Ancient Rome PDF

Section 1: Early Rome Romans at their peak completely dominated the Mediterranean This gave them many pros ○ Money ○ Land ○ Resources Largest empire EVER BUILT Romans needed to be under someone else’s control to start an empire They need to be INDEPENDENT Rome h...

Section 1: Early Rome Romans at their peak completely dominated the Mediterranean This gave them many pros ○ Money ○ Land ○ Resources Largest empire EVER BUILT Romans needed to be under someone else’s control to start an empire They need to be INDEPENDENT Rome had been under the control of the Etruscans The people of rome freed themselves ○ They would have to defeat the Etruscans for their independence. Etruscans were people that ruled over the Romans. Romans were at first a city state They had their own land but they were owned by the Etruscans STEPS TO BECOMING THE LARGEST EMPIRE EVER BUILT 1. Independence from Etruscans a. Ruled by a monarchy 2. Create the republic (form a government) 3. Make the peninsula (italian land) Roman land 4. Expand Geography is a large part of why empires are so successful Appiness mountains run in the middle of the peninsula ○ They mountains did not isolate city states Romans had a lot of fertile land to grow food so they did not need to expand The alps prevented the people from attacking the peninsula (acceptable to be called italy) from the north ○ The only way to invade italy was by water The peninsula was centrally located in relation to the mediterranean sea ○ More flexibility to get from one side to the other ○ Easier access for trade ○ Makes the peninsula closer to both ends of the mediterranean Rome ○ In the middle of the peninsula ○ Not too far from home base even if they go up and down from the peninsula. ○ Much easier access to all parts of the peninsula ○ Becomes a republican government after overthrowing the etruscans —---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Section 2: Patricians LANDOWNING WEALTHY GROUP OF PEOPLE Only these people can serve in to the senate in the early ancient rome times People were able to vote for the patricians (called senates in the court for decisions) and what the patricians stood for Plebeians MIDDLE CLASS Requests to have a representation in the senate Tribunes REPRESENTING THE MIDDLE CLASS IN THE SENATE —---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Section 3: Many people became loyal to rome because some were allowed to become citizens This gave them rights Now under protection as a citizen of Rome Strongest city state at the time because when they conquered the grew ○ Economically ○ Army man power Right to vote Right to have a job Many City states that were conquered had a monarchy The people knew that a republic was a much better government Most conquered people were made into citizens except for Greece They were all turned into slaves Punic War 1 Lasted for 23 years ○ Rome needed to create a strong navy because they started to travel by sea ○ Carthage had a very strong navy that controlled the mediterranean ○ Rome had to build ships to rival the carthaginian navy Fought for Sicily against the Carthiginians  ○ Carthiginians were one of the strongest forces in the mediterranean Carthage already had most of sicily’s land There is a 23 year hiatus between the end of the first and start of the second punic war. ○ Both involved in other disputes with other civilizations Romans won and conquered all of Sicily Punic War 2 Major moment: carthage comes up with brilliant plan: they will not attack rome by water ○ Hannibal, a great Carthaginian general, walks through the alps and decides to attack Italy from the north. Lasted 17 years Hannibal suffers great casualties trying to pass through the alps Enough makes it through to fight the Romans in Italy. They go on a streak of winning in Italy To stop the Carthaginian forces, the Romans decide to attack Carthage because most of the military is in italy. So, Hannibal sales back to carthage and leave the peninsula Romans attack the carthaginians in a city where the protection engineering is very good ○ Small entranceway Rome gets all of carthage land that the carthaginians owned Rome drove Carthage into bankruptcy because the Romans demanded steep taxes from the carthaginians. Between the second and third punic war: 52 years Punic War 3 Gains control of the north african Rome controls the mediterranean ○ They tax the carthaginians greatly (romans new they could not afford it) ○ No right to bear arms for the carthaginians ○ Romans destroyed the carthaginian armies and boats Civilizations around Carthage started to rob, loot, and take resources from the weaker Carthaginians ○ The carthaginians tried to fight back The romans detected this as a violation of their laws about no bearing arms ○ The romans sail to carthage and burn the place down ○ Woman, men, and children are killed or sent back to rome as a slave Very short Punic War Rome decided to kill the fertile soil of the carthaginians