Industrial Revolution And Long 19th c 2025 Past Paper PDF

U5/U6 Test Information: Industrial Revolution and Long 19th c January 28, 2025 Test Format: Part I: MC (will include map questions, see maps below) Part II: Paragraph Question (see below for details) Part I: Multiple Choice questions will come from...

U5/U6 Test Information: Industrial Revolution and Long 19th c January 28, 2025 Test Format: Part I: MC (will include map questions, see maps below) Part II: Paragraph Question (see below for details) Part I: Multiple Choice questions will come from this material: U5 Industrial Revolution: ​ U5 IR Packet ○​ SPRITE chart-- Impact of Industrialization (from Urban Game) S -​ Urbanization → The population shifted from rural villages to rapidly growing industrial towns, creating crowded and unsanitary tenements. -​ Social class → A new social class, the working class, emerged alongside the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the aristocracy. -​ Family life disintegrated as members worked long hours in separate locations. Women and children became part of the industrial workforce. -​ Public Health: Overcrowding, pollution, and harsh working conditions drastically reduced life expectancy for the poor. P -​ Parliament passed laws privatizing common lands, favoring wealthy landowners and pushing poor farmers to seek work in factories. R -​ Additional churches were built to cater to the growing urban population. However, industrial life and harsh conditions often strained traditional religious practices. I -​ The invention of the seed drill, steam engine, and textile machinery drove technological progress. Private schools for the wealthy highlighted the disparity in education access. -​ Scientific Advancements→ Developments in medicine, including recognizing diseases like cancer, began during this period. T -​ Factories and Machinery: The water frame, steam engine, and later mechanized industries revolutionized production. -​ Transportation Revolution: Canals, railroads, and iron bridges transformed how goods and people moved across the country. -​ Energy Sources: Transition from water to steam power and increased reliance on coal and iron fueled industrial growth. E -​ Agriculture → manufacturing → Agriculture’s dominance waned as textiles and heavy industries like iron and coal became economic drivers. Wealth Disparities: The capitalist class grew wealthy, while the working poor struggled in abysmal conditions. Global Trade: Enhanced transportation networks expanded England’s trade capabilities, integrating it further into the global economy. ○​ Sadler Report -​ The Sadler Report, written in 1832 by Michael Thomas Sadler, was a detailed investigation into the harsh working conditions faced by children in factories during the Industrial Revolution. It was based on testimony from factory workers, doctors, and others, highlighting the long hours, poor treatment, and unhealthy 1  environments endured by child laborers. The report aimed to support the Ten Hours Bill, which sought to limit the working hours of children to ten per day. -​ The Sadler Report concluded that factory conditions were unacceptable and needed reform. Its findings led to public outcry and significant legislative changes, beginning with the 1833 Factory Act, which introduced regulations to improve working conditions and protect child workers. The report marked an important step in addressing the exploitation of the working class during this period. -​ ○​ Capitalism, Socialism and Communism Capitalism is an economic system where private individuals or businesses own and control property, making decisions based on their own interests. Prices in markets are determined by supply and demand, without heavy government interference. Laissez-Faire Economy: A laissez-faire economy is an economic system where the government has minimal involvement in regulating or interfering with businesses. Private individuals and companies have the freedom to make decisions—such as setting prices, producing goods, and trading—based on what supply and demand require. In this system, the government primarily ensures basic legal frameworks, like enforcing contracts and property rights, but avoids direct involvement in economic activities. Free Market Example: In a free market, people freely buy and sell goods and services based on their own choices. For example, you decide which clothing store to shop at based on factors like style, price, or quality. No one forces you to make this choice—it's entirely up to you. This shows how the free market allows individuals to make decisions without government interference. Criticism of Capitalism:One major criticism of capitalism is that it leads to a significant social class divide. The rich tend to get wealthier, while the poor often remain in poverty, creating deep economic inequality. The Invisible Hand: The Invisible Hand is a concept that describes how individuals making their own decisions—such as what to buy or sell—naturally help balance supply and demand in the economy. Instead of government control, people’s choices