaxulebebiT. 1385w. dasrulda wm. petres portalis qandakebebi da daiwyo transeptis, centraluri navisa da dasavleTi koSkebis qveda nawilebis ageba. usaxsrobis gamo XIVs-Si mSenebloba Sewyda. 1500w. taZars Seemata vitraJebiani 5 fanjara wm. petresa da RvTismSoblis cxovrebis scenebiT. mSenebloba XIXs-Si gagrZelda. TiTqmis xuTsaukunovani mSenebloba SesaniSnavi SedegiT dasrulda. sigrZe 140 m-ia, Sua navis simaRle _ 45 m, eleganturi aJuruli SpilebiT dasrulebuli ori koSkis simaRle _ 155 m. es araCveulebrivi Spilebi amkobs dasavleT fasads sami portaliTa da frontoniT. samnaviani transepti 83 m-mde gaizarda da damSvenda daxvewili kontrforsebiTa da arkbutanebiT. interierSi Sua navis boZebi miiswrafvis zemoT, kamarebisaken. kleristoriumis maRali fanjrebi ormag funqcias asrulebs: qmnis simaRlis gancdas da anaTebs interiers. aRmosavleT nawilSi kleristoriumisa da triforiumebis doneze arsebuli viwro gawelili fanjrebi aSuqebs sakurTxevelsa da qoreds. mravlad arsebuli mxatvruli da sulieri saganZuridan gansakuTrebiT 43 aRsaniSnavia Sua saukuneebidan SemorCenili erT-erTi uZvelesi xeSi Sesrulebuli jvarcma (Xs.). germaniaSi kargad moikida fexi (savaraudod franguli taZrebis gavleniT) darbazulma eklesiebma (hallenkirche) anu taZrebma, romelTa gverdiTa navebi Sua navis simaRlisaa. am tipis adreuli da warmatebuli magaliTia marburgis wm. elisabedis eklesia (aigo 1233_1283ww.). gverdiTa navebi uzrunvelyofs Sua navis gamagrebas. misi eqsterieri gacilebiT prozaulia frangulTan SedarebiT, magram Sewyvilebuli maRali fanjrebiT ganaTebuli interieri gacilebiT Tavisufalia da farTo, vidre sxva goTikur taZrebSi. darbazuli eklesiebi farTod gamoiyeneboda gviani goTikis arqiteqtorTa mier, rac germaniaSi protestantuli reformaciis mauwyebeli iyo. Zveli ritualis mixedviT, fokusireba xdeboda sakurTxevelze, rac unda Secvliliyo mqadageblis adgilis anu kaTedris aqcentirebiT. darbazuli tipisaa ulmis taZari (XIV_XVss.), romlis qalwul mariamisadmi miZRvnili dasavleTi fasadis koSki qristianul samyaroSi yvelaze maRal koSkad iTvleba (XIV s-is arqiteqtoris CanafiqriT daiwyo 44 XVI da dasrulda XIXs-Si). Tavidan taZari samnavian darbazul eklesiad iyo Cafiqrebuli, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi centralur navs (pirvelad swored is aRimarTa) miaSenes or-ori gverdiTa navi da taZari xuTnavian Senobad iqca. Sua navis kleristoriums ar gaaCnia fanjrebi, rac kompensirebulia gverdiTa navebis maRali sarkmlebiT. ულმის ტაძარი 45  italia santa maria del fiore XIIIs-is miwuruls florencieli maudiT movaWreTa da bankirebis wyalobiT qalaqi gamdidrda da SedarebiT mcire zomis santa reparatas taZari aRar Seesabameboda qalaqis statuss. gadawyda axali taZris ageba. 1296 wels moiwvies arqiteqtori arnolfo di kambio proeqtis Sesadgenad. man Tavis CanafiqrSi gamoiyena rogorc normanuli, ise goTikuri elementebi. Tavdapirvelad aigo ganieri centraluri navi, gverdiTa navebi da gumbaTis yeli aRmosavleT nawilSi. 1310 wels mSenebloba Sewyda arnolfo di kambios gardacvalebis gamo, xolo 1330 wels isev ganaxlda. moiwvies arqiteqtori da mxatvari joto di bondone, romelmac daiwyo kampanilis (cnobilia jotos kampanilis saxeliT) ageba, Tumca bolomde misi dasruleba ver moaswro da mSenebloba mxolod 1359 wels damTavrda. italiuri tradiciisamebr kampanila taZrisgan damoukideblad dgas. goTikuri taZris yvela struqturuli nawili Tu elementi, maT Soris koSkebi taZris organuli nawilia, romelTagan verc erTs umcires detalebamde ver gamohyof saerTo kompoziciidan, isini TiTqos erTmaneTisganaa amozrdili. sruliad gansxvavebulia italiuri koSkebi. jotos kampanila mkafiodaa dayofili iarusebad. is damoukideblad `muSaobs~ sivrceSi da taZris gareSec srulyofilia, misi calkeuli iarusebic damoukidebel dasrulebul kompozicias qmnis. es dayofa romanulis reminiscenciadac SeiZleba warmovidginoT, Tumca amave dros renesansis ideals asaxavs _ mkafio, logikuri urTierTkavSiri mTliani kompoziciis damoukidebel nawilebs Soris. CrdiloeTi koSkebisagan gansxvavebiT jotos kampanila ufro metad racionaluria, vidre emociuri. 