Ancient Rome Overview: Notes - History PDF

[Ancient Rome Overview: Notes] **[Geography of Ancient Rome]** **Where is Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Rome is a city located in the modern-day country of Italy in | | Southern Europe....

[Ancient Rome Overview: Notes] **[Geography of Ancient Rome]** **Where is Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Rome is a city located in the modern-day country of Italy in | | Southern Europe. | | | | - The city was originally built on top of seven hills near the end | | of the Tiber river. | | | | - Rome would eventually become the captial city of one of the | | largest empires in world history. This entire group of | | territories is what we call "ancient rome\'\' today. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What are the physical features of Italy?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Italy is a peninsula which is a type of landform that is mostly | | surrounded by water. | | | | - The Italian Peninsula is easy to find on a map of Europe | | because it looks like a high-heeled boot. | | | | - The country also includes several islands, such as Sicily and | | Sardinia. | | | | - Mountains and hills cover most of Italy's landscape. | | | | - The Alpes, which are the highest and largest mountain range | | in Europe, surround the northern border of Italy. | | | | - The Apennines extend across the center of the Italian | | Peninsula. | | | | - Multiple rivers flow from the mountains including the Po River, | | Arno River, and Tiber River. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did Italy's geography affect the ancient Romans?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Rome's location near freshwater and Italy's warm climatecreated | | good conditions for farmers to grow crops\_. | | | | - The hills, mountains, and seas were all \_natural barriers that | | increased the difficulty of invading Rome. | | | | - The Mediterranean Sea gave Romans access to trade routes and | | other civilizations beyond the Tiber River. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Who were "the Romans" of ancient history?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Ancient Rome included more than just the city of Rome and the | | Italian Peninsula during ancient times. | | | | - The total amount of land in ancient Rome reached about 2 million | | square miles (5 million square kilometers) at its maximum size | | and covered parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. | | | | - These regions were divided up into numerous **provinces**, which | | were territories outside of Italy that were each supervised by a | | Roman governer. | | | | - People living in areas including Greece, Gaul (France), Spain, | | Britain, Egypt, North Africa, Asia Minor, Syria, and Mespotamia | | would all have been considered "Romans" during this time because | | their territories were provinces of ancient Rome. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What did ancient Rome look like at its maximum size?**  **[Religion of Ancient Rome]** **What was the religion in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Ancient Rome was home to multiple religions that were practiced | | among the different cultures in the province. | | | | - The Romans believed in polytheism, which is the worship of many | | gods, and their religion was heavily influenced by ancient Greek | | mythology. | | | | - Followers constantly attempted to please their gods by saying | | prayers, offering sacrifices, building temples, and celebrating | | festivals\_. | | | | - Monotheism, which is the belief in a single god, also became more | | wedespread during this time due to other religions such as | | **Judaism** and **Christianity**. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Why was Roman mythology influenced by Greece?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Greeks established colonies in Italy and Sicily during the | | 700s BCE and encountered the Romans. | | | | - While the Romans eventually conquered Greece in 146 BCE, they had | | adopted many of the Greek gods over the centuries and created new | | versions for their own religion. The three most important gods | | were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Why was mythology important to the Romans?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Romans used mythology to explain unknown events in their | | history and create stories that highlighted the greatness of | | their city. | | | | - The most famous legend was about the founding of \_Rome by twin | | brothers named **Romulus and Remus**. | | | | - The brothers were abandoned as babies in the Tiber River | | because they were potential threats to a man who overthrew | | their grandfather to become a king. | | | | - The boys were rescued by a wolf and adopted by sheperads. | | They grew up and helped restore their grandfather to the | | throne after a conflict with the king. | | | | - Romulus and Remus later decided to make their own coty, but | | got into an fight about where to build it. Romulus eventually | | killed Remus created the city of Rome, and named himself its | | first king. | | | | - It was later said that Romulus and Remus were the descendants of | | a Trojan warrior named Aeneas\_, who led a group of followers | | that settled in Italy after the destruction of trojan during the | | Trojan War. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Did all the Roman provinces agree about religion?