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# Summary & Review - Chapter 18 This document is a study guide or review material for Chapter 18, likely about industrialization and economic sectors. ## Chapter Summary * **Industry:** Economic activity involving machinery to process raw materials into products. This involves an organization of...

# Summary & Review - Chapter 18 This document is a study guide or review material for Chapter 18, likely about industrialization and economic sectors. ## Chapter Summary * **Industry:** Economic activity involving machinery to process raw materials into products. This involves an organization of workers and companies. * **Manufacturing:** Divided into heavy and light industry. * **Industrialization:** The process by which industries expand and develop significantly. * **Industrial Revolution:** Shift from small-scale, handmade production to large-scale, power-driven mass production, primarily seen in Britain during the mid-18th century. This affected daily life and urbanization. * **Economic Sectors:** * **Primary:** Obtaining raw materials. * **Secondary:** Processing raw materials into products. * **Tertiary:** Providing services. * **Quaternary:** Using information and knowledge. * **Quinary:** High-level decision-making and executive services. ## Key Terms & Concepts **1. Apply Conceptual Vocabulary:** * **Heavy Industry:** (Dictionary definition) Major manufacturing activities with large-scale production. (Conceptual) In the chapter, it involves large-scale production with complex processes, often concentrating in large facilities. A large number of workers are required to ensure high production outputs. * **Light Industry:** (Dictionary definition) Manufacturing activities with smaller-scale production. (Conceptual) In the chapter, it describes a variety of smaller-scale production, from individual artisans to relatively small factories. Products vary from consumer goods to goods produced for smaller-scale companies. **2. Scale of heavy vs. light industry:** Heavy industry tends to be large-scale due to its complex processes. Light industry can be both large or small-scale, depending on the type of production. **3. Factory owners (Industrial Revolution):** Urban merchants and large-scale business owners most likely to become factory owners due to their established networks, capital and experience. **4. Innovation & Energy Sources (Industrial Revolution):** Innovation in machinery and energy sources were both crucial components of the first Industrial revolution, since these were the fundamental drivers to produce goods more quickly and efficiently on a wider scale. **5. Industrial regions of continental Europe & U.S. and British Midlands:** Continental Europe and the U.S., as well as the British Midlands, shared similar characteristics in their initial industrial development. **6. Imperialism & industrialization:** Imperialism was influenced by industrialization, as European powers saw colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods. This also contributed to industrialization by facilitating the expansion of markets. **7. Industrial revolutions impact on society:** The industrial revolutions significantly altered societies, creating new opportunities and challenges, driving urbanization, and reshaping social structures. **8. Rise of quaternary and quinary sectors:** The rise of quaternary and quinary sectors reflects a shift toward knowledge-based economies. **9. Level of Economic Development (Definition)**: In this example, when a country has a large portion of its population working in agriculture, a small portion in industry and the remainder in service sectors, this likely indicates a developing economy as these services are needed for agriculture and industry to expand and thrive. **10. Level of Development (Detail):** This scenario indicates a high level of economic development and sophistication. The concentration of workforce in high-level services and information-based sectors speaks to a highly industrialized and dynamic economy. **11. Dual-economies:** Industrializing societies commonly experience a dual-economy phase due to the varying nature of industrialization, characterized by economic disparities. **12. Least-cost location theory:** When used to explain production and factory location, it emphasizes the cost-effectiveness of certain locations, such as cheap transportation costs, resources, and labor for facilities producing these products, when considering the cost-effectiveness. **13. Limitations of least-cost theory:** Modern manufacturing decision tend to go beyond minimum cost and consider additional factors like proximity to markets, infrastructure, and skilled labor. Furthermore, factors like regulation, community preferences, and political climates play roles and are not reflected in classic least-cost theories.