46  goTikuri taZrebisgan gansxvavebiT, santa maria del fioreSi ar aris ZiriTadi goTikuri struqturuli nawilebi. san miniatos taZris msgavsad mas toskanuri ieri aqvs, geometriuli ornamenti marmarilos inkrustaciiT gverdze arsebuli XIs-is romanuli baptisteriumis xasiaTSia. mxolod navis nerviurebiani kamariT gadaxurvaSi SeiniSneba mwirad gamoxatuli goTikis gavlena. Crdilo-evropuli taZrebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic mistikur gancdas iwvevs mnaxvelSi da vertikalurobisken miiswrafvis ise, TiTqos miwidan caSia atyorcnili, santa maria del fiore piriqiT Zalian miwieria, aqcentirebulia horizontaluri elementebi, Tumca gumbaTi Seisrulia da ara naxevarsferuli. misi silueti mkveTradaa gamokveTili cis fonze. gumbaTi aago renesansis didma moqandakem da arqiteqtorma filipo bruneleskim 1420w. (miCneulia renesansis dasawyisad). man Zvirad Rirebuli xaraCoebis gareSe aago gumbaTi, ufro sworad karkasuli TaRebiT Sekruli kamara, romelic rva 60 daxrili rkaluri wibosagan Sedgeba da gamagrebulia (ganmbjeni Zalis gasaneitraleblad) horizontaluri sartylebiT. garda ZiriTadi wiboebisa, maT Soris kidev 16 Sualeduri wiboa ganTavsebuli, romelic eqsterierSi ar Cans. wiboebs Soris ori garsia amoyvanili: Siga – ufro mZlavri da gare _ SedarebiT msubuqi, romelsac mxolod gadaxurva uWiravs. maT Soris mowyobilia sanaTurTan asasvleli kibeebi. gumbaTi mopirkeTebulia wiTeli aguriT, rac kontrastSia mwvane, TeTri da wiTeli marmariloTi inkrustirebul kedlebTan. is dagvirgvinebulia sanaTuris marmarilos mcire rotondiT. bruneleskim gumbaTis konstruqciaSi erTmaneTs SeuTavsa goTikuri karkasuli struqtura da klasikuri teqnika (Seiswavla romis imperiis kamarebis, gansakuTrebiT ki panTeonis gumbaTis mixedviT). swored gumbaTqveSa sivrcea fokusirebuli taZris interierSi. gegmidan ise Cans, TiTqos navi daemata jvaredis kompleqss, Tumca swored Sua navi aigo Tavdapirvelad da yvelaze metad SeinarCuna di 47 kambios droindeli pirvandeli saxe. jvaredi gaizarda XIVs-Si. navis mali samjer didia, vidre amienisa. farTo TaRedi viwro gverdiTa navebs centraluri navis sivrceSi aerTianebs. aqcentebi rogorc eqsterierSi, aseve interierSi horizontalur elementebzea gakeTebuli. kapitelebi xazs usvams svetebis sayrden funqcias kamarebisaTvis. interieris mSvidi xasiaTi da mkafiooba metyvelebs imaze, rom toskanaSi arasodes miviwyebula klasikuri tradiciebi da amitomac swored aq daibada renesansi. renesansi italiaSi mZlavri socialur-ekonomikuri da mis safuZvelze ganviTarebuli kulturuli moZraoba, romelsac aRorZineba (renesansi) ewoda, XIIIs-is II naxevarSi CrdiloeT italiisa da toskanis qalaqebSi warmoiSva da XVI_XVIIss-Si centralur da dasavleT evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi gavrcelda. yvelaze xelsayreli pirobebi Tavisufali qalaquri respublikebis CamoyalibebisTvis, romlebic feodalebs ujanydebodnen, iyo Crdilo italiaSi. politikurma daqucmacebam da gardamavali warmatebiT mimdinare aswleulobiT gagrZelebulma brZolebma romis papebsa da germanel imperatorebs Soris politikuri damoukideblobis ganmtkicebis SesaZlebloba misca qalaqebs. nadgurdeboda Suasaukuneobrivi yvela tradicia da forma, romlebSic