Industrial Revolution Study Guide PDF

Latin America and Industrial Revolution Study Guide Chapter 10 Sections 1, 4; Chapter 11 Section 1 Latin America Map Games: Latin America: Countries - Map Quiz Game - Seterra America Countries Quiz - World Geography Games Terms/topics/people : Cotton gin o...

Latin America and Industrial Revolution Study Guide Chapter 10 Sections 1, 4; Chapter 11 Section 1 Latin America Map Games: Latin America: Countries - Map Quiz Game - Seterra America Countries Quiz - World Geography Games Terms/topics/people : Cotton gin o Separates seeds from cotton much more efficiently Cotton Production: - Great Britain led the production of inexpensive cotton goods. Cotton was made in two steps: 1. Raw cotton was turned into cotton by thread spinners. 2. Cloth was created on looms using the cotton thread by weavers. This was called the cottage industry because weavers and spinners did their jobs in rural cottages. However, when James Hargreavans invented the spinning jenny in 1764, people spinners became inefficient. - Edmund Cartwright invented the water-powered loom in 1787 which made people weavers inefficient. Instead they took these people to work the machines in factories. These factories would be close to the rivers and streams because water powered the machines. - James Watt then invented the steam engine in the 1760’s. In 1782, the steam engines could drive machinery. This meant that humans could use steam power to work the machines. This meant that factories did not need to be near a water source because the steam engine was powered using coal. Great Britain's cotton cloth production grew: o 2.5 million pounds or 1.14 million kg of raw cotton was imported in 1760. o In 1840, 366 million pounds or 166 million kg of cotton was imported every year. o It was Great Britain’s “most valuable” product made in factories. Factory Acts o Laws that are put into place by the government to try and limit child labor (many times did not work well) Textiles o Materials used to make fabrics ▪ Initial focus of factory production o Before(spinning wheels-hand looms) ▪ couldn’t keep up with the demand for cloth, especially cotton. ▪ It was a very labor-intensive process.  Karl Marx o He was born in Germany in 1818. While a student, he was a radical activist and journalist. By the time he was 30, he had already been exiled from many countries, including France, Belgium, and Germany. He then settled in Great Britain. o He was friends with another well-known radical - Friedrich Engels. ▪ Marx was so poor that he had to depend on Engels for support. Engels o Engels came from a well-off family that owned a textile mill in England. o He was a friend of Marx. ▪ He often helped Marx with money because he was so poor. Robert Owen(British Reformer) o He owned a cotton mill with 2,000 employees at New Lanark, Scotland. ▪ Although he was a factory owner, he criticized the new industrial society and called it - a miserly, selfish system. o He treated his workers well. ▪ He built houses near the factory and rented them to his employees at low rates. ▪ He didn’t use child labor - instead, he gave his worker’s children free education. o He founded a cooperative village in New Harmony, Indiana, in 1925. ▪ A cooperative village is a social guild that emerged to protect labor rights and frame cohesive communities. ▪ After only four years, Owen’s cooperative village broke up because of constant quarrels. Social Classes in Latin America – Mulattos, Creoles, Mestizos, Peninsular Peninsulares - (Born in Europe/ a person born on the liberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America political and economic gain and then returned to Europe)  Creoles - (Born in Latin America but European descent/a person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently) Mestizo - (A person of European descent and Native descent) Mulatto - (A person of European descent and African descent) Utopia o A Utopia refers to a perfect world - which doesn’t exist, so in this context, the definition of this word is “nowhere” o Marx believed that Owen, Fourier, and others’ ideas were unrealistic - they became called utopian socialists. Communist Manifesto o A 23-page pamphlet where Marx outlined his ideas. o This manifesto(a public declaration) set forth the theory that economic forces are key to understanding history. Proletariats o What Marx called the working class (“have-nots”) Laissez-faire capitalism o A market philosophy where the people own businesses without government intervention ▪ Homes, private property are personal assets and owned by people9 in reality, owned by the state) ▪ Wealth gap ▪ Free market – prices, and production determined by supply and demand Law of supply and demand Law of self-interest Law of Competition Communism o Complete Socialism where all forms of production are owned by the people (in reality, it was controlled by the state) ▪ Classless ▪ Everyone is equal ▪ No unemployment ▪ No homelessness ▪ “Workers