AR 390 History of Architecture 1 ICA 1 PDF

AR 390 ICA 1 PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL JANUARY 21, 2023  History of Architecture GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE REVIEW STRATEGY ON HISTORY COURSES: Topics to Cover History of Architecture 2...

AR 390 ICA 1 PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL JANUARY 21, 2023  History of Architecture GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE REVIEW STRATEGY ON HISTORY COURSES: Topics to Cover History of Architecture 2 History of Architecture 1 1. Romanesque Architecture 2. Gothic Architecture 1. Pre-Historic Architecture: Paleolithic, Mesolithic 3. Renaissance Architecture Period and Neolithic Architecture 4. Rococo, Art Noveau, Beaux-Arts 2. Pre-Classical Architecture: West Asiatic 5. Modern and Post Modern Architecture Architecture (Ancient Near East, Babylonian, 6. Other European Styles and Colonial Architecture in America Akkadian, Assyrian) English Renaissance Architecture: Elizabethan, Jacobian, 3. Pre-Classical: Egyptian Architecture Georgian, Victorian 4. Classical Architecture: Aegean and Greek American Colonial Architecture: French, Spanish, Dutch, Architecture German, Georgian, Victorian 5. Classical Architecture: Etruscan and Roman 7. Industrial Revolution and Modern Architecture Architecture in the Industrial Revolution: Industrial Architecture Revolution, Art Nouveau, Beaux Arts 6. Early Christian Architecture Architecture in the Modern Period: Architecture at the 7. Byzantine Architecture Beginning of the 20th Century, The International Style and Modernism, Contemporary Architecture PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  History of Architecture GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE REVIEW STRATEGY ON HISTORY COURSES: History of Architecture 3 (Asian Architecture) History of Architecture 4 (Filipino Architecture) 1. West Asia (Middle East) Region 1: Pre-Colonial Era West Asia Architecture: Saudi Arabia, Turkey, 2: Architecture during the Spanish Colonial and other Islamic countries Period 2. South Asia Region 3: Philippine Architecture during the American Architecture of India, Nepal and Tibet Occupation 3. East Asia Region 4: Post World War II Architecture Architecture of Japan and Korea, 5: Late 20th Century and The New Millennium for Architecture of China (Main land, Hongkong, Philippine Architecture Macau) and Taiwan. 6: Introduction to Architectural Heritage 5. South East Asia Conservation: Basic Principles of Conservation Architecture of Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia. (Definitions and Objectives) Architecture of Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Laos, Brunei, Myanmar PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  History of Architecture 1 Egyptian Pre-historic Greek Roman Early Christian Byzantine Near East PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Pre-historic Influences: earliest humans spread from Africa into Architectural Character: Southern Europe and Asia by means of foot Materials: travel and boats Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones could not settle far north due to climate Construction System: humans lived a nomadic life wherein they Existing or excavated caves transferred from place to place in search of Megalithic, most evident in France, England and location with ample resources for hunting and Ireland gathering Decoration: Animal domestication for work, milk, wool Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain farming and agriculture was practiced Sculpture first villages in the Middle East, South America, Central America, India and China Religion no organized religion the dead are treated with respect - burial rituals and monuments PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Pre-historic Architectural Examples: MENHIR Stonehenge, England (2800 – A single, large upright monolith 1500 BC) Serves a religious purpose Most spectacular and imposing Sometimes arranged in of monolithic monuments parallel rows, reaching several Outer ring, inner ring, innermost miles and consisting of horseshoe-shaped ring with open thousands of stones end facing east Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales 200 km away DOLMEN Stones transported by sea or Tomb of standing stones river then hauled on land with usually capped with a large sledges and rollers by hundreds of horizontal slab people, raised upright into pits, capped with lintels CROMLECH Enclosure formed by huge TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE stones planted on the ground in Dominant tomb type circular form Corridor inside leading to an underground chamber PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Near East Geography and Geology Fertile Crescent: Influences: Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from water Started as villages on the flat land between and soil Tigris and Euphrates rivers - “Mesopotamia” Import materials like hardwood and metals Turned into city-states with populations of thousands Also: Society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula priests Mountains and plateaux from west to east Fought and traded with each other Each city-state surrounded by a wall and Architectural