feodaluri urTierTobebi ase Tu ise iyo gamoxatuli. Zveli Suasaukuneobrivi msoflmxedveloba aRar akmayofilebda axali klasis _ burJuaziis warmomadgenlebs, romelTa warmateba maT individualur moxerxebulobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Sua saukuneebis eklesiis ideologias daupirispirda humanizmi, romelic saero progresul kulturas qmnida. humanistebi amkvidrebdnen gonis upiratesobas, pirovnebis mniSvnelobas da faseulobas, sicocxliT tkbobis uflebas. maTma racionalurma saero msoflmxedvelobam, codnis gaRrmavebisadmi Tu xelovnebisken swrafvam uzarmazari roli Seasrula evropuli kulturis formirebasa da ganviTarebaSi. humanistebi swavlobdnen antikur xelnawerebs, daxmarebas uwevdnen mecnierebs, romlebic uSualod swavlobdnen bunebas, Tumca maTi sakuTari interesebi mimarTuli iyo adamianis pirovnebis Seswavlisa da Tavisufali, harmoniuli ganviTarebis SesaZleblobisken. axali kulturuli moZraoba literaturidan daiwyo. renesansis pirveli kolosaluri figuraa poeti humanisti dante aligieri. dantes nawarmoebebSi, romlebic dawerilia italiur enaze, ukve SeimCneva realizmis niSnebi. meore udidesi poeti petrarka agrovebda antikuri avtorebis miviwyebul xelnawerebs, riTac saTave daudo farTo samuSaos am sferoSi. literaturaSi realizmis ganviTarebaSi didi roli Seasrula bokaCos nawarmoebebma. 48  imavdroulad axali moZraoba daiwyo saxviT xelovnebaSic. jotom bizantiuri kanonebi ugulebelyo da ferweraSi realistur safuZvlebs daudo saTave. qandakebaSi antikuri memkvidreobis Seswavlis safuZvelze axali moZraoba nikolo pizanom daiwyo. arqiteqturaSi brZola mimdinareobda ucxo qveynebidan Semosuli goTikis winaaRmdeg (romelmac mxolod CrdiloeT italiaSi moikida fexi) da romis antikuri memkvidreobis aRdgenisaTvis. mSeneblobis teqnikis Zveli tradiciebi da qvis damuSavebis xasiaTi italiaSi yvelgan cocxlobda. axali tipis Senobebis warmoqmna (ufro samoqalaqo), romlebic axal sazogadoebriv moTxovnebs pasuxobda, win uZRoda klasikuri tradiciebis safuZvelze axali, naTeli, mkafio arqiteqturuli formebis Seqmnas. arqiteqturaSi renesansma asi wliT daagviana, radgan mas gacilebiT meti saxsrebi sWirdeboda da nela viTardeboda, vidre saxviTi xelovneba. adreuli renesansi florenciis taZris bruneleskis mier daproeqtebuli gumbaTis aRmarTviT daiwyo (ix. santa maria del fiore). XV_XVIIss-is arqiteqturis ganviTarebaSi pirobiTad oTxi ZiriTadi etapia gamoyofili: 1) adreuli renesansi (1420 w-dan XVs-is bolomde), 2) maRali renesansi (XVIs-is I naxevari), 3) gviani renesansi (XVIs-is II naxevari), 4) barokos periodi (XVIIs.). adreuli renesansi adreuli renesansis dabadebis adgili – florencia florencia CrdiloeT italiisa da toskanis umsxvilesi da yvelaze mowinave qalaqi iyo, romelic warmatebiT ebrZoda feodalizms. XIV saukunesa da XVs-is dasawyisSi florenciam araCveulebriv ekonomikur warmatebas miaRwia. am periodSi mis mrewvelobas wamyvani, monopoliuri adgili ekava mTel evropaSi da aseve gasaRebis bazari hqonda rogorc aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi. aq awarmoebdnen msoflioSi saukeTeso mauds. florencia adre gaTavisuflda feodaluri damokidebulebisagan da savaWro gzebic gaaTavisufla feodalebis kontrolisagan, romlebmac XIIIs- is bolos Zalaufleba qalaqSic dakarges. XIV saukuneSi warmoebis axali formebi Camoyalibda (kapitalisturi martivi kooperacia). 