General Biology 2 Lesson Packet - Nutrition PDF

CAPITOL UNIVERSITY Cagayan de Oro City SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LESSON PACKET SUBJECT: General Biology 2 ESSENTIAL TOPICS: Nutrition, Gas Exchange, Transport/C...

CAPITOL UNIVERSITY Cagayan de Oro City SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LESSON PACKET SUBJECT: General Biology 2 ESSENTIAL TOPICS: Nutrition, Gas Exchange, Transport/Circulation & LESSON CODE: W2L1 Regulation of Fluids LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1) Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals; reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms DISCUSSION NUTRITION  the processes of providing or obtaining food necessary for health, survival, and growth of organism Nutrients- substances that provide for the organism’s metabolic processes such as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and even immunity Two (2) main Modes of Nutrition: o Autotrophic- organisms can manufacture their own nutrients by synthesizing inorganic materials o Heterotrophic- organisms that cannot make their own food, and thus obtain their energy by digesting organic matter Examples of Autotrophic Mode of Nutrition o Photoautotrophic- organisms that directly use the energy from the sun and other inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water to form organic food (ex: plants and some forms of bacteria and protists) From left to right: A tree and cyanobacteria as examples of photoautotrophic organisms o Chemoautotrophic- organisms that use chemicals to create simpler organic and inorganic (hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, and ammonia) substances important for their survival (ex: most bacteria and members of the group Archaea) From left to right: Halobacterium salinarum (a halophile bacteria thriving in salty environments); and Pyrococcus furiosus (a thermophile bacteria thriving in environments with extreme temperatures) Examples of Heterotrophic Mode of Nutrition o Saprophytic or Saprotrophic- organisms obtain their nutrients from organic matter. They secrete digestive juices to the surroundings, which will be later absorbed through their body surface (ex: fungi and bacteria)  From left to right: Mushrooms and yeast as examples of saprophytic organisms o Parasitic- an organism takes food from another organism. The organism that takes food is called a PARASITE and the organism from where the food is taken is called the HOST  Ectoparasitism- this happens when the parasite is outside the body of the host (ex: fleas in dogs and head lice in humans)  Endoparasitism- involves parasites that live inside the body of the host (ex: roundworms and hookworms) A tapeworm, an endoparasite o Holozoic- organisms ingest solid or liquid food. The food is then digested and absorbed by the body  Herbivorous- organisms take in only plants as source of their energy. These organisms are called herbivores (ex: Sheep, rabbits and cows)  Carnivorous- organisms that eat other animals are called carnivores (ex: Sharks, lions and tigers) Omnivorous- organisms that take in both plants and animals. These are called omnivores (ex: Pigs, hens, and bears) From left to right: A rabbit (herbivore), a tiger (carnivore), and a hen (omnivore) GAS EXCHANGE  transfer of different gases in opposite directions across a respiratory surface  involves the use of oxygen produced by photosynthetic organisms and the release of carbon dioxide to the environment as a waste product of respiration GAS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE It is a structure used by unicellular organisms for gas exchange. Cell membrane Gases directly pass through the cell membrane through Bacteria diffusion It is a respiratory surface covered with thin and moist epithelial Body Flatworms and cells that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Gases can surface/skin frogs only cross the cell membrane when they are dissolved in an  aqueous solution, and thus the surface should be moist Usually present in aquatic organisms. These are convoluted External gills- outgrowths containing blood vessels covered by a thin layer of axolotl Gills epithelial cells. They can be found either externally or internally Internal gills- fish These are composed of a series of respiratory tubes that carry Grasshoppers the gases directly to the cells for gas exchange. Gases enter Tracheal systems and and exit through the openings at the body surface called cockroaches SPIRACLES These are ingrowths of the body wall that connect to the outside environment by a series of respiratory tubes and small Lungs Humans openings. The lungs are one of the most complex respiratory organs of animals Frogs use their body surface as one of their ways for gas gas exchange An axolotl with its external gills Grasshopers have tracheal systems for gas exchange GAS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS  Gas exchange mainly occurs in the leaves. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two biological processes involved in gas exchange in plants  There are structures found in leaves of plants that aid in gas exchange:  Stomata- specialized pores in leaves to which gases enter  Guard cells- cells that control the opening and closing of the pores. The closing and the opening of the guard cells allow the exchange of gases between the leaves of the plant and the environment Left: Stomata open to allow carbon dioxide (CO2) to enter a leaf and water vapor to leave. Right: A diagram of a stoma with bean-shaped guard cells that open and close during gas exchange  A photomicrograph of stomata on a surface of a leaf  Roots and stems also contribute to gas exchange but only with a minimal effect. These structures found in these parts aid in gas exchange as well:  Suberin- a waxy waterproof substance in plant cork cells that does not allow gases and water to pass through  Lenticels- nonsuberized pores in woody stems and mature roots in plants which provide a pathway for direct exchange of gases between the internal tissue of the plant and the atmosphere Lenticels found in plant stems and roots TRANSPORT/CIRCULATION  the circulatory system is the organism’s way of distributing important nutrients and minerals throughout the body Differences in the circulatory systems of plants and animals TRANSPORT IN PLANTS TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS Organs XYLEM- transports water and BLOOD- functions in gas and associated/ nutrients from the roots to the nutrient transport, excretion, medium used different parts of the plant temperature regulation, healing for circulation *TRACHEIDS and immunity PHLOEM- transports sugars *Instead of blood, most invertebrates and other metabolic products such as mollusks and arthropods have from the leaves to the rest of HEMOLYMPH the plant BLOOD VESSELS- tubular *SIEVE TUBES structures carrying blood HEART- hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the different parts of the body Circulation Fluids circulate through Blood is forcefully pumped throughout process TRANSPIRATION PULL or the the body by the heart evaporation of water from plants’ leaves Water transport Water is transported through the xylem About 90% of water is transported through the blood plasma Food transport Food (sugars and other metabolic Food in the form of glucose is present in nutrients) are transported through the blood plasma phloem Gas exchange Gases are diffused through the air In mammals, oxygen is taken into the (involves spaces, such as the stomata and the bloodstream by combining with the oxygen and lenticels blood protein called HEMOGLOBIN carbon dioxide which enables the oxygen to be transport) circulated throughout the body. Carbon dioxide on the other hand, is also taken into the bloodstream by combining with hemoglobin for it to be transported out of the body  The Human Circulatory System. This diagram shows the general blood flow in humans. REGULATION OF FLUIDS  body fluids are essential for carrying out the different bodily functions in organisms REGULATION OF FLUIDS IN PLANTS  WATER, considered as the most important fluid in plants is used in a photochemical process called PHOTOLYSIS which allows water molecules to split in the presence of light  plants have several ways of regulating the amount of water that comes in and out of their bodies  OSMOSIS- tendency of water to pass through a semipermeable membrane of plant cells  TRANSPIRATION- the process wherein water exits the plant through the stomata of the leaves because of evaporation A diagram showing the direction of water from being absorbed by the roots and later exits the plant through transpiration pull   ADHESION-COHESION PROPERTY OF WATER- allows water to move up through a plant  CAPILLARY ACTION- the movement of liquid across a solid surface, which is caused by adhesion REGULATION OF FLUIDS IN ANIMALS  fluids regulation in animals depends on their excretory systems and their water concentration as well as their mineral ions such as sodium, chlorine and potassium  to maintain homeostasis in animals, the amount of water acquired by the body should be equal to the amount of water lost Different fluid mechanisms of fluid regulation in animals The marine environment has a greater solute concentration than that of the body of marine invertebrates. Seawater may be toxic to Marine them. However, marine invertebrates have a high concentration of invertebrates urea in their blood, which matches the tonicity of water, which allows them to survive in their environment The body fluids of marine vertebrates are at a lower concentration than that of seawater, which is why marine vertebrates must AQUATIC Marine reabsorb the water for them to remain in a healthy state. They ANIMALS vertebrates excrete ions such as sodium and chloride at a minimal rate because a high amount of water must be retained inside them The body of freshwater vertebrates is hypotonic, as compared to their environment. This allows water to continue diffuse into the Freshwater body of the fish. The kidneys allow large amounts of ions such as vertebrates sodium and chloride to go out of their bloodstream. However, important ions must be reabsorbed Body fluids are regulated by the EXCRETORY SYSTEM. It is responsible for removing TERRESTRIAL metabolic wastes and retains proper amounts of water, salts and nutrients. This also serves ANIMALS to collect water and filter body fluids  Plants and animals need to maintain an optimum water concentration in their internal environment so they can still function normally and optimally References:  DIWA Senior High School Series: General Biology 2 END