Ancient Rome Overview Notes PDF

[Ancient Rome Overview: Notes] **[Geography of Ancient Rome]** **Where is Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Rome is a city located in the modern-day country of Italy in | | Southern Europe...

[Ancient Rome Overview: Notes] **[Geography of Ancient Rome]** **Where is Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Rome is a city located in the modern-day country of Italy in | | Southern Europe | | | | - The city was originally built on top of seven hills near the end | | of the Tiber River | | | | - Rome would eventually become the capital city of one of the | | largest empires in world history. This entire group of | | territories is what we call "ancient Rome"\' today. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What are the physical features of Italy?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Italy is a peninsula which is a type of landform that is mostly | | surrounded by water | | | | - The Italian Peninsula is easy to find on a map of Europe | | because it looks like a high-heeled boot | | | | - The country also includes several islands, such as Sicily and | | Sardina | | | | - Mountains and hills cover most of Italy's landscape. | | | | - The Alps which are the highest and largest mountain range in | | Europe, surround the northern border of Italy. | | | | - The Apennines extend across the center of the Italian | | Peninsula. | | | | - Multiple rivers flow from the mountains including the Po River, | | Arno River, and Tiber River. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did Italy's geography affect the ancient Romans?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Rome's location near freshwater and Italy's warm climate created | | good conditions for farmers to grow crops | | | | - The hills, mountains, and seas were all natural barriers that | | increased the difficulty of invading Rome. | | | | - The Mediterranean Sea gave Romans access to trade routes and | | other civilizations beyond the Tiber River | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Who were "the Romans" of ancient history?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Ancient Rome included more than just the city of Rome and the | | Italian Peninsula during ancient times. | | | | - The total amount of land in ancient Rome reached about 2 million | | square miles (5 million square kilometers) at its maximum size | | and covered parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia | | | | - These regions were divided up into numerous **provinces**, which | | were territories outside of Italy that were each supervised by a | | Roman governor | | | | - People living in areas including Greece Gaul (France), Spain, | | Britain, Egypt North Africa, Asia Minor, Syria, and Mesopotamia | | would all have been considered "Romans" during this time because | | their territories were provinces of ancient Rome. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What did ancient Rome look like at its maximum size?**  **[Religion of Ancient Rome]** **What was the religion in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Ancient Rome was home to multiple religions that were practiced | | among the different cultures in the provinces | | | | - The Romans believed in polytheism which is the worship of many | | gods and their religion was heavily influenced by ancient Greek | | mythology. | | | | - Followers constantly attempted to please their gods by saying | | prayers, offering sacrifices building temples and celebrating | | festivals | | | | - Monotheism, which is the belief in a single god also became more | | widespread during this time due to other religions such as | | **Judaism** and **Christianity**. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Why was Roman mythology influenced by Greece?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Greeks established colonies in southern Italy and Sicily | | during the 700s BCE and encountered the Romans. | | | | - While the Romans eventually conquered Greece in 146 BCE, they had | | adopted many of the Greek gods over the centuries and created new | | versions for their own religion. The three most important gods | | were Jupiter Juno and Minerva | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Why was mythology important to the Romans?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Romans used mythology to explain unknown events in their | | history and create stories that highlighted the greatness of | | their city. | | | | - The most famous legend was about the founding of Rome by twin | | brothers named **Romulus and Remus**. | | | | - The brothers were abandoned as babies in the Tiber River | | because they were potential threats to a man who overthrew | | their grandfather to become a king. | | | | - The boys were rescued by a wolf and adopted by shepherds. | | They grew up and helped restore their grandfather to the | | throne after a conflict with the king. | | | | - Romulus and Remus later decided to make their own city but | | got into an argument about where to build it. Romulus | | eventually killed Remus created the city of Rome, and named | | himself its first king | | | | - It was later said that Romulus and Remus were the descendants of | | a Trojan warrior named Aeneas who led a group of followers that | | settled in Italy after the destruction of Troy during the Trojan | | War. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Did all the Roman provinces agree about religion?