1378w. klasobrivi uTanxmoebis fonze ifeTqa daqiravebuli muSebis (e.w. Compis) pirvelma ajanyebam, romelic CaaxSes da TandaTan Zalaufleba bankirebisa da mewarmeebis yvelaze mdidarma ojaxebma (mediCi, piti, paci, stroci da a.S.) aiRes, sanam mTlianad mediCebis xelSi ar gadavida. XIVs-sa da XVs-is dasawyisSi florencia gvelfebis partiis keras warmoadgenda. gvelfebi germaneli imperatoris mowinaaRmdegeebi iyvnen. Tavad imperatori italiis feodalebs (gibelinebis partias) uWerda mxars da maTi daxmarebiT surda italia Tavisi gavlenis 49 qveS moeqcia. am brZolaSi florenciis burJuazia yvelaze xSirad romis papis mxardamWeri iyo, Tumca jer kidev SedarebiT sust mokavSires masze gabatonebis uflebas ar aZlevda. XVs. florenciis didebulebma imis SiSiT, rom umuSevrobas saxalxo ajanyeba ar gamoewvia, daiwyes msxvili sazogadoebrivi nagebobebis mSenebloba. es gaxda adreuli renesansis arqiteqturis ganviTarebis dasawyisi, rac yvelaze mkafiod florenciaSi gamovlinda. qalaqis didi nawili (ise, rogorc es amJamadaa) md. arnos marjvena sanapiroze iyo gaSenebuli, sadac ponte vekios (Zveli xidis) CrdiloeTiT Zveli romis imperiis droindeli qalaqi mdebareobda. 1285_1388ww-Si qalaqi garSemortymul iqna kedlebiT, romelTa SigniT nawilobriv Zveli kedeli da koSkebi moeqca (santa-kroCes WiSkari, 1284w.). mogvianebiT aigo san-galosa da romis WiSkrebi. Tanamedrove florenciaSi kedlebis adgilas gadis wriuli magistrali (viale). Zveli, romisdroindeli ganaSenianebis raionSi SemorCenilia romauli banakebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli quCebis bade. misi kardo (via roma _ via kalimala) gamodis CrdiloeTisken _ boloniis gzisken, xolo samxreTiT _ romisken. dekumanusi ganisazRvreba gziT dasavleTidan (pizidan) aRmosavleTisaken (arecosken). am regularul birTvs uerTdeba radialuri quCebi fiezoles, faencas, pratos, sienas da sxva qalaqebis mimarTulebiT. maTi kveTa qmnis Sua saukuneebis qalaqis abneul qsels. qalaqis regularuli nawilis Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi, Sua saukuneebis florenciis TiTqmis geometriul centrSi mdebareobs taZris (ix. santa maria del fiore) didi moedani, sadac taZris grZiv RerZze dgas florenciis erT-erTi uZvelesi Zegli _ san-jovanis baptisteriumi. samxreTi mxridan qalaqis regularul nawils ekvris sinioriis moedani. ubertis ojaxis (gibelinebis) saxlebis dangrevis Semdeg, feodalebis damarcxebiT aRfrTovanebulma florenciis mcxovreblebma safuZveli Cauyares moedans da sinioriis Senobas _ palaco vekios koSkiT, romelic batonobda qalaqis sivrceSi. moedanTan axlos mdebareobs barjelos sasaxle anu palaco podesta aseve maRali koSkiT. Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT aris moednebi: piaca di san-marko san-markos monastriT, sadac cnobili biblioTeka da humanizmis centri iyo daarsebuli da piaca anunciata, qalaqis dasavleT nawilSi sant-maria novelasTan _ ori moedani, xolo aRmosavleT nawilSi _ moedani santa-kroCes monasterTan axlos. es moednebi damatebiT kompoziciur kvanZebs qmnida qalaqis rTul struqturaSi. mdinare arnoze eqvsi xidi iyo gadebuli, maT Soris cnobili xidi ponte-vekio romis periodidan arsebobda, romelic mTlianad gadaakeTa XIVs-Si tadeo gadim. mdinaris meore napirze gaSenebuli iyo sanapiros arcTu didad ganieri zoli da romisa da livornosken mimavali gzebi. yvela msxvili nageboba aigo XV_XVIss-Si, maT Soris adreuli renesansis cnobili Senobebi: palaco piti, san-spiritos taZari. aqvea vrceli baRebi, parkebi, vilebi, maT Soris cnobili vila alberti, sadac Tavs iyridnen humanistebi. humanizmis centrs warmoadgenda san-spiritos monasteric. sabolood ganaSenianebam samkuTxedis konfiguracia miiRo. 