Industrial Revolution and Economic Systems Quiz

An economic system where private individuals or businesses own and control property, making decisions based on their own interests. Prices in markets are determined by supply and demand, without heavy government interference.

An economic system where the government has minimal involvement in regulating or interfering with businesses. Private individuals and companies have the freedom to make decisions—such as setting prices, producing goods, and trading—based on what supply and demand require.

A detailed report published in 1832 by Michael Thomas Sadler that investigated the harsh working conditions faced by children in factories during the Industrial Revolution. It provided evidence of long hours, poor treatment, and unhealthy environments endured by child laborers.

A bill introduced in 1833 aimed at limiting the working hours of children in factories to ten hours per day.

A system where goods and services are exchanged freely between buyers and sellers based on their individual choices and the forces of supply and demand.

The period marked by significant technological advancements, particularly in manufacturing, that transformed economies and societies.

The period before the Industrial Revolution where most people lived in rural areas and relied on agriculture.

A state of great difference in wealth and income between different groups of people.

The concept that individuals making their own decisions about buying and selling help regulate supply and demand in the economy, naturally balancing the market.

A criticism of capitalism that highlights the growing gap between the wealthy and the poor, leading to significant economic inequality.

The belief that individuals are motivated to work hard by their desire for personal gain, typically through money.

An economic system where the means of production are owned and operated collectively, typically by the workers.

A bakery owned and operated by the workers themselves, where decisions are made collectively.

A bakery owned and operated by a private individual or corporation, where decisions are made by the owner or management.

A criticism of capitalism that argues it leads to increased wealth for the already wealthy, while the poor remain in poverty, widening the economic gap.

Adam Smith's argument that individuals' pursuit of self-interest, like earning more money, ultimately benefits society by driving innovation and productivity.

A system where resources and businesses are owned collectively by the people, aiming for a more equitable distribution of wealth. It values cooperation and aims to prevent power concentration.

A political and economic philosophy that advocates for a classless society with common ownership of resources. It seeks this through revolution and the eventual abolishment of the state.

The main difference between Communism and Socialism is the method of achieving their goals. Communism strives to create a classless society through a revolution and the removal of the state, while Socialism prefers gradual changes and may involve maintaining parts of the government.

Marx identified two main classes in society: the bourgeoisie (wealthy business owners) and the proletariat (working class). He believed history is defined by the conflicts between these classes as they compete for resources and power.

Marx's critique of factory work was that it dehumanized workers, reducing them to cogs in a machine, with little control over their lives or creative expression. He likened it to an army where workers are simply following orders and lack autonomy.

The idea that the history of human society is characterized by ongoing conflicts between different economic groups. This conflict shapes societal development and power dynamics.

The transfer of power to the working class through a violent revolution. This is a key aspect of Communism, seeking to overthrow the existing power structure.

A series of uprisings in Europe in 1848 that saw clashes between groups demanding change (workers, middle class, intellectuals, nationalists) and forces of conservatism (aristocrats, established order).

Groups that wanted change in Europe in 1848, including workers seeking better conditions, the middle class demanding more rights, and nationalists striving for independence.

The groups who resisted change in Europe during the 1848 revolutions, typically consisting of aristocrats and those who benefited from the established order.

The common goals that united different groups during the 1848 revolutions, including a desire for better working conditions, more rights, and greater autonomy.

The difficulties faced by the groups that united during the 1848 revolutions due to their diverse demands and conflicting goals, leading to unstable alliances and failures in governance.

The saying illustrates how political change in France often had far-reaching effects on other European countries, highlighting the interconnectedness of the continent.

The failure of the 1848 revolutions to bring about lasting change in France, despite initially achieving a temporary republic.

The failure of the 1848 revolutions to achieve lasting change in Austria despite initial gains, primarily due to the reassertion of conservative control under Emperor Franz Joseph.

European countries sought to expand their wealth and influence through the acquisition and exploitation of colonies for resources and markets.

European nations competed for dominance, leading to territorial conflicts and vying for control over strategic areas.

European nations believed in their own racial and cultural superiority, justifying colonization as a means of spreading civilization and Christianity.

France colonized Algeria in 1830, claiming it was to protect their interests and 'civilize' the Algerian people.

The French confiscated land from Algerians, giving it to settlers, which resulted in poverty and disrupted traditional social systems.

The French imposed French culture, language, and education on Algerians, suppressing their cultural and religious identity.

The National Liberation Front (FLN) led a long war of independence against France from 1954 to 1962, ultimately achieving Algerian independence on July 5, 1962.

King Leopold II of Belgium brutally colonized the Congo, forcing people to collect rubber under horrific conditions, resulting in millions of deaths from violence, starvation, and disease.

Nationalism is the belief that people who share a common identity, like culture, language, and history, should govern themselves and form their own nation.

Nationalist revolts across Europe in 1848 demanded self-rule for oppressed people. Many uprisings failed, but they showed how nationalism motivated people to resist imperial rule and fight for their nations.

Nationalism inspired Serbs and Greeks to fight for independence from Ottoman rule. The revolts were driven by shared language, religion, and cultural heritage, proving the power of nationalism to break apart old empires.

Nationalism united fragmented states into the powerful nations of Germany and Italy. Leaders like Otto von Bismarck and Giuseppe Garibaldi used nationalist ideas to rally people around shared language and history, creating modern nation-states.

Nationalism was the most important ideology of the Long 19th Century because it reshaped empires, sparked revolutions, and created new nations by uniting people around the belief that those who share a common identity, language, and culture should govern themselves.

Conservatism tried to maintain old monarchies and suppress change, but it couldn't stop nationalist revolutions. In fact, conservative empires like the Ottoman and Austrian Empires fell apart because they couldn't handle nationalist movements.

Nationalism was a major ideology that drove change in the Long 19th Century. It was powerful enough to break apart old empires and unify new nations, showing its impact on the world.

Nationalism, alongside other ideologies, was a major force for change in the Long 19th Century. It was a key factor in reshaping the political landscape of Europe, sparking revolutions and creating new nations.