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Some provinces, such as Judea in Southwest Asia did not agree | | with the Romans' religious ideas. | | | | - The Romans believed in the existence of many gods and | | polytheism was the official state religion. Eventually, Roman | | emporeres were also considered gods. | | | | - The Jews only believed in the existence of their one god | | | | - Rome conquered the region of Judea including its holy city of | | Jerusalem in 63 BCE. | | | | - Most Jews were extremely upset about losing their | | independence and being governed by another civilization. | | | | - The Romans built statues of their own gods and emperors on | | holy grounds in Jerusalem which angered many Jews. | | | | - The Romans collected a large amount of taxes from the Jews and | | did not spend the funds to improve Judea, which resulted in many | | Jewish people living in poverty | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did Judea respond to the actions of Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Jews rebelled against the Romans multiple times in a series | | of conflicts called the Roman-Jewish Wars which included the | | Great Revolt (66 - 73 CE) and the Bar Kokhba (132 - 136 CE). | | | | - The Romans won both wars, which resulted in hundreds of thousands | | of deaths between both civilizations, and severely punished the | | surviving Jews for their resistance. | | | | - The Roman army burned the Second Temple which was the most | | sacred place of worship in Jerusalem and stole many of its | | valuable items to display in Rome | | | | - Jerusalem was largely destroyed after both conflicts. | | | | - Many Jews were enslaved and sent to Rome, where they were | | often forced to fight as gladiators or work on huge building | | projects such as the Colosseum | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were the consequences of the Roman-Jewish Wars?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - A Roman emperor named Hadrian made several policies to wipe out | | Judaism | | | | - All Jews were forced to leave Jerusalem and live elsewhere | | | | - All Jews were forbidden from entering Jerusalem except once a | | year | | | | - The Torah which is the holy book of Judaism, and the Hebrew | | calendar were banned across Roman territories. | | | | - A temple dedicated to Jupiter was constructed on the former | | site of the Second Temple | | | | - Jerusalem was rebuilt and renamed Aelia Capitolina after | | Hadrian's family name. He also changed Judea's name to Syria | | Palaestina which was named after the Philistines a | | traditional enemy of the Jewish people. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were the origins of Christianity?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Christianity began to develop around 30 CE from the teachings of | | a Jewish man named **Jesus of Nazareth**. | | | | - The religion originally evolved from Judasim as followers of both | | faiths practice monotheism and believe in only one god | | | | - A major difference between Christianity and Judaism is that | | Christians believe that Jesus is the Messiah and God in human | | form, while Jews do not agree with these ideas. | | | | - A messiah is a person who Jews and Christians both believed was | | chosen by God to save their people and bring peace | | | | - Jesus is known as Jesus Christ in Christianity because Chirst is | | the Greek translation for Messiah | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What is the traditional source of Christian teachings?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Christian beliefs and teachings are recorded in a collection of | | texts called the Bible | | | | - The Bible is divided into two major sections known as the Old | | Testament and New Testament | | | | - The Old Testament contains most of the same texts as the | | Hebrew Bible of Judaism | | | | - The New Testament consists of writings that include accounts | | about Jesus and other events during the early history of | | Christianity | | | | - The first four books in the New Testament are called the Gospels | | which present four different accounts about Jesus's life and | | teachings. | | | | - Most of the other books in the New Testament are known as | | epistles which are formal letters written by Jesus's followers to | | the first churches that explain Christian beliefs and ideas. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Who was Jesus of Nazareth?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Nearly all the information that historians know about Jesus comes | | from the Bible | | | | - Scholars estimate that he was born in a town called Bethlehem | | between 6 - 4 BCE. | | | | - Jesus grew up in the city of Nazareth and is traditionally | | believed to have been a carpenter at the beginning of his | | adulthood | | | | - He became a minister when he was about 30 years old and began | | teaching about God in a region called Galilee located between | | modern-day Israel and Lebanon. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What happened during Jesus's ministry?