The Second Wave of the Industrial Revolution and Democracy PDF

The Second Wave of the industrial revolution and Democracy  1. The Second Industrial Revolution 1st Revolution was about textiles, railroads, iron and coal. The 2nd is about steel, chemicals, electricity, and Petroleum.  New Inventions Steel R...

The Second Wave of the industrial revolution and Democracy  1. The Second Industrial Revolution 1st Revolution was about textiles, railroads, iron and coal. The 2nd is about steel, chemicals, electricity, and Petroleum.  New Inventions Steel Replaced Iron-better machines, engines & weapons. Electricity is discovered-powers streetcars, subways, conveyer belts, cranes etc. Factories could be 3 open 24 hrs a day  Assembly Line and Mass Production ✘ Made production much more efficient. ✘ This combined with higher wages and lower costs meant people could afford to buy more. 4  Internal-Combustion Engine - Fired by oil and gasoline-gave rise to new transportation. - Ocean liners, airplanes, and the automobile 5 Europe Divided Divided into two zones-Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany Austria Hungary, and Italy begin to industrialize. The parts of Europe to the South and East lag behind. 6  Marxist Socialism and Communism Emerge Socialism Karl Marx Terrible living and -world has always working conditions been divided into two classes-oppressed vs. lead many to oppressor. gravitate towards -eventually the socialistic ideas. oppressed will revolt and the result will be the creation of a classless society. 7  Trade Unions ✘ In addition to socialist groups, we saw trade unions form to improve conditions. ✘ The right to strike was key. Initially they tried to make this illegal, but they won the right to strike in 1870. 8  Better Living Conditions ✘ Created boards of health to improve housing and perform inspections, clean water and and a sewage system was developed, gas and electric heaters also improve personal 9 sanitation.  New social structure-3 classes emerge New Elite Middle Classes Working Classes At the top. They Several groups of Made up about 80% of made up 5 % of the varying economic and the population. social levels. Lawyers, With improvements in population but doctors, business living and working controlled majority managers, engineers, conditions and higher of wealth. Became shopkeepers, traders, wages, they began to the leaders in farmers. live more comfortably. government and They were divided into military. upper, middle and lower. 10  WOmen ✘ More jobs became available to women. ✘ Working class women often worked while middle class women remained at home. ✘ Suffrage movement-women began to fight for more equality including the right to vote 11 and own property.  Public Education ✘ The second revolution brought about a need for more skilled workers. ✘ This created a higher priority to have an educated workforce. ✘ Also more people were able to vote creating the need for better-educated voters. 12  2. The Rise of The National State and Democracy Political Democracy begins spreading through Western Europe.  Great Britain ✘ Long had a working two-party parliamentary system. In this system, the party with the most votes would form the government. ✘ A new Labour party would emerge and dedicate itself to the interests of workers. Start to see social reforms pass. 14  France ✘ After Napoleon the country was in confusion. Finally in 1875, they gained a republican constitution. ✘ This new government had a president and a two-house legislature that was elected. 15  Italy ✘ By 1870, Italy finally emerges as a united state. ✘ Not much unity because of the difference between the industrial north and the poverty-stricken South. ✘ Even though all males could vote, government was corrupt and weak 16  Germany ✘ In 1871 the constitution set up a two-house legislature that was elected. However they still had a chancellor that controlled the armed forces, foreign policy, and the bureaucracy. ✘ Between 1888-1919 Germany became the strongest military and industrial power in Europe ✘ Fought advancements towards true 17 democracy.  Austria-Hungary ✘ Adopted a constitution that in theory set up a parliamentary system. In reality, the emperor mostly ignored the system. ✘ Empire remained troubled by conflicts between different ethnic groups. 18  Russia ✘ Nicolaus II wanted to preserve the absolute rule of the czars. ✘ In 1905, discontentment among the people led to a massive procession of workers presenting a list of grievances. Became known as Bloody Sunday. ✘ Eventually forced the creation of the Duma-a legislative assembly. 19