50  florenciis religiuri da saero centrebi rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, florencias aqvs ori centri: religiuri da saero. politikuri brZolis istoriaSi, rac axasiaTebda Sua saukuneebis qalaqebs, orive centri xSirad qceula klasobrivi brZolis arenad. amasTan, sinioriis moedani eretikosebisa da meamboxeebis dasjis adgilic iyo. florenciis centrebi TiTqmis erTmaneTis gverdiTaa ganlagebuli. maT aerTebs kalcaiolis wrfivi quCa, romelic sazeimo msvlelobisTvis gamoiyeneboda. centrebi kargad avsebs erTmaneTs qalaqis siluetSi da erTian gegmarebiT mTlianobas qmnis. santa maria del fiores taZris wiTeli agurisferi gumbaTi da palaco vekios moyviTalo koSki SesaniSnavadaa Sexamebuli, Tumca arqiteqturuli RirsebiT centrebi ar aris erTnairad srulfasovani. am TvalsazrisiT, saero centri ufro Zlieria, vidre sataZro kompleqsi taZriT, mis RerZze mdebare baptisteriumiTa da jotos kampaniliT (kompleqsis Sesaxeb ix. santa maria 51 del fiore). sataZro moedani msxvili laqiT mxolod gegmazea gamokveTili, naturaSi ki, miuxedavad didi zomisa (sigrZe 258 m), sakmaod SeboWilia. italiuri goTikis gamorCeuli nawarmoebis _ santa maria del fiores taZris erTianobaSi aRqma axlo perspeqtivaSi qalaqidan SeuZlebelia. mxolod florenciis gareT mdebare borcvebidan SeiZleba aRiqva misi Rirseba. taZris moednis sapirispirod sinioriis moedani, romelsac mxolo 0,8 ha Uukavia, sruliad gaxsnili da Tavisufalia, ganaSenianebis simaRle palaco vekios koSkis gamoklebiT ar aRemateba Sefardebas 1:3. aq Seqmnilia imis SesaZlebloba, rom mTavarma nagebobam _ palaco vekiom, srulad gamoamJRavnos mxatvruli Rirsebebi. Tumca sinioriis moednis Rirseba ara marto optikuri amocanebis gadawyvetaSia, aramed araCveulebriv erTianobasa da dinamikur xasiaTSi. palaco mTeli moednis kompozicias gansazRvravs, magram gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens sasaxlis kuTxe da diagonaluri perspeqtiva kalcaiolis quCidan. kuTxuri perspeqtivis gamo, palacos fasadebi asimetriul xasiaTs iZens: Sesasvleli marjvnivaa gadaweuli, imave mimarTulebiTaa gadaadgilebuli sasaxlis koSkic, ufro metic _ efeqtisTvis koSki uSualod Senobis karnizzea agebuli. palacos Seqmnisas arnolfo di kambio xelmZRvanelobda adre agebuli palaco barjelos arqiteqturuli formebiT, magram palaco vekio, uzarmazari masidan da moedanze diagonaluri mdebareobidan gamomdinare, bevrad ufro mZlavrad aRiqmeba. 52  bunebrivia, rom ganlagebiTa da formebiT palaco vekio moednis kompozicias kravda da aRorZinebis epoqis ostatebi mxolod Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis koncefcias aviTarebdnen. XVs-Si moedanze qandakeba daidga. palacos win farTo kibea mowyobili, romlis baqani e.w. ringiera saukeTeso adgili iyo qandakebis gansaTavseblad. aq daidga donatelos `marcoko~ _ lomi florenciis gerbiT da misive skulpturuli jgufi `ivdiTi~. 1501 wels miqelanjelo iwyebs daviTis qandakebaze muSaobas. 1503 wels gadawyda misi ganTavsebis adgilis sakiTxi. florenciel mxatvarTa krebam, romelsac eswrebodnen leonardo da vinCi da juliano da sangalo sami varianti SearCia: 1. palaco vekios Siga ezo, 2. ringiera, 3. lojia dei lanci. samives saerTo hqonda is, rom qandakeba aucileblad SenobasTan axlos unda ganTavsebuliyo. saqme imaSi iyo, rom monumenturi qandakeba sul axali gamoyofili iyo kedlidan da TiTqos eZebda sayrdens Senobebis fonis saxiT. miqelanjelom miiRo Tamami gadawyvetileba: ivdiTi gadaitana lojia dei lanciSi, xolo mis adgilas dadga daviTi. miqelanjelos Semdeg aq daidga baCo bandinelis herkulesi (1534), bartolomeo amanatim palacos kuTxesTan axlos aago neptunis Sadrevani (1571), jovani da boloniam kozimo I mediCis cxenosani qandakeba dadga moedanze. ukanaskneli SenaZeni sinioriis moednisTvis iyo uficis quCa, romelic vazarim Seqmna 1560_1574ww-Si. am farTo da mokle quCam, romlis gayolebaze orive mxridan saxelmwifo kancelariis