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Jesus spent about three years traveling from Galilee to Judea to | | spread his message about the kingdom of God. | | | | - According to the Bible, Jesus performed numerous miracles that | | made some people believe he was the Messiah | | | | - Some examples include walking on water instantly healing | | people's illnesses and feeding a large crowd with only five | | loaves of bread and two fish. | | | | - The Gospels indicate that Jesus often taught his followers | | through parables which are short stories that teach important | | lessons about values and behavior toward others. | | | | - A famous parable is the Good Samaritan in which Jesus | | explains that people should show love and compassion to | | everyone, including their rivals and enemies | | | | - Jesus gradually gained many followers over the next few years and | | named twelve of these people his Apostles who were his closest | | companions and the first people to spread Christianity after his | | death. | | | | - One of the Apostles named Peter would become the first leader | | of the Christian Church | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Why did some Jews and Romans oppose Jesus?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Many Jewish religious leaders dissagreed with Jesus's teachings | | and the increasing claims by others that he was the messiah and | | son of god | | | | - Jesus was arrested in Jerusalem during the Jewish holiday of | | Passover after chasing away money changers, animal sellers, and | | customers at the second temple for the buying and selling of | | goods at a holy site. | | | | - Pontius Pilate, the Roman \_governor \_ of Judea, ordered that | | Jesus die by crucifixion | | | | - Crucifixion was a common method of Roman execution at the | | time, in which a person was nailed to a cross and left to | | die. | | | | - According to the Bible, Jesus came back to life three days after | | his crucifixion in an event known as the ressurection | | | | - It is stated that Jesus revealed himself to the | | \_apostles\_\_ and instructed them to pass on his teachings | | before going to the Christian afterlife\_\_ called heaven. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What are the major religious beliefs of Christianity?**  **How did Christianity spread across ancient Rome? (2 slides)** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The apolstles \_\_\_\_ began to pass on Jesus's teachings to | | other jews after his death. | | | | - A Jewish man named \_paul, who was not originally one of the | | Apostles, played an important role in spreading christianity\_\_ | | beyond Judea. | | | | - He made three journeys across the Roman provinces and | | established churches\_\_\_\_ in several cities to teach | | Christian ideas. | | | | - He wrote most of the \_epistles\_\_ that appear in the new | | testament\_\_\_. | | | | - He was the first major Christian leader to \_share\_ the | | religion with non-jews. | | | | - The Roman government began to consider Christianity a threat | | after Paul and other Christian leaders started convincing many | | Roman citizens to change their religion. | | | | - This threatened the status of the traditional Roman \_gods\_ | | and worship of the \_emperors\_, since Christians only | | believed in God. | | | | - Roman officials generally ignored Christians, but some Roman | | emperors persecuted them at certain times over several centuries. | | | | - Persecution means to mistreat and punish a group of people | | because of their ideas or differences. | | | | - One Roman emperor named constantine converted to Christianity in | | 312 BCE. He issued the edict of milan in 313 CE, which legally | | recognized the religion and ended Christian persecution in | | ancient Rome. | | | | - Constantine later organized a convention of Christian leaders | | called bishops at the council of nicea in 325 CE. Members | | discussed their different interpretations of religious ideas to | | establish concistency among all churches. | | | | - Another Roman emperor named theodosis made Christianity the | | official religion of ancient Rome in 380 CE. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **[Achievements of Ancient Rome]** **What was a major achievement in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Romans built a network of public roads\_ that spanned across | | the entire empire\_\_ and covered 50,000 miles (80,000 km). | | | | - Roman engineers also built \_\_\_tunnels\_\_\_ and | | \_\_bridges\_\_\_\_ to help keep roads straight as they linked | | the city of Rome to other \_\_cities\_ and \_\_\_forts\_\_\_ in | | different geographical landscapes. | | | | - The network of roads made it possible for Roman | | \_\_\_armies\_\_\_\_ to travel efficiently throughout the empire, | | but it also helped to move people, \_\_goods\_\_, and | | ideas\_\_\_. | | | | - The network of roads also created a sense of \_\_unity\_\_\_ | | between the many \_groups\_\_\_\_ of people living under | | Roman \_control\_\_. | | | | - These roads were \_\_\_\_wellpaved\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and | | \_\_\_\_well-drained\_\_\_\_\_, and some are still in operation | | \_today,\_\_ more than 2,000 years later! | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were some of their architectural achievements?** **What were their achievements in art?