AR 227 - History Of Architecture 3 PDF

History of Architecture 3 Asian Architecture | AR 227  1 South Asia 2  2 Southeast Asia 3  3 East Asia 4  Activity 1 Research on the following. Define the following religions, identify the belief systems, the gods or origins and no...

History of Architecture 3 Asian Architecture | AR 227  1 South Asia 2  2 Southeast Asia 3  3 East Asia 4  Activity 1 Research on the following. Define the following religions, identify the belief systems, the gods or origins and note important terms. ✘ Buddhism ✘ Hinduism ✘ Islam Submit in A4 size paper. 1 page only. No format but make your work as extensive and comprehensive as you can. 5  South Asia 6  India 7 Indian Architecture Influenced by history, culture and religion Best known by Hindu temple architecture and Indo- Islamic architecture styles. Structures sometimes share the same site, have rhythmic stratified motifs, and profuse carved ornamentation, often combining the religious and the sensuous. 8  Indian Architecture Architecture of the Indian subcontinent Characterized by Hindu and Buddhist monuments 9 Indus and Ganges The chief commercial city of Pakistan is Karachi, a port founded in the 18th century and the sea gateway to the Indus valley. Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa, and the Rajasthan, indicate close links between the so-called “Indus Valley- Harappan culture and the ancient Mesopotamia” 10  Indus Valley Civilization Sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce Trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. Both Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are generally characterized as having "differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers.“ Similarities in system of urban layout and planning are largely due to the presence of a semi- orthogonal type of civic layout 11  Mohenjo-Daro “Mound of the Dead Men” Archeological site: Sindh, Pakistan Largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley civilization Existed along with the ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Crete and Norte Chico 12  Mohenjo-Daro Discovered in 1921 Wells were found throughout the city, and nearly every house contained a bathing area and drainage system Suggests an ideology based on cleanliness 13  Harappa Archeological site: Punjab, Pakistan Contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city Part of the Indus Valley Civilization The city is believed to have had as many as 23,500 residents and occupied about 150 hectares (370 acres) with clay brick houses at its greatest extent during the Mature Harappan phase 14  Maurya Dynasty 322 BCE – 184 BCE Ancient Indian people who united northern India Architecture shows the cultural influence of Persia and the first use of dressed stone (stone worked to desired shape and smoothed on the face). 15 Gupta Dynasty 320-540 CE Court was the center of classical Indian art and literature First architects of purpose-built Hindu (but sometimes also Buddhist) temples which evolved from the earlier tradition of rock-cut shrines. Earliest substantial architectural remains are from this period 16  Gupta Dynasty Golden Age of India Science and political administration reached new heights Achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting influenced the whole region of South Asia and its nearby regions 17  Pallava Dynasty 275 CE–897 CE Hindu state established in southern India Contributed to the expansion of Indian culture into Southeast Asia Dravidian architecture - style of Indian architecture in the Pallava period (named after the language spoken in the region) 18  Pallava Dynasty Patronized largely architecture in the region Pallavas left behind magnificent sculptures and temples, established the foundations of medieval South Indian architecture. One example is the Shore Temple. 19  Shore Temple Built with blocks of granite, dating from the 8th century AD. The site was a busy port during the Pallava Dynasty. Classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984. It is one of the oldest structural (versus rock-cut) stone temples of South India. 