Character: dominated by a large temple MATERIALS Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds, rushes Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or kiln- Religion fired Each city-state worshipped their own god for Timber, copper, tin, lead gold, silver imported protection People aimed to make peace with their DECORATION wrathful god Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portals Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green Murals of decorative continuous stone PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Near East Architectural Examples: PALACES Kings celebrated their victories, ZIGGURATS wealth and power by building Religious buildings built next to large palaces temples On top was a small temple Palace Platform at Persepolis Ruins still exist 50 years to build Development: People from all over the empire Archaic ziggurat were involved in its construction Two or Three-staged ziggurat Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period DWELLINGS Known as Megaron Entrance at end rather than on the long sides Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or vestibule, with a roof supported on one side by columns Suited to climate of Anatolian plateau PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Egyptian History Pharaohs: Wealthy country despite the desert - every Seen as gods dwelling on earth year, Nile would overflow, leaving the land Sole masters of the country and its inhabitants fertile for growing crops Builders and leaders Nile River was a trade route Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and Gold from Nubia in the south transporting of materials, organization of labor and construction itself Two kingdoms, Lower and Upper Egypt, combined by King Menes in 3100 BC Geography and Climate Many small towns, but royal cities at Memphis Narrow stretch of fertile and arable land along the and Thebes Nile A single kingdom for most of its existence - Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs unified under the centralized omnipotent prevented attack from invaders authority of the pharaoh (king) Mediterranean and Red seas PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Egyptian Architectural Character DESCRIPTION Religion Afterlife - life and house on earth is temporary, the Cult of many gods representing nature: sun, tomb is permanent moon, stars, animals For sustenance and eternal enjoyment of the After death, a persons soul went on to enjoy deceased eternal life in kingdom of the God Osiris - Religion is the dominant element in Egyptian imagined this kingdom as a perfect version of architecture Egypt Pharaohs were buried, bringing with them the MATERIALS things they might need in the afterlife, even living Stone was abundant in variety and quantity people Used for monuments and religious buildings Wished for a fine burial, embalmment and Durability of stone is why monuments still exist to funeral rites, and a permanent tomb or "eternal this day dwelling" ROOF & OPENINGS Roof was not an important consideration Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat No windows Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, clerestories PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Egyptian Architectural Character WALL Batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top for stability Thickness: 9 to 24m at temples Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for hieroglyphics DECORATIONS Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was inspired by reeds Torus moulding Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of religion, history and daily life Derived from the practice of scratching pictures on mud-plaster walls PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Egyptian Architectural Examples: PYRAMIDS massive funerary structure of stone or brick MASTABAS Rectangular flat-topped funerary Came in complexes: mound, with battered side, covering a Offering chapel (north or east side) burial chamber below ground Mortuary chapel Raised and enclosed causeway leading to west First type of Egyptian tomb Valley building for embalmment and internment rites Developed from small and inconspicuous to huge an imposing Immense use of labor and materials, built in layers, like steps Parts: Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, second was a false door for spirits Column Hall Offering Chapel Serdab (contains statue of deceased) Offering room with Stelae (stone with name of deceased inscribed) Offering table Sarcophagus – Egyptian coffin PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Greek History Aegean Period (Minoan) Geology & Climate Knossos was the largest city, had a magnificent Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat palace Clear atmosphere and intense light - conducive to creating precise and exact forms Mycenaean or Helladic (1550 to 1100 BC) Wealth due to their control of metal trading between Europe and Middle East Religion Priestesses conducted religious rites, sacred Hellenic Period (800 to 323 BC) games, ritual dances, worship on sacrificial altars The "polis" emerged as the basis of Greek society Gods could influence events in the human world Hellenistic Period (323 to 30 BC) Hellenistic Empire established, Greek