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Roman art often included SCULPTURES, | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_mosaics\_\_\_\_\_\_, and | | \_\_\_\_paintings\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Since the Roman empire was so \_\_\_large\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, | | there was a \_\_\_\_\_\_range\_\_\_\_ in the style of | | \_\_\_\_\_art\_\_\_\_\_ created in different parts of the | | empire. | | | | - The Romans showed people as they actually were, rather than as | | \_\_\_\_flawless\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_idealistic\_\_\_\_\_ | | versions of themselves. | | | | - The Romans often \_\_\_\_\_copied\_\_\_\_\_ the sculptures from | | ancient \_\_greeks\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - While some criticized the Romans for copying the Greeks, | | these copies became very \_\_\_\_\_\_\_helpful\_\_\_ since | | many of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_original\_\_\_\_\_\_ Greek | | sculptures have been \_\_\_\_\_lost\_\_\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What language was used in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Latin was a \_\_\_\_\_\_language\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that was first | | spoken by people who lived along the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_tiber | | river\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - As the power of the Romans increased, \_\_\_latin\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | spread and became the \_\_\_official\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | language of ancient Rome. | | | | - The **Romance languages**, such as \_\_french\_\_\_\_, | | \_\_\_\_\_Italian \_\_\_\_\_, | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_portugeese\_\_\_\_\_\_, | | \_\_\_\_\_\_spanish\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and | | \_\_\_\_\_romainian\_\_\_\_\_, developed out of Latin after the | | fall of Rome. | | | | - Latin was used in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_catholic | | church\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, as the | | language of European \_\_\_\_\_\_\_education\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and | | is still often used by scientists to name | | \_\_\_\_\_animals\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_plants\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Latin influenced many \_\_\_\_english\_\_\_\_\_\_ words that are | | spoken \_\_\_\_today\_\_\_\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were their achievements in literature, history, and science?**  **[Politics of Ancient Rome]** **What was the government like in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The government in ancient Rome evolved over time and can be | | organized into three main phases: the Roman kingdom\_\_, the | | Roman \_\_\_republic\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the Roman | | \_\_\_\_empire\_\_\_\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What happened in the Roman Kingdom?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Ancient historians believed that the Roman Kingdom was founded by | | romulus\_\_ in 753 BCE, but modern records show that this may be | | \_inaccurate \_\_\_\_. | | | | - The early kings controlled the \_army\_, led building projects | | for Rome, and served as the chief \_priest\_ and a | | \_\_\_\_judge\_\_\_ in legal matters. | | | | - There were a total of \_7\_\_ kings who ruled Rome. | | | | - The seventh and final king, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_tarquin the | | proud\_\_\_, was a cruel man who killed his | | family\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and his \_\_opponents\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - He ruled for twenty-five years until he was | | \_\_\_overthrown\_\_\_ by a group of \_\_\_nobles\_\_\_\_ who | | later established the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_roman | | republic\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What happened in the early Roman Republic?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - A **republic** is a type of \_\_government\_\_ in which people | | elect the \_\_leaderes\_\_\_ who govern them. | | | | - The Roman Republic suffered from \_instability\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | and war in its early years, so temporary **dictators** were | | sometimes selected and given almost all the \_\_power\_\_\_. | | | | - Cincinnatus was a \_farmer\_ who became the most popular | | \_\_\_dictator\_\_\_\_ of the early republic. | | | | - Many consider him to be the ideal dictator because he led the | | Romans to \_\_\_victory\_\_ during a war before he | | \_\_resigned\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and went back to his farm. | | | | - Conflict also arose because the Romans were divided into two | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_social groups\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the **patricians** | | (powerful and wealthy nobles) and **plebeians** (common people). | | | | - The \_\_plebians\_\_\_\_\_ were not able to participate in | | government, so they went on \_\_\_\_\_\_strike\_\_\_\_ and | | formed their own \_\_\_\_council\_\_\_\_\_, which led the | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_patricians\_\_\_\_ to make changes and | | include the plebeians. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How was the Roman Republic organized? (2 slides)** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - To correct some of the challenges of the early Republic, the | | Romans created a government with \_\_three\_ parts, known as a | | \_\_tripartite \_\_\_ government, each with its own | | \_\_\_tasks\_\_\_\_\_ and | | \_\_\_responsibilites\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | |  | | | | - The Roman Republic had three different \_branches\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | to prevent one group from becoming too | | \_\_\_\_powerful\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - For example, if the \_\_\_senate\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ proposed a new | | law, the \_\_\_\_\_magistrate\_\_\_\_\_\_ needed to approve | | it, and the \_\_\_\_\_senate\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ needed to | | ratify it before it became a law. | | | | - Roman leaders believed in the \_rule of | | law\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is the idea that | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_everyone\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, even those in power, must | | follow the rules established in a society. | | | | - However, the Roman people were frustrated because the laws | | were not \_\_written\_ down, so they did not know what the | | laws were or if they were \_\_\_breaking a law. | | | | - Therefore, the laws were written down on \_\_\_bronze | | tablets\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and displayed in the | | \_\_\_\_\_roman forum\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in 450 BCE. | | | | - These \_\_\_twelve tables\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ became the | | first written \_law code\_\_\_ in Rome. | | | | - Policies of the Roman Republic have inspired \_\_\_\_modern\_\_\_ | | governments, such as the government of the | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_usa\_\_\_\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did citizenship work in the Roman Republic?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Only \_citizens\_\_\_ were able to \_\_\_\_vote\_\_\_\_ and to | | participate in the Roman Republic. | | | | - Women and \_\_enslaved\_\_\_\_ people were not allowed to | | vote or participate in \_\_\_\_\_\_government\_\_\_. | | | | - Adult \_males\_\_\_ received citizenship at \_\_birth\_\_ if | | their parents were citizens. | | | | - Citizens were able to get married, own \_property\_\_\_, receive | | a trial for a crime, and run for \_office\_\_\_, but they were | | also required to pay \_\_\_taxes\_\_ and serve in the Roman | | \_\_\_military \_\_\_\_ and court system. | | | | - Even with citizenship, there were still differences between the | | rights and opportunities given to the \_\_patricians\_\_\_\_ and | | \_\_\_\_plebians\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - During the Roman \_empire\_, the government greatly expanded | | citizenship so it could receive more \_\_money\_\_\_ from taxes | | and more soldiers to serve in the military. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Why did the Republic fall apart? (2 slides)** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Romans fought the city of \_\_carthage\_\_\_\_\_ in | | \_\_\_\_\_\_north africa\_\_ during a series of conflicts called | | the **Punic Wars**. | | | | - The Romans \_won\_\_ the wars and gained control of new | | \_\_\_territory\_\_\_\_\_ around the \_\_medditerranean | | sea\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - They also \_killed\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_enslaved\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | the entire population of \_\_\_\_carthage\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - After the Punic Wars were over, the Roman \_\_army\_ continued to | | \_\_grow\_\_ and \_\_\_conquer\_\_\_ new territories. | | | | - While the Romans had more \_\_\_\_land\_ and some citizens grew | | \_\_\_wealthly\_\_\_\_\_, new problems and \_\_\_\_conflict\_ | | emerged. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Who was Julius Caesar?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - **Julius Caesar** was one of the most talented Roman generals\_. | | | | - He expanded Roman territory to \_\_\_gaul\_\_\_\_ (which included | | modern-day France, Germany, and northern Italy) and britian\_\_. | | | | - He was \_popular and influential because he was a good | | \_\_\_speaker\_\_\_\_ and treated his soldiers well. | | | | - Although he had previously formed an alliance with | | \_\_pompey\_\_\_, Caesar's power made him \_jealous\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Pompey and his allies ordered Caesar to give up his \_\_armies\_ | | and come back to rome \_ after he fought in Gaul. | | | | - Caesar refused because he thought that Pompey was going to take | | his power away and \_arrest\_ him, so he crossed the | | \_\_\_rubicon river\_\_\_\_\_ and led his army into Italy in 49 | | BCE. | | | | - It was against Roman law to enter Italy with an army\_\_\_, | | so this was seen as an act of \_war\_. | | | | - Pompey had a smaller army than Caesar, so he fled to egypt, | | where he was later \_killed due to the belief that Caesar was | | favored by the gods. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What happened after Caesar returned to Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - After returning to Rome, Caesar forced the Roman \_senate\_ to | | make him \_\_\_dictator\_\_ for ten years. | | | | - Later, his term as dictator was \_extended\_\_\_\_\_ so he became | | the dictator for \_life\_. | | | | - Many Romans became afraid that Caesar would try to become a | | \_king\_\_. | | | | - While Caesar was a strong leader and brought prosperity to Rome, | | some members of the \_\_senate\_ became so angry with Caesar and | | his power that they \_attacked\_\_ him and stabbed him to death | | on \_\_\_\_mar 15 44bce\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Since Caesar had been \_loved\_\_ and respected by the \_common | | people\_ of Rome, riots and chaos occurred after his death. | | | | - Caesar's killers were forced to \_\_flee\_ Rome to avoid | | death. | | | | - Marc Antony (Caesar's former \_\_\_assistants \_) and Octavian | | (Caesar's \_\_adopted son\_\_\_\_\_\_) rose to \_\_\_power\_ | | after Caesar's death. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Who came to power after Caesar's death?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Marc Antony and Octavian planned to \_avenge\_ Caesar's death and | | set out to find his \_murderers\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - They defeated Caesar's killers at the \_battle of phillipi | | \_\_, where the leaders committed suicide. | | | | - After their victory, \_\_octavian\_ went back to Italy and | | \_\_\_\_marc anrony\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ traveled east | | to fight other enemies. | | | | - In \_\_\_egypt\_\_\_, Marc Antony met | | \_\_cleopatra\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the queen of Egypt by | | Caesar. | | | | - Antony and Cleopatra fell in \_\_\_love\_\_, and Antony | | divorced his wife (Octavian's \_\_sister\_) so he could be | | with Cleopatra instead. | | | | - This upset Octavian, so a civil war broke out between him and | | Antony. | | | | - Octavian defeated Antony in the \_battle of actium\_, which | | led \_antony\_\_\_\_ and \_\_cleopatra\_ to commit suicide to | | avoid capture. | | | | - After Antony died, \_octavian became the ruler of \_rome\_\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did the Roman Empire begin?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - In 27 BCE, Octavian claimed he would give up his power to the | | senate\_ and become the "\_first citizen\_" with the title | | princepts\_. | | | | - In reality, he still kept most of the power\_ for | | himself\_\_\_\_. | | | | - The Senate gave Octavian a new \_name\_\_, **Augustus**, which | | meant "revered or \_\_honoured one." | | | | - Augustus's rise to power in 27 BCE marked the beginning of the | | Roman \_\_empire\_\_ and the official end of the Roman | | \_republic. | | | | - Augustus expanded the road network in Rome, built | | \_aqueducts\_\_\_ to increase the water supply, increased the pay | | of \_soldiers\_, created a \_\_police\_ and \_fire\_ department, | | and brought peace and stability to the empire. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What was the Pax Romana?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The **Pax Romana** was a 200-year period of peace\_ and | | \_\_stability\_\_\_\_ within the Roman Empire that started during | | the rule of Augustus | | | | - During this time, the **Roman Empire** expanded into new parts of | | africa asia, and europe | | | | - Since a larger empire was tougher to rule, the Romans | | transferred power to different local leaders and regional | | governors | | | | - Citizenship expanded to all free \_men\_\_\_ and | | \_\_\_\_women\_\_\_ within the empire, which increased the number | | of people who were \_taxed\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Trade increased throughout the empire, which gave Roman citizens | | access to many new goods\_ from around the world and brought | | \_\_wealth\_\_ to Rome. | | | | - The military was highly organized and there were no major | | \_rebellions\_ or wars\_ during this time. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Who are some of the most famous Roman emperors?**  **What happened towards the end of the Roman Empire?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The empire reached its maximum height during the reign of tajan, | | but it did not stay that way for long. The following emperors and | | events changed Rome and contributed to its \_downfall\_. | | | | - 1\. The **Pax Romana ended** due to increased instability, a | | spread | | of didease\_\_\_, and weaker \_leaders\_\_, starting with the | | emperor Commodus. | | | | - 2\. The **Imperial Crisis** took place between 235 CE and 284 | | CE | | when the Roman Empire split into three different parts: the r | | oman | | Empire, the gaelic empire, and the palmyrene Empire. Civil wa | | rs | | were common and there was a lack of strong leadership as the | | Romans | | cycled through over 20 different \_\_empires\_\_\_ in a short | | time. | | | | - 3\. Emperor **Diocletian split the Roman empire in half** and | | selected a co-emperor\_ to help him rule. This created the | | \_\_western\_\_ Roman Empire and the eastern roman Empire. | | | | - 4\. Emperor **Constantine** reunited the \_empire\_\_ but **m | | oved | | the capital from Rome to Constantinople** (modern-day Istanbu | | l), | | which took away power from Rome. He also made christianity th | | e | | official religion of the empire. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did the Roman Empire end?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The size of the empire was difficult to maintain, as the Romans | | were unable to defend themselves from outside groups. | | | | - Groups such as Goths, Huns, Vandals, and Franks began | | invading Roman lands. | | | | - Since the Romans needed to increase their military and spend more | | on their army, they increased taxes on the people. | | | | - Rome's army was so large that there were not enough people left | | to grow food, so the Romans had to hire their enemies, such as | | the \_\_\_\_Germanic\_\_\_\_\_\_ tribes, to grow food on Roman | | lands. | | | | - Invasions, corruption, and the increase in military power led to | | political instability\_\_, resulting in the destruction of | | \_\_\_Rome\_\_\_\_ in 476 CE and the official end of the | | \_western Roman Empire. | | | | - The eastern portion of the empire, which became known as the | | **Byzantine Empire**, would last for another 1000 years. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **[Economics of Ancient Rome]** **What was the economy like in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Agriculture was the most important part of the Roman | | \_empire\_\_\_. | | | | - Farmers grew \_wheat, olives grapes and citrus fruits along the | | Italian Peninsula. | | | | - Bread, \_\_\_olive oil\_\_, and wine were regularly consumed | | food \_\_\_products\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ across the Roman | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_territories\_\_\_. | | | | - Most farmers originally owned small farms, but | | \_\_wealthy\_\_\_\_\_ men eventually bought control over large | | quantities of \_\_\_farm land\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by the end of the | | Roman Republic. | | | | - The government collected a percentage of each farm's | | \_\_\_\_grain\_\_\_\_ and distributed it for \_\_\_free\_\_\_\_ | | to residents living in \_poverty\_\_\_\_\_ within Rome. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were the other major parts of the Roman economy?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Craftspeople created several kinds of pottery \_\_. | | | | - One type of vase called an \_amphora\_ was used to transport | | large quantities of \_wine\_\_ and \_\_\_\_olive | | oil\_\_\_\_\_ across the provinces. | | | | - Miners extracted gold silver, copper, lead, tin, and other metals | | to make goods such as coins, jewelry, tools, and weapons. | | | | - Other important products included cloth marble and ships | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did the economy contribute to territorial expansion?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Romans were motivated to conquer other civilizations and | | establish provinces because it gave Rome access to more natural | | resources | | | | - New territories also brought in more people\_ who were forced to | | supply their \_labor\_ and finances\_ to the empire. | | | | - The Romans enslaved \_prisoners\_ of war and often made them | | complete physically demanding work as \_farmers\_\_\_ or | | \_\_\_miners\_\_\_\_. | | | | - All provinces were required to supply \_\_\_\_soldiers\_\_ to the | | Roman military, and conquered people had to pay \_taxes\_ to help | | fund government spending. | | | | - New farmland provided more food\_\_\_ for the growing population | | in the \_city\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What was the role of trade in the Roman economy?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Rome could not feed its increasing \_population\_\_\_\_\_\_ or | | supply its growing \_\_millitary\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with only the | | resources available in italy\_, so it was necessary to establish | | \_\_\_\_trade\_ with the provinces. | | | | - Trade gradually expanded so that merchants used seas, rivers and | | the \_\_\_\_\_road network\_\_ to transport goods between cities | | throughout the empire. | | | | - The Romans also formed trade parnerships with several | | civilizations outside their borders\_\_\_\_ to acquire \_\_luxury | | items\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Some of these goods included ivory and myrrh from | | \_\_\_africa\_, frankincense from Arabia \_, spices and | | jewels from \_\_\_india\_\_\_\_\_, and silk from \_china\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How did currency help support trade?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The Romans created identical coins that were used for \_trades\_ | | in Rome and all the provinces. | | | | - These coins were considered valuable to \_everyone because they | | were often made of \_\_\_\_precious metals\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, such | | as silver or gold, that maintained their worth over time. | | | | - The most common coin was called the \_\_denaruius\_, which | | was originally made almost entirely of \_\_\_\_silver. | | | | - Coinage was also useful for trade since it could be easily | | \_\_\_transported\_\_ between locations\_\_\_\_ and across great | | \_distances\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - The \_government\_\_\_\_ and private \_\_\_citizens\_\_ helped | | support the exchange of money\_\_\_ for trade and other business | | between the people. | | | | - Banks could loan,store, exchange and manage currency just as | | they do in society today. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Were there major economic problems in Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Policies such as \_colonazation\_ and enslavemnt allowed | | privileged Romans, such as government officials and landowners, | | to become extremely \_wealthy at the expense of poor, conquered, | | and enslaved people. | | | | - The empire was eventually unable to \_\_conquer\_\_\_ more land | | while keeping control over its current \_territories\_\_, so | | there were no new \_tax sources\_ sources to support government | | \_\_\_spending\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - Several \_\_emperors\_\_ gradually decreased the amount of silver | | and gold used in coinage, which made the money less | | \_\_valuable\_ and caused \_merchants\_\_\_ to raise their | | prices\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **[Society of Ancient Rome]** **What were the traditional roles in ancient Roman families?