Senobebi e.w. uficiebi idga, antikuri xanis Semdeg pirvelad miiRo orderuli gaformeba. md. arnosTan portikiT Caketili uficis quCa ixsneba palaco vekios mxares da kompoziciurad mas ekuTvnis. aqedan saintereso xedia sasaxleze, Tumca kalcaiolis quCidan aRqmis Tavisebureba gacilebiT mniSvnelovania. filipo bruneleski (1377_1446) udidesi italieli xuroTmoZRvari filipo bruneleski daibada florenciaSi. man SeZlo gaecnobierebina da gadaewyvita Tavisi drois 53 mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli amocanebi. is iyo iuveliric, moqandakec, Tumca bolos gaitaca mecnierebam perspeqtivis Sesaxeb da xeli Seuwyo mis Semdgom ganviTarebas. rogorc moqandakem, bruneleskim monawileoba miiRo florenciis baptisteriumis brinjaos karebis reliefebis konkursSi, sadac gaimarjva lorenco gibertisTan erTad, Tumca sabolood ganxorcieleba gibertis dauTmo. 1403w. Tavis megobar, moqandake donatelosTan erTad bruneleskim romis antikuri Zeglebi Seiswavla da es codna Semdeg SemoqmedebiT muSaobaSi gamoiyena. misi arqiteqturuli da sainJinro didostatoba cxadad gamoCnda santa maria del fiores taZris gumbaTis ganxorcielebisas (ix. santa maria del fiore). man Seqmna gumbaTi, romelic florenciis mTavar orientirad iqca da amiT qalaqis siluetis Camoyalibebis ZiriTadi problema gadawyvita. 1421w. bruneleskim daiwyo san lorencos eklesiis gadakeTeba da masTan Zveli sakristiis (saWurWlis) ageba (axali aago miqelanjelom XVIs-Si). sakristiis kvadratuli (11x11) sivrce gadaxurulia gumbaTiT afrebze, rac am droisTvis dasavleT evropaSi miviwyebuli iyo. ukana kedelTan mibjenilia mcire kvadratuli saTavsi, romelic daeqvemdebara sakristiis ufro maRal mTavar sivrces. am saTavsebis dasakavSireblad bruneleskim pirvelad gamoiyena koncentruli arqivoltebis sistema, rasac Semdgomac xSirad mimarTavda. Tormetwaxnagiani qolgisebri gumbaTis ZirSi mrgvali mcire zomis sarkmlebia gaWrili da SemoWrili SuqiT iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom afrebisagan msubuqi karniziT gamoyofili gumbaTi haerSia gamokiduli. interieris kuTxeebi vizualurad aqcentirebulia muqi korinTuli pilastrebiT, romelzec dayrdnobilia aseTive muqi antablementi. es elementebi mkveTrad gamoiyofa Ria feris kedlis fonze. amiT xazgasmulia ZiriTadi konstruqciuli elementebi, rac interiers aniWebs sicxades, simsubuqes, maRliv swrafvas. antablementi mTel kompozicias erTianobaSiD kravs da sivrcis mSvid xasiaTs qmnis. sakristia damTavrda 1428w., romlis mdidruli dekoratiuli elementebi Seasrula donatelom. aq arqiteqturul formebSi pirvelad Seisxa xorci florenciuli humanizmis ideebma. es nageboba iyo centruli kompoziciis pirveli magaliTi, romelmac aRorZinebis epoqis xuroTmoZRvarTa yuradReba miiqcia. 54  bruneleskis arqiteqturuli xelwera kargad Cans florenciis bavSvTa TavSesafris SenobaSi (ospedale deli inoCenti). Senobas anunciatas moednis erTi grZivi mxare TiTqmis mTlianad ukavia. Senobis centrSi kvadratuli ezoa, romelic Semofarglulia svetebze dayrdnobili TaRediT. am ezos ZiriTadi saTavsebi ekvris. marjvena nawilSi aris meore wagrZelebuli ionuri ezo. Senobis mTavari, moednisken mimarTuli fasadis dizainis ZiriTadi elementia tanwerweta svetebze (svetebi cxra safexuriT maRlaa moednis sibrtyesTan SedarebiT) dayrdnobili naxevarwriuli TaRebis sistema (bruneleskis Canafiqris mixedviT unda yofiliyo 9 mali, Semdeg malebi miamates ganapira nawilebSi, ramac daamaxinja Tavdapirveli varianti), romelzec dayrdnobilia brtyeli horizontaluri antablementi. fasadze iqmneba galerea, romlis ganivi TaRebi (galereis gadaxurva uWiravs) erTi mxriv korinTul kapitelebs, xolo meore mxriv ukana kedelze kapitelebis saxiT formirebul konsolebs eyrdnoba. amgvarad Seqmnili yoveli ujredi gadaxurulia afrisebri kamariT. mTavari portali flankirebulia didi orderis pilastrebiT. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is STagonebuli iyo romanuli nagebobebiT: san miniatos taZriT an florenciis baptisteriumiT, miT umetes, rom es ukanaskneli bruneleskis dros SecdomiT romaul nagebobad iyo miCneuli. Tumca hospitali sakmaod gansxvavdeba misi SesaZlo prototipebidan. mkafio artikulacia, horizontaluri elementebis xazgasma, misi korinTuli pilastrebiTa da kapitelebiT Sedgenili arqiteqturis simetria, frontoniani sarkmlebi _ yvelaferi miuTiTebs ufro metad klasikuris, vidre Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturis gavlenaze. mTavari fasadis svetebis Tavze medalionebSi gamosaxulia Cvili bavSvebis figurebi (avt. andrea de la robia, 1463). XVI s-Si analogiuri portikebi aigo moednis kidev or mxares, mxolod erTi mxare darCa gaxsnili. Senoba sainteresoa imiT, rom es aris aRorZinebis periodis pirveli SemTxveva, sadac TaRedis mzidi svetebi SeTavsebulia Semomfarglav did 55 pilastrebTan, es xerxi bruneleskim TandaTanobiT ufro daxvewa da gamoiyena san lorencosa da san spiritos taZarTa interierebSi. kapela paci (1430_1443) adreuli aRorZinebis xanis erT-erTi yvelaze momxiblavi nawarmoebia. 1427 wels misi modeli ukve mzad iyo. kapela santa-kroCes mokrZalebuli TaRediT garSemovlebuli ezos aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebareobs. TaRedTan kontrasti zrdis mis mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobas. Sesasvlelidan farTo xeivani miuyveba kapelisken, romlis fasadi xazgasmulia eqvssvetiani portikiT. misi farTo mali gadaxurulia maRali TaRiT, rac Sesasvlels gamohyofs. portiks, svetebis antablementidan kapelis kedlamde, cilindruli kamara xuravs. Sesasvlelis TaRis RerZis gaswvriv portikSi arsebuli patara gumbaTi erTgvar kompoziciur gadasvlas qmnis Sesasvlelidan kapelis interieris centralur gumbaTze. portikis kamarebi da mcire gumbaTi garedan dafarulia qvis atikiT, romelic plastikurad isea damuSavebuli, rom gvagonebs karkass, msubuqi SemavsebliT. saxuravi eyrdnoba atikis Tavze mowyobil mcire, msubuq svetebs. fasadis yvela nawili mxatvrulad gamarTlebulia, yvelaferi erT mTlianobaSia gaerTianebuli, rac mkacr da naTel proporciebs eqvemdebareba. kapelis gegma mkveTrad gansxvavdeba san lorencos kvadratuli Zveli sakristiisgan. gumbaTis gverdebze, marjvnidan da marcxnidan damatebulia mokle cilindruli kamarebi, risi meSveobiTac gegma mTavari RerZis mimarT ganivrad gawelil marTkuTxeds qmnis. Siga sivrce ori RerZis mimarT iSleba da iqmneba harmoniuli gawonasworobis STabeWdileba. 56  kapela paciSi bruneleski dauaxlovda centrul gegmas, misi sruli realizacia ki ganaxorciela santa maria deli anjelis samlocveloSi. 1434w. dawyebuli mSenebloba mitovebul iqna daumTavrebel mdgomareobaSi 1437w. gegmis mixedviT, es aris centruli oqtagoni, romlis kuTxeebSi mdgari pilonebi gumbaTis sayrdenebadaa gaTvaliswinebuli. am birTvis garSemo rva identuri kapelaa (erTi gamoyenebulia Sesasvlelad), romlebic garedan erTmaneTisagan niSebiTaa gamoyofili. am xerxiT gare masiuri kedeli Semsubuqebulia. kedlis Siga da gare plastika romauli Senobebis kedlis formirebas mogvagonebs. aseTi gadawyveta im drois arqiteqturas win uswrebda, msgavsi xerxi XVs-is bolomde aRar gamoyenebula. albertis nanaxi unda hqonoda es Senoba, roca Tavis traqtatSi centrul gegmas xotbas asxamda. am nagebobam gviani Taobebis arqiteqtorebis gemovneba ganapiroba. aseTive mkafiooba da garkveuloba SeiniSneba or bazilikur