civilization extended PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Greek Architectural Character CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Aegean Columnar and trabeated Rough and massive Roof truss appeared, enabling large spaces to be Hellenic unhindered by columns Mostly religious architecture "carpentry in marble“ - timber forms imitated in MATERIALS stone with remarkable exactness Timber and terra cotta Stone Hellenistic Not religious in character, but civic – for the people Provided inspiration for Roman building types Dignified and gracious structures Symmetrical, orderly PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Greek MOULDINGS Architectural Examples: Architectural devices, which with light and shade, produce definition to a building HOUSES Could be refined and delicate in contour, due to fineness of marble and the clarity of atmosphere and light On islands: Flat roofing Drawn together in blocks Two to four storeys high Light admitted through light wells On mainland: Single-storeyed house with deep plan Columned entrance porch with central doorway Living apartment proper with sleeping room behind TOMBS rock-cut or chamber tombs - “tholos” tomb Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Greek Architectural Examples: TEMPLES Chief building type Earliest ones resembled megaron in plan and construction Number of columns at entrance: 1 column – hemostyle 2 columns – distyle 3 columns – tristyle 4 columns – tetrastyle 5 columns – pentastyle 6 columns – hexastyle 7 columns – heptastyle 8 columns – octastyle 9 columns – enneastyle 10 columns – decastyle 12 columns – dodecastyle PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Greek Architectural Examples: TEMPLES Chief building type Earliest ones resembled megaron in plan and construction Number of columns at entrance: 1 column – hemostyle 2 columns – distyle 3 columns – tristyle 4 columns – tetrastyle 5 columns – pentastyle 6 columns – hexastyle 7 columns – heptastyle 8 columns – octastyle 9 columns – enneastyle 10 columns – decastyle 12 columns – dodecastyle PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Greek Architectural Examples: Certain refinements used to correct optical illusions: Horizontal lines built convex to correct sagging Vertical features inclined inwards to correct appearance of falling outwards On columns, entasis was used, swelling outwards to correct appearance of curving inwards METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING no windows clerestory - situated between roof and upper portion of wall skylight - made of thin, translucent marble temple door, oriented towards the east PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Greek GREEK ORDERS Architectural Examples: Shaft, Capital, and Horizontal entablature (architrave, frieze, cornice) Originally, Doric and Ionic, named after the two main branches of Greek race Then there evolved Corinthian, a purely decorative order DORIC ORDER Without base, directly on crepidoma Height (including capital) of 4 to 6 times the diameter at the base IONIC ORDER Volute or scroll capital (derived from Egyptian lotus and Aegean art) CORINTHIAN ORDER Decorative variant of Ionic Order Corinthian column: Base and shaft resembled Ionic More slender PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Greek Architectural Examples: TEMENOS Enclosure designated as a sacred land Entire groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and orderly The Acropolis, Athens 10 structures form a world-famous building group: Propylaea Pinacotheca Statue of Athena Promachos Erectheion Parthenon Temple of Nike Apteros Old Temple of Athena Stoa of Eumeses Theater of Dionysus Odeon of Herodes Atticus PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Greek Architectural Examples: THEATER or ODEION Carved or hollowed out of the hillside Acoustically-efficient PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Roman Geology & Climate History Italian peninsula: Central and commanding 2 periods: position on Mediterranean sea Etuscan or Etruscan (750 BC to 146 BC) Temperate in the north Sunny in central Italy Roman (146 BC to 365 AD) Almost tropical in south Developed constitutional republic Farmers & soldiers, concerned with efficiency and justice Religion Polytheistic, several cults Provinces run by governors Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from Latin was the official language those of Greek gods Applied roman system of laws Was the intermediary in spreading art and civilization in Europe, West Asia and North Africa PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Roman Architectural Character Etruscans introduced the use of concrete (300 DESCRIPTION AD to 400 AD): Etruscans were great builders Large-scale undertakings, like city walls and sewers Stone or brick rubble with pozzolana, a thick Draining marshes, controlling rivers and lakes by using volcanic earth material as mortar channels Used for walls, vaults, domes Romans had great constructive ability Complex, of several stories Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials MATERIALS Stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand, gravel Marble, mostly white Imported marble from all parts of the Empire to river Tiber