about what they need and want naturally guide how much is produced and the prices that are set. This shows how individual actions, even when driven by self-interest, can contribute to a well-functioning economy. Adam Smith and Motivation: Adam Smith, a Scottish economist, is one of the most influential thinkers regarding capitalism. In his book The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, he argued that individuals are motivated to work hard by the pursuit of their own self-interest. People work harder when they know that their efforts will result in personal gain (money). According to Smith, this self-interest drives innovation and productivity, benefiting society as a whole. By focusing on their own needs, individuals end up providing what society needs too. Socialism and Communism Socialism is an economic and political system where the means of production—such as machinery, tools, and factories—are collectively or publicly owned. Unlike capitalism, where private business owners control production and pay wages to workers, socialism promotes shared ownership and decision-making among the working class. 2  -​ Example: In a socialist bakery, the workers collectively own and operate the business, making decisions together. Instead of being run by a private owner or investors, the bakers and staff collaborate to manage the bakery’s operations. How does the socialist bakery differ from a bakery in a capitalist society? -​ In a socialist bakery, the workers all share ownership and make decisions together, while in a capitalist bakery, a private owner, investor, or boss holds control and makes most of the decisions. In a purely socialist system, all production and distribution decisions are made collectively, often guided by a central planner or government body. The government sets output and pricing, aiming to ensure goods and services are distributed fairly. Socialists argue that shared ownership and central planning can create a more equal society. How does shared ownership lead to a more equitable society? -​ Shared ownership allows everyone to have equal access to resources and leadership opportunities, helping prevent corruption and concentration of power. Can shared ownership lead to economic prosperity? -​ If managed well, shared ownership can foster cooperation, which can lead to economic prosperity. It requires all owners to work together to ensure benefits are spread across everyone. Communism is a philosophy based on the fair distribution of wealth and common ownership of property. Like socialism, it focuses on equality, but there are key differences. Communism, historically, advocates for the transfer of power to the working class through revolution rather than gradual reform. Its ultimate goal is to create a classless society where the state (government) would eventually disappear. What do socialism and communism have in common? -​ Both socialism and communism focus on distributing wealth equally to create a fair and just society. What differentiates communism from socialism? -​ Communism seeks a revolution to create a classless society without government, while socialism prefers gradual changes and may involve maintaining parts of the government. Karl Marx, the father of Communism, explained in The Communist Manifesto that society has always been divided by class struggles, such as between rich and poor, business owners and workers. In modern times, these struggles continue between the bourgeoisie (wealthy business owners) and the proletariat (working class). When Marx says that history is based on class struggle, he means that economic groups are always in conflict. For example, Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guildmaster and journeyman. In his day, the main classes were the bourgeoisie, the wealthy business owners, and the proletariat, the working class who worked for the bourgeoisie. Marx’s critique of factory work: Marx critique of factory work is that is limits all aspects of individuality for the workers. He compares the proletariat to soldiers in an army with a clear hierarchy or bosses/officers. 3 Communism as an internationalist movement​ This quote shows how communism is international movement because it gets works from so many difference countries to unite for a common goal of freeing themselves from oppression and create a more fair society Video: Socialism vs. Free-Market Capitalism Benefits Shortcomings Capitalism Decentralizes economic decisions giving Leads to poverty and inequality individuals the opportunity to choose what to sell and for how much. Gives the rich a disspaportiantae amount of power incentive to create and produce Socialism Grants the government to make most Doesnt give people an incentive to create and economic decisions in relation to society produce → reduces economic opportunity as a whole→ fairly distributed. The government can become to powerful and threatening Which approach do you find more compelling? -​ If the government remains fair and doesn’t become too powerful, socialism could benefit society by ensuring fairness. However, capitalism