of the world unite” ▪ People get what they need o Proletariats, Bourgeoisie ▪ The proletariats are the workers; the “have-nots” Proletariats should revolt (bloody if necessary) to create a communist utopia  ▪ The bourgeoisie are the owners; the “haves” Socialism o An economic system where the government controls the largest means of production ▪ Factories, transportation, communication, etc. ▪ People get what they deserve o Welfare programs, labor unions, high taxes, child labor laws, healthcare – more equality (lessen the wealth gap) ▪ Welfare - gov helping out the poor (i.e. food stamps) ▪ Community ownership of some property Does have private ownership of smaller means of production and property ▪ Social classes still exist Bourgeoisie o What Marx called the factory-owning middle class (“haves”) Child labor o long working hours with the least amount of pay o often worked in the most dangerous jobs (small hands) o were met with harsh violence from the owners ▪ were given laws to move the requirement age up to 9 Townshend o Viscount Charles Townshend invented crop rotation ▪ Restored soil ▪ Improved harvest Tull o Jethro Tull was an English agriculturist during the Industrial Rev ▪ Invents the seed drill in 1701 to combat inefficient seed planting methods Agricultural Rev changes – livestock, seed drill, enclosure movement, crop rotation o Enclosure movement (puts fences around farms, small farms → big farms) o Seed Drills (properly distribute the seeds) ▪ Tull’s solution to manually scattering and planting seeds ▪ It contained a plow designed to dig channels of equal spacing and depth in the dirt, making way for the seeds that were to be planted Seeds were dispensed into the dug channels, which guaranteed a higher chance of success for the crops o Crop Rotation: Townshend ▪ The idea that different crops require different nutrients Ex. corn requires different nutrients to grow compared to wheat  ▪ Rotating the crops grown on the field allowed the soil to replenish nutrients that were needed for other crops, but not the plant that was currently growing Ex. Growing corn uses the nutrients required to grow corn (doesn’t interfere with wheat nutrients), so the nutrients needed to grow wheat are replenished and wheat can be grown afterward. ▪ o Livestock ▪ Selective Breeding (Artificial Selection): allow only the best animals to breed = bigger, stronger animals Farmers could now get animals with desirable traits, after breeding two animals with good characteristics Cities vs. farms o Cities ▪ The main source for the production of goods (industrialized) Factories o Job opportunities in newly opened factories Innovations o Railroads o Farms ▪ Main food source New inventions - crop rotation, seed drill, enclosure, scientific farming (selective breeding) - improved food production  Latin America o Inspired by the French and American revolutions, Latin America had their own revolution in order to break away from unfair European control. Portuguese and Spanish colonies rebelled and won independence. ▪ Most notably: Haiti Venezuela Bolivar o Dubbed one of the “Liberators of South America” ▪ Liberated Venezuela, New Granada, Ecuador, Peru, bolivia, and Panama o Began Venezuelan struggle for independence in 1810 o Led successful revolts in New Granada (now Colombia) and Ecuador ▪ Formed Gran Colombia o Collaborates with San Martín in the Peruvian revolt ▪ Defeats Spanish at Ayacucho in 1824 Pedro o Liberator of Brazil ▪ Liberates Brazil from Portuguese, 1822 o The first ruler of the Empire of Brazil L’Ouverture o Liberated Hispaniola (now Haiti) ▪ Led 100,000 in a successful revolt Followers consisted of African slaves ▪ First Latin American country to be liberated – 1/1/1804 Father Hidalgo o Mexican Roman Catholic parish priest who studied the French Revolution ▪ Was inspired by social equality and revolutions against oppression o On 9/18/1810, Hidalgo led his army to Mexico City ▪ The army consisted of Native and European descent ▪ Failed to win against Spanish Lack of equipment o Hidalgo executed soon after the defeat vs. the Spanish o seen as an inspiration/model o Martyr San Martin o Argentinian liberator; member of the Creole elite ▪ Part of the “Liberators of South America”  o Liberates Argentina, Chile, and Peru ▪ Argentina in 1810 ▪ Chile via the Andes in 1817 Two-thirds of his mules and horses died Soldiers suffered from lack of oxygen, and severe cold while crossing 2-mile passes ▪ Peru with Bolivar in 1824 Advances in Peru in 1821 Countries in Latin America and who conquered where, main ideas of each revolution, and locate countries – KNOW THE MAP (Haiti is shown as the entire Haiti/Dominican Republic island, but should be the left part) Ideas: Reasons for the revolutions in Latin America/results of it o Inspired by the French/American Revolutions – wanted to break from king/European control. ▪ They also didn’t like the unfair trade - they were only allowed to trade with the country that colonized them. o Napoleonic Wars ▪ Napoleon put his brother in Spain - Peninsular War ▪ Napoleon restored slavery to colonies.  ▪ he weakend spanish power, so revoltionaries took advantage Why the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain o Abundant Natural Resources ▪ water power ▪ coal ▪ iron ore o Geography ▪ Island = strong merchant fleet/ports/trade o Climate ▪ Spread of Scientific ideas ▪ Businessmen invested capital (often they were also the inventors) o Agricultural Revolution ▪ It was very important to the Industrial Rev, as many of the same ideas inside the Agricultural Rev carried over (efficiency of work, etc.) o Large supply markets ▪ Britain has a vast colonial empire British ships could transport goods around the world ▪ Trade outlets opened in colonies Colonies were forced to trade with their mother countries → There was an increase in exports and a safe trading network for Britain o Population increase ▪ Britain’s population increased due to cheaper food, which led to a domestic market increase (more people → more demand) An increase in the demand for cotton forces British manufacturers to look for reliable, efficient methods of production Spread of the Industrial Revolution o Britain becomes the richest, most industrialized nation in the world ▪ British cotton production in 1850 was equal to every other European country’s cotton production combined ▪ Britain produces half of Europe’s coal and manufactured goods o Industrialization, although a slow process, eventually spreads to other countries ▪ France was next to industrialize Hindered by political instability and resistance to mechanization in the early stages o Many goods are still handmade  Late 19th century: French gov’t decides to fund industrialization and plays a big role o Roads improved o Rail system expanded ▪ Germany became an industrial power in the early 20th century Started in mid 19th century Similarly, Prussia is rich in iron and coal resources o Gov’t assisted in the development of the iron industry The unification of Germany in 1870 led to rapid industrial growth o Development of railways became much easier ▪ Begins in the US around the early 19th century Industrialization indicated by growth in population and factory workers o Less than 5 million total pop. in 1800 → more than 30 million total pop. by 1860 ▪ No city had more than 100,000 people in 1800 → 8 cities have pop. more than 100,000 in 1860 For the US, a good transportation system was the most important o Required to move goods across the nation o Thousands of miles of roads and canals were built to link the east and west Railroad system widespread o 30,000 miles of tracks were built in the continental US FRANCE: After Great Britain, France was industrialized next. France had barely any coal and was politically unstable. France produced more goods that were handmade then made by machines. This was because the government protected businesses that made handmade goods. Frances’s government in the late 19th century controlled the industrialization. In France, their railway got bigger and more roads were made. GERMAN STATES: (Mid-nineteenth century): Prussia was a german state that had a lot of coal and iron which the government used to create chemical manufacturing companies, iron, and steel. 1870 German State Unification →Industrial Growth and easier railroad development. UNITED STATES: (Begining of nineteenth century) 1800-5 million people - 6/7 were farmers. / Only/max of 100,000 per city. In the 1860, the U.S population was 30 million people. Cities had way more that 100,000 and ½ of the people were farmers. Canals and roads were built to transport goods between the west and east. In 1807, Robert Fulton invented the clermont which was th first paddle wheel steam boat. This made water way travel easier. There were 30,000 miles (48270 km) of railroad track in the united states in 1860 which helped make the market bigger for manufactured goods that were made in the northeast. Farmers were the ones who mostly worked in the factories. Workers in the textile (wool and cotton) industry were mostly girls and women. Role of women o Women in factories ▪ Paid half of, or less than half of what men earned ▪ Made up 50% of the labor force in textile factories o Women outside of factories ▪ Factory acts limited the hours of children and women Women were left to take care of the family o Performed low-paying jobs that could be completed at home Child Labor o Children were forced into labor because families could not afford living costs ▪ Along with women, they made up two-thirds of the workforce by 1830 o Labor acts limited the hours and availability of children in factories ▪ Factory Act, 1833  9 is the minimum age for employment Limited hours for older children Factory Acts (political reform) o Improves working conditions ▪ Mainly due to pressure from labor unions Raised wages, banded workers together o Sets limits on child labor ▪ Hours for older children were limited ▪ The