by pouring salt on all the fertile lands 3 years long Greek influenced philosophy/religion/inventions - polytheistic Virgil (wanted to remind romans how they started) ○ He wanted to write about ancient heroes ○ Wrote the Aeneid Aeneas escaped troy Hero of rome Zeno ○ Made up the religion of stoicism ○ Alexander the great loved this Zoraster ○ Made up heaven, hell, judgment day ○ Alexander the great loved this Aqueducts ○ Allowed for running water ○ Running into bathhouse/nice home ○ Much more livable condition in the city ○ More sanitation ○ The sewer system was something rome was starting to create Roads ○ Allowed for more jobs for people ○ Safer mode of transportation Crime ○ It needed to be clearer than daylight to be proven guilty ○ Patricians were not treated as harshly because they were rich against plebians Roman Civil Law (law system) ○ People that were citizens were affected by this law Law of Nations ○ People that aren't citizens but live in the empire are affected ○ People are protected by the law Section 4: Roman expansion ○ Patricians AND plebeians can own farms Plebeian farms are smaller than patricians Plebeians don’t get slaves ○ The patricians get the slaves from roman campaign ○ Many slaves came back to rome ○ Wealthy didn’t need the people that once worked for them ○ They were fired and replaced by the slaves  ○ MANY MIDDLE CLASS PLEBEIANS LOST THEIR JOBS BECAUSE THEY WERE REPLACED BY THE SLAVES ○ Patricians now don’t have to pay slaves ○ Patricians can now drop prices because they are not paying wages They have the slaves ○ Plebeians now have to drop prices too ○ Effects on the republic Rioting Less employment Negative impact Julius Caesar Accusation ○ Julius caesar is now very popular and the senate is not popular The senators were jealous ○ Julius caesar crossed border and gained more territorial land ○ The senate detected this as a offense of senate order They were most likely biased against Caesar because they were jealous ○ Julius caesar has strong and loyal legions ○ Julius Caesar “crosses the rubicon” “Crosses the rubicon” = crossing the point of no return Rubicon is a river ○ He is welcomed warmly be citizens ○ The senators see that he has his legion and the popularity of the people so they could not charge him ○ Mark anthony Second Triumvirate ○ Get revenge on many people that faced and assassinated against Julius Caesar Was assassinated because people were afraid he was going to be king Being king meant that Rome was no longer a republic ○ Rnd 2 of civil wars ○ Mark anthony and octavian caesar are triumphant ○ The two split rome Mark Antony ruled egypt and provinces in the east Octavion controlled rome and all of the provinces west ○ Octavion and Mark Antony have a conflict Mostly over cleopatra because mark antony fell in love with cleopatra ○ Octavion and his legion destroy mark antony and cleopatra Mark antony and cleopatra a pushed into corner and forced to kill themselves ○ Octavian is celebrated as the hero of rome He is renamed as AUGUSTUS Translates to exalted one The senate gave him the title  ○ What marks the end of the Roman republic? The moment the senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus The senate realized that for the past 3 and four decades, they didn’t have support from the people. The senate decided that our republic is not working ○ What did Augustus do? Augustus helps the middle class of rome Created the tax census Calculate the wealth of people and tax people more fairly Rich = tax more | poor/middle class = tax less ○ Augustus to Marcus Aurelius enters rome’s ‘pax romana’ or golden age Rise of christianity ○ Only monotheistic people: Jews ○ Jewish population in the roman empire are NOT being persecuted/mistreated Roman government let the jews be monotheistic ○ The jews did not create any problems/they were allowed to practice their religion Not causing problems Paying taxes Religious Conflicts within Rome ○ Jesus was saying that he was the son of god ○ Some jews followed Jesus and others didn’t Jews that turned into followers of Jesus were baptized ○ The jews saw this as Jesus was causing problems Jesus stated to the jews that they were not following the ten commandments The Jews were living luxuriously and some were involved in taxes ○ After more complaining from jewish leaders, romans decided to start persecuting the followers of christ ○ Jesus also lashed out on the Jewish leaders because they were involved in taxes and lived a life of luxury and this wasn’t part of the ten commandments Paul ○ ○ Many people think Paul was almost as important as jesus in establishing christianity ○ Paul spread the word of God/jesus/christ throughout a large area ○ Gentile: non Jew ○ Paul spread the word traveling to Gentile lands to spread the word of god ○ Most of the world is polytheistic ○ Spread the word to GENTILES too Peter ○ Peter brought christianity to Rome itself ○ Started the first church in rome  ○ Peter was crucified (upside down) He