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Ancient Rome was a patriacrhy\_\_\_, which meant that | | \_\_\_men\_\_\_\_ were in charge of their families and people | | used their male \_\_ancestors\_\_\_\_\_ to keep track of their | | family lines. | | | | - A man individually owned his family's | | \_\_\_\_property\_\_\_\_ and had complete \_authority\_\_ | | over his wife, children, enslaved people, and underage | | siblings. | | | | - Women were responsible for raising \_\_children\_ and taking care | | of their family's \_home. | | | | - Roman politicians, who were all men excluded \_\_womenfrom | | all types of direct participation in the | | \_\_\_\_\_\_government\_\_. | | | | - Most children did not attend expected\_ because they were | | expected to \_work\_ at a young age to help their families. | | | | - Only children from wealthy\_\_\_ families usually received a | | formal \_\_invitations\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **How were the lives of patricians and plebeians different?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Plebeians were the majority the Roman \_\_population\_\_, but the | | patricians held most of the \_\_power\_\_\_ in government. | | | | | | | | - Patricians and plebeians often had different types of | | \_clothing\_, as patricians dressed in fancy \_\_togas\_\_ while | | plebeians wore simple tunics\_\_\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What was the role of slavery in Roman society?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Enslaved people in ancient Rome did not have any personal | | rights\_\_\_ and were legally considered to be property rather | | than citizens. | | | | - The Romans enslaved many people including | | \_\_prisionerss\_\_\_\_\_ of war, \_\_\_children\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | born to enslaved people, individuals who were sold into slavery | | by slave \_\_\_\_traders\_, and people both within and outside | | the empire. | | | | - Enslaved people were forced to work as \_\_farmers\_, | | \_\_\_miners\_\_\_, household servants, and \_\_\_laborors\_\_\_ | | on building projects including roads and aqueducts. | | | | - Living conditions and quality of life varied among enslaved | | people, but all were denied \_\_\_citizenship\_\_ and could | | be treated \_\_cruelly\_\_\_\_\_ by abusive enslavers. | | | | - Some enslaved people joined together to rebel against | | \_\_enslavers\_ for taking away their \_\_\_freedoms\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - The most famous revolt\_\_ was led by an enslaved gladiator | | named spartacus\_, who led a rebellion between 73 - 71 BCE | | that grew to 120,000 people and attempted to attack rome | | itself. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What was the role of the military in Roman society?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The military played a central role in the \_expanion of Roman | | \_\_\_territory\_\_\_\_\_ and spreading Roman culture within | | these new areas. | | | | - The Roman army was organized into multiple groups of foot | | soldiers called **legions**, which each included around | | \_\_\_\_\_5000 men\_. A legion was further divided into smaller | | groups of 80 to 100 soldiers called \_centuries\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - The use of legions and \_\_\_\_centuries\_\_\_\_ allowed the | | Roman army to effectively adapt their battle | | \_strategy\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ against different opponents. | | | | - Soldiers also acted as policemen, judges and | | \_\_\_construction\_\_\_ workers that built roads, bridges, | | canals, walls, and forts. | | | | - Many soldiers were stationed across the \_province\_\_, where | | they spread Roman ideas by marrying local \_\_\_women\_ and | | interacting with their communities. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **What were some popular activities in ancient Rome?** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Citizens who lived in the city of Rome often gathered at a public | | \_\_meetings\\\_\_ place called the **Forum** in the | | \_\_\_\_center\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | - The Forum was the home of \_\_\_government\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | buildings, religious \_\_\_temples\_\_\_\_\_, and a | | marketplace\_. It was also a major spot for | | \_\_socializing\_\_\_\_ and public speeches. | | | | - People went to \_\_\_amphitheaters\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, such as the | | \_\_\_\_coliseum \_\_, to watch \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | matches sponsored by emperors and other wealthy patricians. | | | | - **Gladiators:** \_\_\_\_enslaved\_\_ people who were forced | | to become trained \_fighters\_\_\_ and battle to the | | \_\_death\_\_\_\_ against other combatants or wild animals. | | | | - Chariot racing was another popular sporting event and was held in | | a \_\_stadium\_\_\_ called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_circus | | maximus\_\_\_\_ in Rome. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+