minimum age for employment increased to 9 Improvements in livestock o Selective breeding - Allow only the best animals to breed = bigger animals Trends and changes in farming and migration o Enclosure movement (puts fences around farms and landowners take over or buy small farms for more profit.) o Seed Drills (properly distribute the seeds) o Crop Rotation: Townshend Growth of Cities o The British Parliament passed enclosure laws, which fenced off common lands, forcing many peasants to move into towns and urban areas, ultimately leading to the growth and urbanization of cities. ▪ Shifted much of the population from rural areas into urban cities Many were former farmers looking for jobs ▪ Factories employed most of the unemployed farmers Increased workforce and production Many people lost jobs and were forced to move to Urban areas Overpopulation and lack of food Pros and Cons of the Industrial Revolution o Pros ▪ Increased outputs of goods and machines Muscle power wasn’t needed anymore ▪ Better quality of life for people (eventually) ▪ Innovations: seed drills/crop rotation Charles Townshend discovered rotating crops to improve soil quality Selective breeding: increased size and quality of animals, decreasing starvation, and increasing the nutritional value of animals ▪ Abundance of natural resources (GBR) Coal, iron ore, and other resources ▪ Favorable geography (GBR) Many harbors and a large fleet enabled extensive overseas trade Access to global markets provided raw materials, new markets for British-produced goods ▪ Wealthy merchant class – shipowners and merchants invested in industrial projects ▪ Innovative climate – strong interest in science and technology fostered industrial inventors ▪ Political stability b/c of improved economy No wars on British land ▪ An improved banking system including making loans at reasonable interest rates Allowed investment in better machinery and new factories ▪ Industry grew and spread to new lands Businessmen did well b/c of new inventions (belts/drive shafts, power looms, and the Watt steam engine) ▪ Engineers built roads and canals that made transport easier/cheaper John McAdam built roads that were suitable for wagon transport (smoother and cleaner) ▪ Railway age begins Locomotive invented o Fast, cheap way to transport raw materials o Boosted agricultural process Liverpool-Manchester railway is an immediate success o Provided millions of jobs o Increased travel overall, people began to travel for leisure o People in the countryside were more willing to take jobs, spreading the population ▪ Better food, and clothing, as well as heated homes, helped increase the population in cities like London and Manchester ▪ Enormous amounts of wealth spread across the country Trade increased rapidly in 20 years Growing middle class: some factory owners and merchants became as wealthy as aristocrats/landowners (social structure change) o The upper and lower middle classes emerge  ▪ Advancements made in transportation via steam technology and communication Railroads gave access to more continents/regions including uninhabited places ▪ Railroads boosted industry wherever they went, and employed 80,000 people Grew the iron and coal industries Brought raw materials to other markets ▪ Lesseps linked the Mediterranean and Red Seas Shortened travel between Europe and Asia, b/c no need to go around Africa ▪ Communication ahead of transportation: telegrams sent info at the speed of electricity Samuel F.B. Morse invented the Morse code 1850; all major US cities were connected by telegraphs ▪ Trade unions were made Raised wages and improved working conditions Men got national suffrage (working men won the vote) Strength in numbers (workers brought together during harsh conditions) ▪ Stable income from factory work The standard of living increases o Cons ▪ Suffering through industrialization ▪ Enclosure movement Wealthy landowners bought up farming land and then rented it back Forced farmers off-land Farmers left for colonies in North America, crowding cities ▪ Exploitation of resources Overproduction; drought and famine ▪ People were easily replaced by machines/other workers ▪ Breakdowns and malfunctions on railroads were common Black smoke and soot poured out from the engine stock ▪ Poor housing, sanitation, and education for newcomers from the countryside seeking jobs ▪ Longer hours ▪ Industry dangers (explosion risks, not well-lit)  Child labor is common and orphans were subjected a lot, with new ▪ laws getting added Whole families forced into labor Lower class trapped by poverty; child labor was necessary for many families ▪ Landowners thought condescendingly of people who made fortunes on business methods (remained until the late 1800s) ▪ People turned violent in their demands for reform Union workers would strike if factory owners refused their demands Workers’ rights were denied for many years, and many workers were thrown in jail or fired ▪ Women and children were paid less ▪ Steamships