Industrialization Overview - Chapter 18 Review

Study Notes

Industry is economic activity using machinery on a large scale to process raw materials and create products. It involves organizations working with the same materials or similar products. Manufacturing is divided into heavy industry (large-scale) and light industry (can be large or small scale).
Industrialization is where social and economic factors cause widespread industry development. The Industrial Revolution shifted from small-scale, hand-crafted production to large-scale, power-driven mass production. It began in Great Britain's textile and iron industries in the mid-18th century.
Economic activities are categorized into primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary sectors. Primary deals with raw materials. Secondary processes them into goods. Tertiary provides services. Quaternary involves information and decision-making. Quinary is high-level decision-making. Pre-industrial societies focus on primary sector, fully industrialized on secondary and tertiary, and post-industrial societies focus on quaternary and quinary sectors.
Geographical models help understand ideal locations for industries. Location decisions often depend on transportation costs; currently, labor costs and technology are crucial.

Heavy Industry: Large-scale manufacturing of heavy products, often concentrated in one area due to needing large quantities of materials. Examples include steel production and manufacturing.
Light Industry: Manufacturing of smaller or lighter items. Can involve diverse small and large businesses. Examples are clothing production and food processing.
Industrial Revolution: Shift from small-scale, hand-crafted production to large-scale, powered machinery. Notable impact on society and urbanization.
Least-cost Theory: A model suggesting location decisions are primarily based on the cheapest transportation, raw materials, and labor costs. This theory is most suitable when explaining the location of traditional heavy industry production facilities. However, modern production often considers more complex factors that don't fit perfectly within a cost model.

18th and 19th-century Industrial Revolutions: Significantly reshaped societies by prioritizing manufacturing and impacting every aspect of life (urbanization, etc).
Importance of Quaternary and Quinary Sectors: Increased role in recent decades due to information and high-level decision-making, crucial factors in modern economics.
Levels of Development (Workforce Distribution): Different workforce distributions in agriculture, industry, and services help to estimate the level of economic development of an area (pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial societies).
Dual Economies: Many countries undergoing industrialization initially have varying levels of development (e.g., parts are pre-industrial, while others are already manufacturing or service-oriented).
Factors impacting manufacturing location decisions beyond the least-cost theory: Modern factories consider more than just raw material, transportation, and labor costs to locate; factors like access to skilled employees, technology and infrastructure are now important variables.