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Some provinces, such as \_Judea in Southwest Asia, did not agree | | with the Romans' religious ideas. | | | | - The Romans believed in the existence of many gods and | | polytheism was the official state religion. Eventually, Roman | | emperors were also considered gods. | | | | - The Jews only believed in the existence of their one God. | | | | - Rome conquered the region of Judea, including its holy city of | | Jerusalem, in 63 BCE. | | | | - Most Jews were extremely upset about losing their | | independence and being governed by another civilization. | | | | - The Romans built statues of their own gods and emperors on | | holy grounds in \_Jerusalem, which angered many Jews. | | | | - The Romans collected a large amount of taxes from the Jews and | | did not spend the funds to improve Judea, which resulted in many | | Jewish people living in poverty. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did Judea respond to the actions of Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Jews rebelled against the Romans multiple times in a series | | of conflicts called the Roman-Jewish Wars, which included the | | Great Revolt (66 - 73 CE) and the Bar Kokba Revolt(132 - 136 CE). | | | | - The Romans won both wars, which resulted in hundreds of thousands | | of deaths between both civilizations, and severely punished the | | surviving Jews for their resistance. | | | | - The Roman army burned the Second Temple, which was the most | | sacred place of worship in Jerusalem, and stole many of its | | valuable items to display in Rome. | | | | - Jerusalem was largely destroyed after both conflicts. | | | | - Many Jews were enslaved and sent to Rome, where they were | | often forced to fight as gladiators, or work on huge building | | projects such as the coliseum. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were the consequences of the Roman-Jewish Wars?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - A Roman emperor named Hadrin made several policies to wipe out | | Judaism. | | | | - All Jews were forced to leave Jerusalem and live elsewhere. | | | | - All Jews were forbidden from entering Jerusalem except once a | | \_year. | | | | - The Torah, which is the holy book of Judaism, and the Hebrew | | calender were banned across Roman territories. | | | | - A temple dedicated to Jupiter was constructed on the former | | site of the Second temple. | | | | - Jerusalem was rebuilt and renamed Aelia Capitolina after | | Hadrian's family name. He also changed Judea's name to Syria | | Palaestina, which was named after the Philistines, a | | traditional enemy of the Jewish people. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were the origins of Christianity?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Christianity began to develop around 30 CE from the teachings of | | a Jewish man named **Jesus of Nazareth**. | | | | - The religion originally evolved from Judaism as followers of both | | faiths practice monotheism and believe in only one god. | | | | - A major difference between Christianity and Judaism is that | | Christians believe that Jesus is the \_Messiah and God in human | | form, while Jews do not agree with these ideas. | | | | - A messiah is a person who Jews and Christians both believed was | | choosen by God to save their people and bring peace. | | | | - Jesus is known as Jesus Christ in Christianity because "Christ" | | is the Greek translation for "Messiah." | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What is the traditional source of Christian teachings?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Christian beliefs and teachings are recorded in a collection of | | texts called the Bible. | | | | - The Bible is divided into two major sections known as the New and | | Old Testament. | | | | - The Old Testament contains most of the same texts as the | | Hebrew Bible of Judaism\_. | | | | - The New Testament consists of writings that include accounts | | about Jesus\_ and other events during the early history of | | Christianity. | | | | - The first four books in the New Testament are called the Gospels, | | which present four different accounts about Jesus's life and | | teachings. | | | | - Most of the other books in the New Testament are known as | | epistles, which are formal letters written by Jesus's followers | | to the first churches that explain Christian beliefs and ideas. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Who was Jesus of Nazareth?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Nearly all the information that historians know about Jesus comes | | from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Scholars estimate that he was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in a town | | called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ between 6 - 4 BCE. | | | | - Jesus grew up in the city of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and | | is traditionally believed to have been a | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ at the beginning of his | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - He became a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when he was about | | \_\_\_\_\_ years old and began teaching about God in a region | | called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ located between modern-day | | Israel and Lebanon. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What happened during Jesus's ministry?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Jesus spent about three years traveling from Galilee to Judea to | | spread his message about the kingdom of God. | | | | - According to the Bible, Jesus performed numerous \_miracles\_ | | that made some people believe he was the Messiah. | | | | - Some examples include walking on water\_, instantly healing | | people's illnesses, and feeding a large crowd with only five | | loaves of bread and two fish. | | | | - The Gospels indicate that Jesus often taught his followers | | through parables\_, which are short stories that teach important | | lessons about values and behavior toward others. | | | | - A famous parable is the \_Good Samaritan, in which Jesus | | explains that people should show love and compassion to | | everyone, including their rivals and enemies\_. | | | | - Jesus gradually gained many followers over the next few years and | | named twelve of these people his Apostles, who were his closest | | companions and the first people to spread Christianity after his | | death. | | | | - One of the Apostles named Peter would become the first leader | | of the Christian Church. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Why did some Jews and Romans oppose Jesus?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Many Jewish religious leaders disagreed with Jesus's teachings | | and the increasing claims by others that he was the messiah and | | son of god. | | | | - Jesus was arrested in Jerusalem during the Jewish holiday of | | Passover after chasing away money changers, animal sellers, and | | customers at the Second temple for the buying and selling of | | goods at a holy site. | | | | - Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, ordered that Jesus | | die by crucifixion. | | | | - Crucifixion was a common method of Roman execution at the | | time, in which a person was nailed to a wooden cross and left | | to die. | | | | - According to the Bible, Jesus came back to life three days after | | his crucifixion in an event known as the \_resurrection. | | | | - It is stated that Jesus revealed himself to the Apostles and | | instructed them to pass on his teachings before going to the | | Christian afterlife called heaven. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What are the major religious beliefs of Christianity?**  **How did Christianity spread across ancient Rome? (2 slides)** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Apostles began to pass on Jesus's teachings to other Jews | | after his death. | | | | - A Jewish man named Paul, who was not originally one of the | | Apostles, played an important role in spreading Christianity | | beyond Judea. | | | | - He made three journeys across the Roman provinces and | | established churches in several cities to teach Christian | | ideas. | | | | - He wrote most of the epistles that appear in the New | | Testament\_. | | | | - He was the first major Christian leader to share the religion | | with non-jews | | | | - The Roman government began to consider Christianity a threat | | after Paul and other Christian leaders started convincing many | | Roman citizens to change their religion. | | | | - This threatened the status of the traditional Roman gods and | | worship of the emperors, since Christians only believed in | | God. | | | | - Roman officials generally ignored Christians, but some Roman | | emperors persecuted them at certain times over several centuries. | | | | - Persecution means to mistreat and punish a group of people | | because of their ideas or differences\_. | | | | - One Roman emperor named Constantine converted to Christianity in | | 312 BCE. He issued the Edict of Milan in 313 CE, which legally | | recognized the religion and ended Christian persecution in | | ancient Rome. | | | | - Constantine later organized a convention of Christian leaders | | called bishops at the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE. Members | | discussed their different interpretations of religious ideas to | | establish consistency among all churches. | | | | - Another Roman emperor named Theodosius made Christianity the | | official religion of ancient Rome in 380 CE. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **[Achievements of Ancient Rome]** **What was a major achievement in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Romans built a network of public roads that spanned across | | the entire empire and covered 50,000 miles (80,000 km). | | | | - Roman engineers also built tunnels and bridges to help keep roads | | straight as they linked the city of Rome to other cities and | | forts in different geographical landscapes. | | | | - The network of roads made it possible for Roman armies to travel | | efficiently throughout the empire, but it also helped to move | | people, goods, and ideas. | | | | - The network of roads also created a sense of unity between | | the many groups of people living under Roman control. | | | | - These roads were well paved and drained, and some are still in | | operation today more than 2,000 years later! | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were some of their architectural achievements?** **What were their achievements in art?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Roman art often included sculptures, mosaics, and paintings. | | | | - Since the Roman empire was so large, there was a range in the | | style of art created in different parts of the empire. | | | | - The Romans showed people as they actually were, rather than as | | flawless or idealistic versions of themselves. | | | | - The Romans often copied the sculptures from ancient Greece. | | | | - While some criticized the Romans for copying the Greeks, | | these copies became very helpful since many of the original | | Greek sculptures have been lost. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What language was used in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Latin was a language that was first spoken by people who lived | | along the Tiber River. | | | | - As the power of the Romans increased, Latin spread and became the | | official language of ancient Rome. | | | | - The **Romance languages**, such as French, Italian, Portuguese, | | Romanian, and Spanish, developed out of Latin after the fall of | | Rome. | | | | - Latin was used in the Catholic Church, as the language of | | European education, and is still often used by scientists to name | | animals and plants. | | | | - Latin influenced many English words that are spoken today. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were their achievements in literature, history, and science?**  **[Politics of Ancient Rome]** **What was the government like in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The government in ancient Rome evolved over time and can be | | organized into three main phases: the Roman Kingdom, the Roman | | republic, and the Roman empire. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What happened in the Roman Kingdom?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Ancient historians believed that the Roman Kingdom was founded by | | Romulus in 753 BCE, but modern records show that this may be | | inaccurate. | | | | - The early kings controlled the army, led building projects for | | Rome, and served as the chief priest\_ and a judge in legal | | matters. | | | | - There was a total of seven\_ kings who ruled Rome. | | | | - The seventh and final king, Tarquin the Proud, was a cruel | | man who killed his opponents and his family. | | | | - He ruled for twenty-five years until he was overthrown by a | | group of nobles who later established the \_Roman Republic. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What happened in the early Roman Republic?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - A **republic** is a type of government in which people elect the | | leader who govern them. | | | | - The Roman Republic suffered from instability and war in its early | | years, so temporary **dictators** were sometimes selected and | | given almost all the power. | | | | - Cincinnatus was a farmer who became the most popular dictator | | of the early republic. | | | | - Many consider him to be the ideal dictator because he led the | | Romans to victory during a war before he resigned and went | | back to his farm. | | | | - Conflict also arose because the Romans were divided into two | | social groups the **patricians** (powerful and wealthy nobles) | | and **plebeians** (common people). | | | | - The plebeians were not able to participate in government, so | | they went on strike and formed their own group, which led the | | patricians to make changes and include the plebeians. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How was the Roman Republic organized? (2 slides)** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - To correct some of the challenges of the early Republic, the | | Romans created a government with three parts, known as a | | tripartite government, each with its own tasks and | | responsibilities. | | | |  | | | | - The Roman Republic had three different branches to prevent one | | group from becoming too powerful\_. | | | | - For example, if the senate proposed a new law, the | | magistrates needed to approve it, and the assemblies\_ needed | | to ratify it before it became a law. | | | | - Roman leaders believed in the rule of law\_, which is the idea | | that everyone, even those in power, must follow the rules | | established in a society. | | | | - However, the Roman people were frustrated because the laws | | were not written down, so they did not know what the laws | | were or if they were breaking a law. | | | | - Therefore, the laws were written down on bronze tablets and | | displayed in the Roman Forum in 450 BCE. | | | | - These Twelve Tables became the first written law code in | | Rome. | | | | - Policies of the Roman Republic have inspired modern governments, | | such as the government of the United States. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did citizenship work in the Roman Republic?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Only citizens were able to vote and to participate in the Roman | | Republic. | | | | - Women and enslaved people were not allowed to vote or | | participate in government. | | | | - Adult males received citizenship at birth if their parents were | | citizens. | | | | - Citizens were able to get married, own property, receive a trial | | for a crime, and run for office but they were also required to | | pay taxes\_ and serve in the Roman military and court system. | | | | - Even with citizenship, there were still differences between the | | rights and opportunities given to the patricians and plebeians. | | | | - During the Roman Empire, the government greatly expanded | | citizenship so it could receive more money from taxes and more | | soldiers to serve in the military. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Why did the Republic fall apart? (2 slides)** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Romans fought the city of \_Carthage in North Africa\_ during | | a series of conflicts called the **Punic Wars**. | | | | - The Romans won the wars and gained control of new territory | | around the Mediterranean Sea. | | | | - They also killed or enslaved the entire population of | | Carthage | | | | - After the Punic Wars were over, the Roman army continued to grow | | and conquer new territories. | | | | - While the Romans had more land and some citizens grew wealthy new | | problems and conflict emerged. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Who was Julius Caesar?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - **Julius Caesar** was one of the most talented Roman general. | | | | - He expanded Roman territory to Gaul (which included modern-day | | France, Germany, and northern Italy) and Britain. | | | | - He was popular and influential because he was a good speaker and | | treated his soldiers well. | | | | - Although he had previously formed an alliance with Pompey, | | Caesar's power made him jealous. | | | | - Pompey and his allies ordered Caesar to give up his armies and | | come back to Rome after he fought in Gaul. | | | | - Caesar refused because he thought that Pompey was going to take | | his power away and arrest him, so he crossed the Rubicon and led | | his army into Italy in 49 BCE. | | | | - It was against Roman law to enter Italy with an army, so this | | was seen as an act of war. | | | | - Pompey had a smaller army than Caesar, so he fled to Egypt, | | where he was later killed due to the belief that Caesar was | | favored by the gods. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What happened after Caesar returned to Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - After returning to Rome, Caesar forced the Roman Senate to make | | him dictator for ten years. | | | | - Later, his term as dictator was extended so he became the | | dictator for life. | | | | - Many Romans became afraid that Caesar would try to become a | | king. | | | | - While Caesar was a strong leader and brought prosperity to Rome, | | some members of the Senate became so angry with Caesar and his | | power that they attacked him and stabbed him to death on March | | 15^th^ 44 BCE. | | | | - Since Caesar had been loved and respected by the common people of | | Rome, riots and chaos occurred after his death. | | | | - Caesar's killers were forced to flee Rome to avoid death. | | | | - Marc Antony (Caesar's former assistant) and Octavian (Caesar's | | son) rose to power\_ after Caesar's death. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Who came to power after Caesar's death?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Marc Antony and Octavian planned to avevnge\_ Caesar's death and | | set out to find his murderers. | | | | - They defeated Caesar's killers at the battle of Philippi , | | where the leaders committed suicide. | | | | - After their victory, Octavian went back to Italy and Marc Antony | | traveled east to fight other enemies. | | | | - In Egypt\_, Marc Antony met cleopatra, the queen of Egypt by | | Caesar. | | | | - Antony and Cleopatra fell in love, and Antony divorced his | | wife (Octavian's sister) so he could be with Cleopatra | | instead. | | | | - This upset Octavian, so a civil war broke out between him and | | Antony. | | | | - Octavian defeated Antony in the battle of Actium, which led | | Antony and cleopatra to commit suicide to avoid capture. | | | | - After Antony died, Octavian\_ became the ruler of Rome. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did the Roman Empire begin?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - In 27 BCE, Octavian claimed he would give up his power to the | | Senate and become the "first citizens" with the title | | *priniceps*. | | | | - In reality, he still kept most of the power for himself. | | | | - The Senate gave Octavian a new \_name, **Augustus**, which meant | | "revered or honored one." | | | | - Augustus's rise to power in 27 BCE marked the beginning of the | | Roman Empire and the official end of the Roman Republic. | | | | - Augustus expanded the road network in Rome, built aqueducts to | | increase the water supply, increased the pay of soldiers\_, | | created a police and fire department, and brought peace and | | stability to the empire. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What was the Pax Romana?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The **Pax Romana** was a 200-year period of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ within the Roman Empire that | | started during the rule of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - During this time, the **Roman Empire** expanded into new parts of | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Since a larger empire was tougher to rule, the Romans | | transferred power to different local \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and | | regional \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Citizenship expanded to all free \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ within the empire, which increased the | | number of people who were \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Trade increased throughout the empire, which gave Roman citizens | | access to many new \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from around the world and | | brought \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to Rome. | | | | - The military was highly organized and there were no major | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ during | | this time. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Who are some of the most famous Roman emperors?**  **What happened towards the end of the Roman Empire?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The empire reached its maximum height during the reign of | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, but it did not stay that way for long. The | | following emperors and events changed Rome and contributed to its | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - 1\. The **Pax Romana ended** due to increased | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a spread of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_, | | and weaker \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, starting with the emperor | | Commodus. | | | | - 2\. The **Imperial Crisis** took place between 235 CE and 284 | | CE | | when the Roman Empire split into three different parts: the | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Empire, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Empire, | | and | | the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Empire. Civil wars were co | | mmon | | and there was a lack of strong leadership as the Romans cycle | | d | | through over 20 different \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in a | | short | | time. | | | | - 3\. Emperor **Diocletian split the Roman empire in half** and | | selected a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to help h | | im | | rule. This created the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Roman Empire and | | the | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Roman Empire. | | | | - 4\. Emperor **Constantine** reunited the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | but | | **moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople** (modern-day | | Istanbul), which took away power from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _. He | | also made \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the offici | | al | | religion of the empire. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did the Roman Empire end?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the empire was difficult to maintain, | | as the Romans were unable to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ themselves from | | outside groups. | | | | - Groups such as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ began invading Roman lands. | | | | - Since the Romans needed to increase their | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and spend more on their army, they | | increased \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on the people. | | | | - Rome's army was so large that there were not enough people left | | to grow \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, so the Romans had to hire their | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, such as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | tribes, to grow food on Roman lands. | | | | - Invasions, corruption, and the increase in military power led to | | political \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, resulting in the | | destruction of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in 476 CE and the official | | end of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Roman Empire. | | | | - The eastern portion of the empire, which became known as the | | **Byzantine Empire**, would last for another | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **[Economics of Ancient Rome]** **What was the economy like in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Agriculture was the most important part of the Roman | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Farmers grew \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and citrus fruits along the Italian | | Peninsula. | | | | - Bread, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and wine | | were regularly consumed food \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | across the Roman \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Most farmers originally owned small farms, but | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ men eventually bought control over large | | quantities of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by the end of the | | Roman Republic. | | | | - The government collected a percentage of each farm's | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and distributed it for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | to residents living in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ within Rome. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were the other major parts of the Roman economy?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Craftspeople created several kinds of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - One type of vase called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ was used to | | transport large quantities of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ across the | | provinces. | | | | - Miners extracted \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, lead, tin, and other | | metals to make goods such as coins, jewelry, tools, and weapons. | | | | - Other important products included \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did the economy contribute to territorial expansion?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Romans were motivated to conquer\_ other civilizations and | | establish provinces\_ because it gave Rome access to more natural | | resources. | | | | - New territories also brought in more people who were forced to | | supply their labor\_ and finances \_ to the empire. | | | | - The Romans enslaved prisoners of war and often made them complete | | physically demanding work as farmers\_ or miners\_. | | | | - All provinces were required to supply soldiers\_ to the Roman | | military, and conquered people had to pay taxes\_ to help fund | | government spending. | | | | - New farmland\_ provided more food\_ for the growing population in | | the city. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What was the role of trade in the Roman economy?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Rome could not feed its increasing population or supply its | | growing military\_ with only the resources available in Italy\_, | | so it was necessary to establish trade\_ with the provinces. | | | | - Trade gradually expanded so that merchants used seas\_, rivers\_, | | and the road networks to transport goods between cities | | throughout the empire. | | | | - The Romans also formed trade partnerships\_ with several | | civilizations outside their borders to acquire luxury items\_. | | | | - Some of these goods included ivory and myrrh from Africa\_, | | frankincense from Arabia\_, spices and jewels from India\_\_, | | and silk from China\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did currency help support trade?