20 Buddhist Structures 21  Stupa Dhamek Stupa A Buddhist memorial mound to enshrine a relic of Buddha. Ceylon (Sri Lanka) - dagoba Tibet and Nepal - chorten Dome-shaped mound on a platform, crowned by a chattri, surrounded by an ambulatory (stone vedika), with four toranas 22 Plan of the Mahastupa at Sanchi 23 Elevation of the Mahastupa at Sanchi 24 Parts of a Stupa 25  Chaitya Interior: Bhaja, near Lonavla, India A chaitya is a Buddhist shrine or prayer hall with a stupa at one end Also called chaitya-griha or caitya 26  Vihara Monastery often excavated from solid rock for Buddhist renunciates. 27 Hindu temples 28  Mandir Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple Hindu temple Ratha - a Hindu temple cut out of solid rock to resemble a chariot Vimana – sanctuary of a Hindu temple in which a deity is enshrined 29  Amalaka – bulbous stone finial of a sikhara. Sikhara – tower usually tapered convexly and capped by an amalaka Gopuram – monumentally, usually ornate gateway tower Mandapa – large, porch-like hall and used for religious dancing and music Parts of a Adha Mandapa – entrance porch Hindu Mandir Antarala – a vestibule Maha Mandapa – the Great Hall Urushringa – a subsidiary sikhara Garba Griha – a shrine inside the sikhara Jagati – Platform of the mandir Adhisthana – the base platform 30 Parts of a Hindu Mandir 31  Shore Temple One of the oldest freestanding Hindu temple 32 Mughal Architecture Indo-Islamic: blended traditions from India and Islam (Golden Age of Islamic Architecture in Northern India) 33  Diwan-i-Kas and Diwan-i-am Fatehpur Sikri Diwan-i-Kas, India Diwan-i-Kas - Hall of Private Audience, divided by overhanging moldings called chajja. Diwan-i-Am - Hall of Public Audience 34  Humayun’s Tomb New Delhi, India Forerunner of Taj Mahal Oldest of the Mughal monuments 35  Fatehpur Sikri City of Victory Capital of the Mughal Empire Built by Emperor Akbar 36  Jamah Masjid The Great Mosque One of the biggest in India At the center of the court is the tomb of Shaikh Salim, a Sufi saint 37  Taj Mahal Agra, India Most renowned example of Mughal architecture “Crown Palace” Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal Also called Rauza-i- Munavvara which means “Illumined Tomb” 38  Taj Mahal Placed on a chahar bagh, a platform at the end of a walled garden divided by canals. The marble facade is decorated with floral motifs and a type of inlay called pietra dura (using cut, fitted, and polished colored stones to create images). 39  Taj Mahal Site Plan of Taj Mahal Entrance Gateway Mausoleum Guest quarters Tomb-mosque Yamuna River 40 Taj Mahal (Yamuna River) 41 Plan and Section of Taj Mahal 42 The faux tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal inside the Taj Mahal 43 Indo-Saracenic Architecture Also known as Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, and Hindoo Style 44  Indo-saracenic architecture Combination of Indo- Islamic architecture (Mughal architecture) and European Gothic Revival and Neo-Classical “Saracen” – term used by the colonizers to refer to Muslim and Arabic- speaking regions (Middle East and North Africa) 45  Indo-saracenic architecture Revivalism in architecture is the use of visual styles that consciously echo the style of a previous architectural era. Used by British architects in India in late 19th century during the British Raj 46  Mysore Palace, Karnataka Official residence of the Wadiyar dynasty and the seat of the Kingdom of Mysore Mysore is commonly described as the 'City of Palaces' There are seven palaces, 'Mysore Palace' refers specifically to this one within the Old fort. 47  Chapeauk Palace First Indo-Saracenic building (1768) 48  Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Mumbai Designed by British architectural engineer Frederick William Stevens Originally named Victoria Terminus Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (station code CST) in March 1996 49  Municipal Corporation Building Mumbai Commissioned by Arthur Crawford and completed in 1893 Located across Victoria Terminus now known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Heavily influenced by Gothic design 50  St. Andrew’s Church, Chennai Designed by Major Thomas de Havilland and Colonel James Caldwell of the Madras Engineers. Inspired by Neo-Classical architecture, The body of the church is a circle, with rectangular compartments to the east and west. The church has 16 fluted pillars with Corinthian capitals. 51  Victoria Memorial Culcutta Dedicated to the memory of Queen Victoria Designed by William Emerson Built with white Makrana marble Design echoes the Taj Mahal with its dome, four subsidiaries, octagonal- domed chattris, high portals, terrace, and domed corner towers. 52