fosters innovation and creativity. So, while capitalism encourages growth, socialism offers a safer, more equal society, which I find more compelling for ensuring stability and fairness. U6 Long 19th Century ​ Post-Napoleonic Europe Packet A. Congress of Vienna​ (Ebook 1364-1366) When did it take place? The Congress of Vienna happened from September 1814 to June 1815. What were its goals? ​ To create peace with a balance of power. ​ To protect the monarchy. ​ To stop France from growing too strong. Define: Balance of power means making sure no country becomes too powerful. It was achieved by giving land to other countries and limiting France’s power. Define: The Principle of Legitimacy meant restoring monarchies. The Congress of Vienna didn’t want to keep the 4 French Revolution’s ideas. They gave land to countries near France to weaken it and return power to monarchies. Examine the Painting of the Congress of Vienna: The painting shows wealthy people in fancy clothes like wigs and culottes. They are sitting comfortably, showing they want to bring back stability through monarchy. This supports the idea that they weren’t interested in the French Revolution’s ideas. B. 19th c Political Ideologies. Read Ebook pages 1449-1451 and fill in the “conservative” and “liberal” boxes. Reactionary Conservative Liberal Radical Attitude toward Wants to go They wanted a Supported change- supports change: backwards to an old gradual change. see progress as revolutionary change order They Valued the positive wants a completely status quo (the way new social order things were Who supports it: monarchs Monarchs Bourgeoisie – Middle urban workers and nobles Nobles class some middle class highlight who church Peasants benefits Peasants (some) Many middle class too Church Preferred form of absolute monarchy Strong monarchy Republic republic, socialist Government and Constitutional —educated elite political beliefs: monarchy with a ruling on behalf of parliament Ok with working class Constitutional monarchy/ limited monarchy Expand franchise (more people can vote) Preferred Economic Mercantilism (king Support capitalism Capaitosm, Laissez socialist, communist System: controls the with strong fair → everyone has economy) government equal rights and oversight opportunity with minimal government intervention Another way to understand 19th century European politics is thinking about how a member of each these groups might answer the question: What do you think about the French Revolution? Reactionary Conservative Liberal Radical 5 Total mistake! We need to Bad and unfortunate but The moderate phase was The radical phase was restore the old order when the genie is out of the awesome, but things awesome! Otherwise, the everyone knew their place! bottle! Certain things like jumped the rail with the FR offered political reforms citizenship, rights, and a radical phase. Let’s go without social changes. We free(r) market can’t be back to the common sense need a social revolution undone, so let’s do our best reforms the FR introduced that restructures society to maintain the old order without all the violence and with the most productive within the new post-FR property confiscation of the class–the workers–at the world radical phase. top. Remember our definition of liberalism from the beginning of the year: Liberalism is the belief that the government’s job is to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals. How did 19th c liberals embrace this definition of liberalism? In the 19th century, liberals believed the government should protect people's rights and freedoms. They wanted: -​ Governments with limits on power. -​ Freedom of speech, religion, and the press -​ Fair laws where everyone is treated equally. -​ The ability for people to vote and have a say in the government. -​ Economic freedom to do business without too many rules. Liberals wanted to move away from kings and nobles having too much power, and instead, they supported democracy and fairer societies. What is Nationalism? How is a nation defined? A nation: a community of people who identify as a single group sharing a homeland and one or more of the following: culture, language, connection to the homeland, religion, values, shared sense of history Definition of nationalism: Beliefs that People of a nation have the right to rule themselves Which ideology might embrace nationalism, conservative or liberal? Why? -​ Liberals support nationalism for independence while conservatives prefer traditional/old power. C. Central Europe Challenges the Old Order, Revolutions of 1830 #1 - The Serbian Revolution 6 According to the reading, what distinguishes Serbians from the Ottomans? How did the struggle against the Ottomans reinforce Serbian identity? -​ According to the reading, the Serbians were Slavick and Christian orthodox while the Ottomon were Turkish. The struggle unified the people allowing them to feel a sense of pride Fill the blanks in the table. Use this as a model for other countries below. Where? What? Result (failure/success + explain) When? Serbia Nationalist revolt against