were impractical at first b/c of high fuel consumption, which made travel slower Took 20 years until a growth in popularity; 1857 ▪ Great numbers of slaves had no voting rights. Women also had no voting rights. ▪ Before trade unions, there were bad wages and harsh working conditions for workers Problems and Benefits of the Railroads o Benefits: Manufacturers had a fast and cheap way to transport raw materials, which created millions of jobs, boosted the agricultural process, increased the frequency of travel for commoners, and made people more willing to take jobs. It also spread railroad popularity. The steam engine needed coal to work so processes were developed to get coal and there was a lot of it. These processes were later used to get iron. - Iron was a natural resource of Great Britain. Henry Cort invented the puddling process in the 1780’s. Puddling Process: 1. Pig iron(crude iron) was purified by coke (found in coal) to make high quality iron. Before Puddling Process (1740) After Puddling Process (1780’s) 17,000 tons (15,419 metric tons or t) of iron 70,000 tons (63490 t) of iron was produced.  was produced. In 1852, 3 million tons (2.7 million t) of iron was produced. High quality iron was used to build trains and machines. - Railroads were used to transport goods and resources. - The first steam locomotive was invented by Richard Trevithick and was first run in 1804 (could pull 10 tons [9t] of ore and 70 people when it travels 5 miles [8.05 km]) In 1830, the rocket which was a public locomotive opened. It went from Manchester to Liverpool which was 32 miles (51.5 km) from each other. Speed of the trains continued to increase and so did the amount of railroad track in Great Britain. Railroads: peasants and farmers got more jobs the transportation was cheaper →cheaper costing goods, therefore the markets got bigger. more sales→more demand and demand for factories/machinery. Business owners had money to reinvest in new machinery in there businesses which made the economy grow Economy growth → created the new industrial economy. o Problems: breakdowns and malfunctions were common Causes/effects of the Industrial Revolution o Causes ▪ Agricultural Revolution, improved transportation, and new crops ▪ Abundance of resources Britain had large amounts of coal and iron at their disposal ▪ Enclosure acts Forced farm workers to move into the city, which created a labor supply for factories  ▪ Investment Britain had a ready supply of money to invest in the development of factories/machines ▪ Population growth o Effects ▪ Labor rights Labor acts passed during the Industrial Revolution changed working conditions and (slightly) closed the wealth gap o Introduced a minimum wage o Gave factory workers more equality with the rich Know Marx and his Communist Manifesto – main ideas, problems, pros/cons, causes/effects. o Marx ▪ Born in Germany, 1818 ▪ Became a radical activist and journalist as a student Eventually exiled from France, Belgium, and Germany by 1848 o Found haven in Great Britain ▪ Commonly writes with Friedrich Engels Often relied on Engels for money (Engels came from a richer background) o The Communist Manifesto ▪ Overview Challenges the moderation of early Socialists; 1840s o Stated that Robert Owen and Fourier were misguided dreamers; “utopian socialists” Marx described his ideas as “scientific socialism” – based on a scientific study of history ▪ Main Ideas Class Struggle o There were never enough products available to satisfy the people’s needs or wants ▪ Humans are divided into two classes: haves, and have-nots Haves have control of production and possess great wealth and power Have-nots perform back-breaking labor and endure poor working conditions, receive low wages  o Argues that the exploitation of the have-nots by the haves created a class struggle ▪ The Industrial Revolution created a new battle between social classes ▪ Effects Pros o Revolutions ▪ Marxist philosophies initially promoted revolts Quickly shut down by European rulers o Free and equal education o No child labor ▪ All children are at school Cons o The consequences of Manifesto felt later ▪ New socialist parties Countered by Beatrice and Sidney Webb in Great Britain o No religion ▪ According to Marx, communists are supposed to be atheists Future Leaders/Dictators o Marxism created a powerful influence on Lenin, Mao, Ho-Chi Minh, and Fidel Castro ▪ Failure of Marx’s predictions The rich, poor gap did not widen as expected o Government steps in to lessen the wealth gap o Rich prospered, but the lives of the poor improved ▪ Trade and production brought benefits to almost everyone ▪ Labor unions helped raise wages and peaceful reforms Underestimated democracy o Workers won voting rights and won passage of reforms ▪ Social security ▪ Minimum wages ▪ Unemployment insurance See the map on the next page - know your map of what happened where and how, and also know where all the countries are in Latin America. Blank Map - Complete Map -