Biology Final Exam Review - Semester 1 PDF

## Biology Final Exam Review - Semester 1 This review guide should be used along with your unit sheets, notes, quizzes, tests, kahoots, quizlets, and the textbook to guide your studying. Happy studying :) ### Unit 1: SciLife 1. What are the characteristics of life? - reproduce - energy...

## Biology Final Exam Review - Semester 1 This review guide should be used along with your unit sheets, notes, quizzes, tests, kahoots, quizlets, and the textbook to guide your studying. Happy studying :) ### Unit 1: SciLife 1. What are the characteristics of life? - reproduce - energy - adapt - cells - homeostasis - nucleic acid - growth - respond to stimuli - organization 2. Define homeostasis: Ability to maintain a constant internal environment. 3. Put the steps of the scientific method listed below in the right order. 1. Research and ask a question. 2. Experimentation 3. Make a hypothesis 4. Analyze data 5. Make a conclusion 5. What is the purpose of a control variable? To have something to compare the experiment to. 6. What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable? - IV: changed by scientist - DV: measured by scientist *OV depends on IV* 7. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? Give examples of each. - Qualitative - descriptive data - Quantitative - numerical data - ex: tall - ex: 3cm 8. Make up a simple experiment to test whether amount of light affects plant growth and identify the control, independent and dependent variables. - Answer will vary. ### Unit 2: Macromolecules | Macromolecule | Subclass | Examples | Function | |---|---|---|---| | Carbohydrates | Monomer: Monosaccharide (sugar) <br> Polymer: Polysaccharide (Starch) | glucose, fructose, ribose, sucrose, deoxyribose, starch, cellulose | Main source of energy (runners) | | Nucleic Acids | Monomer: Nucleotide <br> Polymer: Nucleic Acid | DNA, RNA | Stores & transmits genetic information | | Proteins | Monomer: Amino acid <br> Polymer: Polypeptide | 20 types of amino acids, enzymes | Support, movement, Immune system, regulate | | Lipids | 3 fatty acids + glycerol | Fats, oils, waxes, Membranes (cell), Steroids | Stores energy, biological membrane | ### Unit 3: DNA 1. What is the process by which DNA is copied? How does this work? - DNA replication - DNA is unwound, base pairs match up, each semi-conservative strand is rewound 2. When during the cell cycle is DNA replicated? - Interphase - S Phase 3. Why is DNA replicated? - To ensure that each new cell has identical copies of DNA 4. What are the 3 specific parts that make up a nucleotide? - Phosphate - Sugar (Deoxyribose) - Base 5. What are the four bases of DNA? Which bases pair together? - Adenine - Thymine - Guanine - Cytosine 6. If 30% of a DNA molecule is guanine, what percent will be adenine? - 30%G = 30/100 = 40/40 = 20/100 = 20% A 7. What is the name of the shape of the DNA molecule? - Double helix / twisted ladder ### Unit 4: Cell Division 1. What are the phases of the cell cycle? - Interphase (G1, S Phase, G2) - Mitosis (PMAT) - Cytokinesis 2. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? - Interphase - G1 - cell growth - S - DNA Replication - G2 - preparation for mitosis 3. What happens in each phase of the cell cycle up until mitosis begins? - Interphase - G1 - S - G2 4. Name the 4 stages of Mitosis. What happens in each of these stages? - Prophase - nucleus disappears, spindle forms, chromosomes condense - Metaphase -chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell - Anaphase - chromatids pulled apart - Telophase - nucleus reforms, spindle disappears 5. List at least 4 differences between mitosis and meiosis? - Mitosis - 2 identical cells - Diploid - Somatic cells - 1 cell division - Meiosis - 4 non identical cells - Haploid - Gametes - 2 cell divisions 6. Define the following terms: - Haploid - N Set of chromosomes (1) - Diploid - 2N Set of chromosomes (2) - Gamete - Sex cell (egg/sperm) - Somatic Cell - Body cell - Autosome - Non-sex chromosomes 7. Which reproductive cycle does a somatic cell go through? - Mitosis 8. Which reproductive cycle does a sex cell go through? - Meiosis 9. How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis? - 2 10. How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis? - 4 11. If a mother cell has 50 chromosomes, how many chromosomes do the daughter cells have after going through MITOSIS? - 50 12. If a mother cell has 50 chromosomes, how many chromosomes do the daughter cells have after going through MEIOSIS? - 25 13. What is the picture to the right? - Karyotype 14. Is this a male or a female? - Good Male (XY) 15. Does this person have a chromosomal disorder? How could you tell? - No - complete set of chromosomes, all pairs of 2, no pair of 3. ### Unit 5: Genetics 1. What is a gene? **Part of DNA that codes for a trait** 2. What are alleles? **Different + forms of a gene ** 3. How many alleles for each gene/trait do you have? - 2: one from each parent 4. Where do alleles come from? - One from mom, one from dad. 5. Label each of the following homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous: - a. TT - homozygous dominant - b. tt - homozygous recessive - c. Tt - heterozygous 6. Tall is dominant to short in plants. - a. What letter would you use to represent the tall allele? **T** - b. What letter would you use to represent the short allele? **t** - c. What two alleles would a homozygous tall plant have? **TT** - d. What two alleles would a heterozygous tall plant have? **Tt** - e. What two alleles would a homozygous short plant have? **tt** 7. In summer squash plants, a white fruit color is dominant over yellow. Cross a homozygous white squash plant with a yellow plant. - a. White = **W**, yellow = **w** - b. What are the genotypes of the parents? **WW** x **ww** - c. What gametes can the parents produce? **W, W** x **w, w** - d. Punnett square: - ``` W W w Ww Ww w Ww Ww ``` - e. What is the percent chance of producing a yellow-fruit offspring? - **0% change** 9. Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait and is shown with the symbol X^h. It is recessive to normal vision, shown with the symbol X^H. Cross a female carrier of color-blindness with a normal male. What are the chances their children will be colorblind. - a. Symbols - **X^H X^h** x **X^H Y** - b. Phenotypes - Carrier x Normal - c. Genotypes - d. Punnett Square: -``` X^H X^h X^H X^H X^H X^H X^h Y X^H Y X^h Y ``` - e. What are the chances their child will be colorblind? - **25%** 10. A boy is found to be colorblind. His father is not colorblind. The boy's mother has 2 brothers (1 of whom was colorblind) and 1 sister who is not colorblind (but has a colorblind boy). The boy's maternal grandmother had 1 brother who was colorblind and 3 sisters, one of which was color blind. The grandmother's mother was not colorblind. Draw the pedigree with the known genotypes for each individual described. Shaded represents colorblind. Show carriers. <br> <br> --- This diagram is not included as it represents a visual.