Ottomon Failure at first (Karageorge), then partial success 1804-1830 (Obrenovic). The Serbs won autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. They did not achieve full independence. #2 - Greek War of Independence 7 In what ways did the European powers aid Greece in its fight for independence? In what ways did they curtail it? -​ The European powers aid Greece by defeating the Ottomans and pushing for independence. IT curtailed it by putting a German king to limit Greek nationalism. Where? What? Result (failure/success + explain) Greece Nationalist revolt against Ottomans Nationalist revolt against Ottomans led 1821-1830 to Greek independence but with a German king. Reflection Questions 1. Why were the Balkans (the peninsula which includes Serbia and Greece, see map) the site of numerous revolts in the early 19th century? Think about the region’s location. -​ The Balkans were the site of revolts because it was in such a great location connecting lands, and between the Empires. This allowed for valuable land from all the trading 2. What do the revolts in Serbia and Greece have in common? Think about what motivated the revolts and who they were revolting against. -​ In both the revolts in Serbia and Greece, they were fighting for independence from the Ottomon. Why do you think the liberals and nationalists teamed up during some of these early revolutions? -​ I think they teamed up because they both wanted change. Liberals wanted freedom/ rights while nationalists wanted their own independent countries D. 1848 Springtime of the People [adapted from Mike Duncan’s Revolutions Podcast, 7.01 “The Volcano” and “The Revolutions of 1848, the Jews, and the American Civil War”] Europe in the 1840s was a powder keg. While Britain had undergone significant political reforms, much of the 8 continent remained under the grip of absolute monarchs or conservative regimes. The Rise of New Forces: ​ Industrialization: As you already know, this brought both progress and problems. Even in areas that were not yet fully industrialized, the impact was felt: ○​ Competition: The influx of cheap, mass-produced goods from industrialized nations disrupted traditional crafts and industries, leading to unemployment and poverty among artisans and rural workers. ○​ Social Disruption and Urbanization: This economic disruption led to social unrest and increased migration to cities, further straining resources and exacerbating social problems. ​ Ideological Shifts and Alliances: ○​ Members of the working class wanted higher wages and many embraced socialism, middle class liberals wanted more rights, constitutions, and representative legislation, and nationalists of all political stripes in various places wanted to establish new independent states based on national identity either by breaking free from foreign monarchs or by uniting smaller states into a single entity. ​ Political Frustration: The middle class, excluded from political power, demanded greater representation. The lower classes, facing economic hardship, sought social and economic reforms. ​ “The Hungry Forties” ○​ Population Growth+Crop Failure: The potato had become the staple of the diet of Europe’s poor. A disease called blight spread rapidly and caused massive drops in agricultural productivity and sent food costs skyrocketing following a decades-long surge in population growth. The Old Order Under Pressure: Conservative regimes, dominated by aristocracies, resisted these pressures. This led to growing discontent and a desire for change. The Coming Storm: The stage was set for a series of revolutions across Europe in 1848. These uprisings would see a clash between the forces of change – the workers, middle class, and intellectuals – and the forces of conservatism – the aristocracy and established order. Question: Why would these groups- workers, middle class and intellectuals, and nationalists - join together in uprisings against the forces of conservatism? What problems might arise when they attempt to unite to govern? These groups joined together because they all wanted change. -​ Workers wanted better working conditions -​ The middle class wanted more rights -​ Nationalists wanted more independence Therefore, when they tried to work together, they ended up working on different issues since they each wanted different outcomes, making it hard to unite. Where? What? Result? France Liberals revolt against Louis Philippe Failure achieve a temporary republic under Louis Second French Republic only lasts a few years. 