taZarSi, romlebic bruneleskim aago florenciaSi _ san lorencoSi da santa spiritoSi. es ukanaskneli ufro gviania da gviCvenebs ostatis momwifebul stils. misi ageba 1436w. daiwyo da garkveuli cvlilebebiT bruneleskis gardacvalebis Semdeg dasrulda. jvruli Senoba, romanuli dagegmarebis msgavsad, segmenturi gumbaTiT gadaxuruli Suajvaredis jerad segmentebzea damyarebuli, Tumca es segmentacia ar vrceldeba Sua navze, romlis uwyvetad gagrZelebuli sivrce adreqristianuli bazilikebis msgavsia. gverdiTa navebi dayofilia ujredebad, romelTa araRrma, farTo kamarebi Sua navis brtyeli gadaxurvis paralelurad mTel sigrZeze miuyveba gverdiTa navebs da qmnis grZivi dizainis centrisken SekumSvis vizualur efeqts. es efeqti bruneleskis proeqtis mixedviT kidev ufro 57 mZafri unda yofiliyo, radgan Sua navis win Sesasvlelebis mxares ganivi navi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, gverdiTa navebis struqturis analogiurad. proeqtis mixedviT, taZris gegmidan gamomdinare, mas oTxi Sesasvleli unda hqonoda tradiciuli samis nacvlad, rac mis sicocxleSi sadavo sakiTxad iqca, xolo gardacvalebis Semdeg idea Seicvala da sami Sesasvleli gakeTda. Seicvala eqsterieric: originalSi naxevarwriuli kapelebis plastikurad damuSavebuli kedeli realurad brtyel kedlad gadaiqca. interieris ZiriTadi xasiaTi bruneleskis Canafiqris originalurobas metad inarCunebs. taZris struqturuli elementebis proporciebSi ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia fardoba 1:2. taZris geometrul sicxades da garkveulobas, mis civ logikas SeiZleba akldes Sua saukuneebis Senobebis garkveuli siTbo, Tumca is srulad asaxavs renesansis suls, mis racionalur xasiaTs. palaco mediCi-rikardi florenciaSi florenciaSi ramdenime mdidar ojaxs Soris gadanawilebuli Zalaufleba 1434 wels kozimo mediCis (ufrosi) erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobiT dasrulda. kozimom sakuTari ojaxisTvis sasaxlis ageba gadawyvita. bruneleskis proeqti kozimos zedmetad mdidruli da amdenad politikurad saSiSi eCvena (eSinoda moqalaqeTa Suris) da amitom axali proeqti Tavisi karis arqiteqtors, adreuli aRorZinebis didostat mikeloco di bartolomeos (1396_1472) daukveTa. man Seadgina SedarebiT mokrZalebuli proeqti da 1444 wels daiwyo mSenebloba, romelic 1452 wels dasrulda, Tumca gaformeba grZeldeboda.LmediCisTvis agebuli 58 palaco XVIIIs-Si rikardis ojaxma Seisyida da fasadi orjer gazarda sigrZeSi. palaco martivi, masiuri Senobaa, romelsac zogadad Sua saukuneebis toskanuri palacoebis mkacri saxe aqvs, rasac ganapirobebs qveda sarTulis mZime rustika. palacos cixesimagresTan msgavseba florenciis mmarTvelis Zlierebas usvamda xazs. Senobis kuTxuri ganTavsebiT aqcentirebulia misi moculoba, romelic batonobs garemoze Tavisi masStabiT. toskanis Sua saukuneebis palacoebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTac sakmaod ablanduli dagegmareba da kompoziciurad gaurkveveli interierebi hqonda, mediCis sasaxle mkafio, cxadi sivrculi kompoziciiT, masStabiTa daEgamokveTili arqiteqturuli formebiT xasiaTdeba. mTeli moculoba dayofilia sam iarusad horizontaluri gamyofi karniziT. iarusebis saxe, damuSavebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, ierarqiulad qvemodan zemoT TandaTan msubuqdeba. sasaxle dasrulebulia mZlavri antikuri xasiaTis karniziT, romlis naSveri (naSveri 1,85m, simaRle 2,35m) Senobis mTel simaRles (24m) Seesabameba da ara mxolod damasrulebel mesame sarTuls. palaco gars ertymis svetebiTa da maTze dayrdnobili TaRediT SemosazRvrul Siga ezos, rac xazs usvams mikelocos pativiscemas bruneleskisadmi. naxevarwriuli TaRedi ospedale deli ino