was upside down because he felt that he wasn’t worthy of being crucified like jesus Rome will eventually force the people of rome and conquered empires to be christian Problems of the Catholic Church that caused divide (3 Centuries) ○ Two are the christian’s fault and two are not their fault 1. Persecuted by Rome for refusal of honor the emperor or gods Persecuted by the Romans for following Jesus 2. Scapegoats for Social, economic problems, some were killed Christians were blamed for a loss/unfortunate events Scapegoat: blamed for things that they had no relation with Fire burned a large part of a roman civilization Christians were blamed for the fire 3. Women barred from official roles Church decided to bar/prevent women to have any official roles in the church Men assumed all the positions and the women were not allowed to have any significant positions 4. Rivalries among the bishops and patriarchs Patriarch: highest ranking position in the early churches The patriarch controls churches in a large vicinity Bishop controls a single church or a city Patriarchs and bishops argued over authority/what churches were theirs Patriarch is given more authority than a bishops Patriarch controls a larger area Patriarchs were voted on and all patriarchs were once bishops LATER, (300 YEARS LATER YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THIS), DETERMINED THAT NO LONGER CAN PERSECUTE ANY RELIGIONS By Constantine Freedom of religion No longer are christians able to be persecuted People who were once afraid of being christian can now be christian because it is legal Constantine Passed an edict (law) that disallowed the persecution of christians CHANGED THE CAPITAL TO CONSTANTINOPLE  ○ Rebuilt the old city (byzantium you do not need to know this) and renovated it and named it Constantinople and moved there ○ Constantinople is now known as Istanbul, Turkey Diocletian Split the Roman empire into two sections Treated christians brutally This is before Constatine Saint Sebastian Caught being a christian Arrowed many time Survived the arrows Went back to health Went back to diocletian and told him that if he became christian then he would be forgiven for his sins Diocletian beat Saint Sebastian to death. Escaping the Huns Who are the Huns? ○ People who live outside of the Roman Empire Aggressive, Invasive They were invading many people invading villages outside of the Roman empire To flee the Huns, the germanic speaking people fled to the Roman empire They needed territory and they decided to kill people and take their homes and territory The roman empire protects their land and sends troops ○ The romans needed to defend rigorously ○ They needed to send many troops to defend against the Huns and the Germanic Speaking People Huns raided and followed the germanic speaking people to Roman territory ENGLAND/BRITAIN Rome left Britain because they were under constant battle and warfare ○ They fought the people that lived on the island Before, Romans were known to be ruthless and no mercy to enemies Now, they saw that people could treat the Romans badly and still get away with it. MERCENARY/ECONOMIC WEAKNESSES Fighting for money and less loyal than citizens are fighting Not sticking around when outnumbered Mercenaries were paid to fight at battles BEFOREHAND ○ The mercenaries would just not show up/some were germanic speaking people and would instead fight against the Romans  ○ They needed to use mercs because they didn’t have enough legions because they were fighting off so many invasions The Mercenaries were taking up much money and rome raised tax amount Middle class is paying too much in taxes ○ They are too poor ○ Poor means less loyalty, less sympathy, and people are forced to do things that they are not usually doing if they were financially stable ○ This meant more crime CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE The splitting of the Roman empire ○ When something is split, then it is weaker ○ When putting things together, they they are stronger Poke vs. Punch Economic Weakness Hiring Mercs Pulling out of Britain/england —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Main Ideas Why was Roman geography so much better than Greek geography? The mountainous terrain made it hard to unite in greece. The mountain in Rome did not stop the people from uniting. Therefore, the mountains took up less space, and there was more fertile land. The Romans did not need to colonize from lack of fertile land/food. Rome was also in the middle of the peninsula How did geography help Rome develop easier and faster than greece? Rome’s peninsula was flatter. Although there is a mountain range, it is not affecting access to other city states. Rome wanted Sicily but Carthage had already inhabited most of Sicily so they fought. SLIDE 5 What did Jesus enforce? The ten commandments Monotheism The jews and others had to decide if jesus was the messiah. If not, then they stay what they are, if are, then they are christian