1853 Napoleon Louis Napoleon crown himself Emperor Napoleon La Marseillaise 9  Austria Liberal and national revolt (Czechs, Failure Hungarians, Italians) against conservative Metternich is removed, BUT Emperor Franz Joseph government regains control and crushes the revolts. Return to absolutism. German Liberal revolts in dozens of German states Failure States against conservative monarchs. Frankfurt Assembly dissolves in complete failure. Initially, successful–Frankfurt Assembly to Conservatives regain control. discuss creation of unified Germany under constitutional monarchy Britain NO REVOLT! Why do you think there was no revolution in Britain? (they publish the Communist Manifesto in Think about what we have learned about England England in 1848!) politically and economically. “When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.” What does this expression mean? Offer examples (see map on the next page). “When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.” this means that change in France often affects the rest of Europe too. For example, the French Revolution inspired people to fight for more rights in the rest of Europe. E) Two Case Studies in Nationalism: The Unification of Germany and the Unification of Italy The unification of Germany in the 19th century was a key moment in European history. Before unification, Germany was divided into many smaller states, with Prussia and Austria as the most powerful. Otto von Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia, played a major role in bringing these states together under one nation. Bismarck used a strategy called "realpolitik," which focused on practical goals rather than ideals. Realpolitik is defined as “a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations. The needs of the state justify any means to preserve it. Power is more important than principle.” He believed that Germany could be unified through "blood and iron," meaning military strength and industrial power. Bismarck led Prussia through three wars to achieve unification. The first war was against Denmark in 1864, where Prussia gained control of German-speaking territories. The second was the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, which established Prussia as the dominant German power. Finally, the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 united the German states against a common enemy, France. After Prussia’s victory, the German Empire was declared in 1871, with King Wilhelm I of Prussia as emperor (Kaiser) and Bismarck as his chief advisor. Bismarck’s leadership and diplomacy were crucial to unifying Germany. The new German Empire became one of the most powerful nations in Europe, changing the balance of power on the continent. 10 What is Realpolitik? Realistic policies are based on toughminded evaluation of the needs of the state. The needs of the state (raison d’etat) justify any means needed to preserve it power. Power is more important then principle. Unification of Italy - Like Germany, Italy unified in the 19th century through a growing sense of nationalism and strategic leadership. Italians sought to bring together many independent states, inspired by a shared language, culture, and history. Key leaders, including Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Camillo di Cavour, played critical roles in using military campaigns and diplomacy to achieve unification. Italy’s unification involved alliances, wars, and the decline of foreign control, particularly Austria’s influence. By 1871, most of Italy was united under King Victor Emmanuel II, driven by the same nationalist ideals that reshaped Europe during this era. ​ Imperialism Worksheet -- motivations and Jigsaw (the information you shared with each other) Motivations: The three main motives for European imperialism were economic growth, rivalry between nations, and moral superiority. ​ Economic Growth: European countries wanted to make as much money through natural resources like gold, cotton, and sugar to make money and grow their economies. They also used new colonies as markets to sell goods.​ ​ Rivalry between Nations: European nations competed to be the most powerful by taking control of more land. For example, Britain and France fought over North America, and Britain and Russia competed for control of Central Asia in "The Great Game."​ ​ Moral Superiority: Europeans believed they were better than other races and cultures. They used this belief to justify taking over land, spreading Christianity, and erasing Indigenous cultures.​ Algeria 1.​ ‘Who colonized Algeria, and how did they justify it?​ France colonized Algeria in 1830. They claimed it was to protect their interests and "civilize" the Algerian people.​ 2.​ What were two policies that the French implemented and explain the impact on the social identity on Algeria. a.​ Land Confiscation: The French took land from Algerians and gave it to settlers, causing poverty and breaking traditional social systems. b.​ Assimilation: They forced French culture, language, and education on Algerians, erasing much of their cultural and religious identity. 11  3.​ How did Algeria ultimately gain its independence? Algeria fought a long war (1954–1962) led by the National Liberation Front (FLN). After years of violence, France granted Algeria independence on July 5, 1962. Congo Who colonized the Congo, and what happened? King Leopold II of Belgium. People were forced to work, tortured, or killed if they didn’t collect enough rubber. Millions died from violence, hunger, and disease. What were the effects on the Congo? Colonization caused poverty, destroyed traditions, and hurt the Congo’s culture. The damage still affects the country today. India 1.