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Romans created identical coins that were used for trade\_ in | | Rome and all the provinces. | | | | - These coins were considered valuable to everyone because they | | were often made of \_\_precious metals\_, such as silver or gold, | | that maintained their worth over time. | | | | - The most common coin was called the denarius\_\_, which was | | originally made almost entirely of silver\_\_. | | | | - Coinage was also useful for trade since it could be easily | | \_transported\_\_ between locations and across great | | distances\_\_. | | | | - The government\_\_ and private citizens\_ helped support the | | exchange of money\_\_ for trade and other business between the | | people. | | | | - Banks could loan\_\_\_, \_store\_, \_exchange\_\_\_, and | | manage currency just as they do in society today. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Were there major economic problems in Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Policies such as colonization\_\_ and enslavement\_\_\_ allowed | | privileged Romans, such as government officials and landowners, | | to become extremely \_\_wealthy\_\_ at the expense of poor, | | conquered, and enslaved people. | | | | - The empire was eventually unable to conquer\_\_ more land while | | keeping control over its current territories\_, so there were no | | new \_tax\_\_\_ sources to support government \_\_spending\_. | | | | - Several emperors\_ gradually decreased the amount of silver and | | gold used in coinage, which made the money less valuable and | | caused merchants\_ to raise their prices. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **[Society of Ancient Rome]** **What were the traditional roles in ancient Roman families?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Ancient Rome was a patriarchy, which meant that men were in | | charge of their families and people used their male ancertors to | | keep track of their family lines. | | | | - A man individually owned his family's propert\_ and had | | complete authority\_ over his wife, children, enslaved | | people, and underage siblings. | | | | - Women were responsible for raising childre\_ and taking care of | | their family's home\_. | | | | - Roman politicians, who were all men, excluded women from all | | types of direct participation in the \_government\_\_. | | | | - Most children did not attend school\_ because they were expected | | to work at a young age to help their families. | | | | - Only children from wealthy\_ families usually received a | | formal education. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How were the lives of patricians and plebeians different?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Plebeians were the majority of the Roman population\_, but the | | patricians held most of the power in government. | | | | | | | | - Patricians and plebeians often had different types of clothing\_, | | as patricians dressed in fancy togas\_ while plebeians wore | | simple tunics\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What was the role of slavery in Roman society?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Enslaved people in ancient Rome did not have any personal rights | | and were legally considered to be property rather than citizens. | | | | - The Romans enslaved many people including prisoners of war, | | children born to enslaved people, individuals who were sold into | | slavery by slave traders\_, and people both within and outside | | the empire. | | | | - Enslaved people were forced to work as farmers\_, \_miners\_\_, | | household servants, and laborers\_ on building projects including | | roads and aqueducts. | | | | - Living conditions and quality of life varied among enslaved | | people, but all were denied citizenship\_ and could be | | treated cruelly\_ by abusive enslavers. | | | | - Some enslaved people joined together to rebel against enslavers | | for taking away their freedom\_. | | | | - The most famous revolt\_ was led by an enslaved gladiator | | named Startacus\_\_, who led a rebellion between 73 - 71 BCE | | that grew to 120,000 people and attempted to attack Rome\_ | | itself. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What was the role of the military in Roman society?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The military played a central role in the expansion of Roman | | territory\_\_ and spreading Roman culture\_ within these new | | areas. | | | | - The Roman army was organized into multiple groups\_ of foot | | soldiers called **legions**, which each included around 5000 | | men\_. A legion was further divided into smaller groups of 80 to | | 100 soldiers called centuries\_\_. | | | | - The use of legions\_ and centuries\_\_ allowed the Roman army | | to effectively adapt their battle strategy\_\_ against | | different opponents. | | | | - Soldiers also acted as \_policemen\_\_, judges\_, and | | construction workers that built roads, bridges, canals, walls, | | and forts. | | | | - Many soldiers were stationed across the province\_, where they | | spread Roman ideas by marrying\_\_ local women\_ and interacting | | with their communities. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were some popular activities in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Citizens who lived in the city of Rome often gathered at a public | | meeting place called the **Forum** in the city center\_. | | | | - The Forum was the home of government\_ buildings, religious | | temples\_, and a \_marketplace\_. It was also a major spot for | | socializing\_ and public speeches. | | | | - People went to amphitheaters, such as the Colosseum, to watch | | \_gladiator\_ matches sponsored by emperors and other wealthy | | patricians. | | | | - **Gladiators:** enslaved\_ people who were forced to become | | trained fighters\_ and battle to the death\_ against other | | combatants or wild animals. | | | | - Chariot racing was another popular sporting event and was held in | | a sportinv event called the Circus Maximus\_ in Rome. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+