Earth for terra cotta and bricks PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Roman Architectural Examples: COLUMNS Orders of architecture, used by Greeks constructively, were used by Romans as decorative features which could be omitted Tuscan Order Simplified version of Doric order About 7 diameters high With a base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain entablature Composite Order Evolved in 100 AD, combining prominent volutes of Ionic with acanthus of Corinthian Most decorative PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Roman Architectural Examples: CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks Arch and vault system started by Etruscans - combined use of column, beam and arch (arctuated) Were able to cover large spaces without the aid of intermediate support PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Roman THERMAE Architectural Examples: Romans liked to keep clean and fit Built elaborate public baths throughout the empire For as many as 30 men and women in the open Parts of the thermae Apodyteria – dressing room Laconicum (sudatorium) - sweat room, rubbing with oil Tepidarium – warm bath Frigidarium – cold bath Unctuaria – oils and perfumes room DOMUS INSULAE 3- or 4- storey tenement type buildings Prototype for the modern condominium PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Roman Architectural Examples: THEATERS and AMPHITHEATERS Gladiators trained to fight each other at organized contests For the entertainment of the townspeople AQUEDUCTS Carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of the city PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Early Christian History Architectural Character Belief that Jesus was the Christ and the Son of DESCRIPTION God - Christianity was born Highly-influenced by Roman art and architecture This architecture hardly has the architectural value of a style, simply because it was never really Geography & Geology produced by the solution of constructive problems Ruins of Roman buildings served as quarries from which materials were obtained ROOF and CEILING Further development of trusses - king and queen post trusses PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Early Christian Architectural Examples: BASILICAN CHURCHES Roman basilicas as models Usually erected over the burial place of the saint to whom it was dedicated Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered gods, the purpose of the Christian church was to shelter worshippers Came in a complex, with cathedral, belfry or campanile, and baptistery Fine sculptures and mosaics worked into new basilicas Paid little regard to external architectural effect Entrance at west Priest stood behind altar, facing east PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Byzantine Architectural Character History Fierce barbaric tribes such as the Goths and DESCRIPTION Vandals attacked from outside the empire First buildings constructed were churches Constantinople stood on the site of an old Greek Dumped Early Christian style for new domical town called Byzantium (present-day Istanbul) Byzantine style Byzantine is still official style for Orthodox GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY church distinction: Where Asia and Europe meet, separated by a Basilican plan - Early Christian narrow strip of water Domed, centralized plan - Byzantine Art and architecture executed by original Greek craftsmen Influence reached Greece, Serbia, Russia, Asia Minor, North Africa, further west Also Ravenna, Perigeux and Venice, through trade PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Byzantine The dome was the prevailing motif Architectural Character of Byzantine architecture Practice of using domes contrasts CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM with Early Christian timber truss Fusion of domical construction with system classical columnar style Domes of various types placed over 3 types of dome: square compartments using pendentives Semi-circular arches rest directly Simple - Pendentives and domes are of same sphere on columns, with capitals able to support springing of arches Compound Dome of separate sphere, rises independently over sphere of pendentives or dome raised on high drum Special designs: melon, serrated, onion or bulbous shape PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  Byzantine Architectural Examples: S. Sophia, Constantinople Hagia Sophia "divine or holy wisdom" Built by Justinian, designed by Anthemius CHURCHES of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus Centralized type of plan Rose on the site of 2 successive Basilican Dome over nave, sometimes churches of the same name supported by semi-domes Entrance at west Most important church in Constantinople Perfection of Byzantine style S. Mark, Venice On the site of original Basilican church An exterior quality all its own: blending of features from many foreign lands Sits behind the Piazza of San Marco, vast marble-paved open space serves as atrium to church Glittering, resplendent façade Exterior enriched by fine entrance portals, mosaic and marble decorations PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL  End of Part 1. Continue to Part 2 PREPARED BY: AR. AIRA ROWIE ALTOVAR-MURIEL