​ What policies did England implement in India, and how did they impact the people? a.​ Economic Policies: The British destroyed traditional industries like textiles and made Indians grow cash crops instead of food, causing famines. They built railways and telegraphs, but mainly to help British interests, not Indians. b.​ Cultural Policies: English became the main language, creating a new educated class but also deepening divides between rich urban people and poor rural people. The British pushed Western customs, which disrupted Indian culture, though it still remained strong. 2.​ How did Indians react to imperialism? Indians resisted in many ways. Early revolts like the 1857 Rebellion were crushed, but over time, groups like the Indian National Congress demanded more rights. Leaders like Gandhi promoted peaceful protests, while others fought more directly. 3.​ What is the lasting legacy of imperialism in India? a.​ Positive: The British built infrastructure like railways, which helped modernize parts of India. b.​ Negative: The economy was exploited, leading to poverty and inequality. The 1947 partition into India and Pakistan caused violence, and tensions between groups still affect the region today. ​ Maps-- see two maps below and lists of locations to identify Part II: Paragraph Question based on the Post-Napoleonic Europe Packet (including German (and Italian) Unification) Prepare a robust paragraph that responds to the following question. You will answer this question on the test. Historian Eric Hobsbawm explained that the period from the French Revolution (1789) through WWI (1914) can be viewed as a unit—shaped by the forces of conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism. Which ideology, Conservatism, Liberalism, or Nationalism, was the most significant in defining the Long 19th c and why? Be sure your paragraph includes: 12  ​ Topic sentence: Chooses one ideology and argues it had biggest impact and WHY ​ A definition of the ideology you are discussing ​ 3 specific examples to support your position. (Serbia/Greece count as one example, German and Italian unification would count as one example) ​ A counter-argument: you need to not only argue that one was significant but also that it was more significant than the other two -​ Ottomon empire → serbia and greek revolting for nationalist society -​ 1848 springtime of the people -​ Germany and italy unification ​ ​ Topic Sentence: Nationalism was the most important ideology of the Long 19th Century because it reshaped empires, sparked revolutions, and created new nations by uniting people around the belief that those who share a common identity, language, and culture should govern themselves. ​ ​ Definition of Nationalism: Nationalism is the belief that people who share a common identity—like culture, language, and history—have the right to govern themselves and form their own nation. ​ ​ Examples: ​ 1.​ Ottoman Empire → Serbian and Greek Revolts: Nationalism inspired Serbs and Greeks to fight for independence from Ottoman rule. These revolts were driven by shared language, religion, and cultural heritage, proving the power of nationalism to break apart old empires. The Serbians who were Orthodox Christians were being controlled by the Turkish Muslim Ottomans, and independence was the only way to keep their culture alive. The Greeks were being controlled by the Ottomans while studying topics from ancient Greece inspiring them to connect to their past thriving culture. ​ 2.​ 1848 Springtime of the Peoples: Nationalist revolts across Europe demanded self-rule for oppressed peoples. Although many uprisings failed, they showed how nationalism motivated people to resist imperial rule and fight for their nations ​ 3.​ German and Italian Unification: Nationalism united fragmented states into the powerful nations of Germany and Italy. Leaders like Otto von Bismarck in Germany and Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italy used nationalist ideas to rally people around shared language and history, creating modern nation-states. ​ ​ Counter-Argument: Conservatism: Conservatism tried to maintain old monarchies and suppress change, but it couldn’t stop nationalist revolutions. In fact, conservative empires like the Ottoman and Austrian Empires fell apart because they couldn’t handle nationalist movements. Liberalism: Liberalism promoted ideas like freedom and democracy, but it often worked alongside nationalism rather than being the driving force. Many nationalist movements used liberal ideas, but their real power came from shared cultural identities. 13 Conclusion: While conservatism and liberalism were important, nationalism had the biggest impact on the Long 19th Century. It was the driving force behind the revolutions, wars, and unifications that shaped the modern world. Map A ​ A England ​ B France ​ C Germany/Prussia ​ D Austrian Empire ​ E Russia ​ F Greece ​ G Ottoman Empire ​ H Italy ​ I Balkan Peninsula ​ See below for second map Map B 14 Identify: ​ A England ​ B Africa ​ C India ​ D China 15